Greenland Facts

by countryaah · Published June 12, 2019 · Updated December 12, 2024

Greenland (Denmark)

Greenland, the world’s largest island, located in the North Atlantic; 2.2 million km², 56,025 residents (2018).Greenland is mostly north of the Arctic Circle, and 84% of the island is covered with ice. The ice-free area is slightly larger than Norway.

Greenland’s northernmost point, Cape Morris Jesup, is 740 km from the North Pole and is thus the northernmost land area in the world, while the southern tip, Cape Farewell, is about the same latitude as Uppsala. The island is 2,670 km in the north-south direction and at its widest 1,050 km in the west-east direction.

Greenland is considered geographically included in North America, but is politically a part of Denmark – from 1953 with status as an equal part of the Kingdom of Denmark and since 1979 as an autonomous part of the Danish kingdom. The capital is Nuuk (Godthåb; 17,316 residents, 2016).

As the world’s largest island, Greenland is located in northeastern North America, ranging between the Arctic Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. Covering an area of 2,175,600 square kilometers, 4/5 of which are in the Arctic Circle, Greenland has a population of just 56,000, most whom are Greenlanders. Most people profess Christianity, and the official languages are Greenlandic and Danish. The currency is the DKK and the capital is Nuuk.

Geography

Location and Borders

Greenland is an autonomous territory within the Kingdom of Denmark, located in the northeastern part of North America. It is the world’s largest island, covering an area of approximately 2,166,086 square kilometers, though only about 410,000 square kilometers of this area is land, with the rest being covered by ice. Greenland lies between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, and it is bordered by the Arctic Ocean to the north, the Atlantic Ocean to the east and south, and the Greenland Sea to the west. Despite its geographical location in North America, Greenland has long-standing political and cultural ties to Europe, especially Denmark, due to its colonial past.

Greenland is separated from Canada by the Nares Strait to the west, and from Iceland by the Denmark Strait to the southeast. It lies closer to the North Pole than any other territory, and its location within the Arctic Circle means that it experiences unique seasonal variations, including months of continuous daylight in summer and long polar nights in winter. Greenland is situated in a region that is geologically stable, with the island formed by a large landmass surrounded by glaciers and ice sheets.

Major Landforms

Greenland’s landscape is dominated by an enormous ice sheet, which covers roughly 80% of the island’s total area. The Greenland Ice Sheet is the second-largest in the world, after Antarctica’s, and extends from the highlands in the south to the Arctic Ocean in the north. The ice sheet has a profound impact on the island’s geography, creating vast, flat, and icy terrains in most regions.

Aside from the ice sheet, Greenland features mountain ranges, fjords, valleys, and coastlines that contribute to its dramatic and rugged landscape. The eastern part of Greenland is characterized by high, jagged mountains, while the west has more accessible and less mountainous terrain. Greenland’s coastline is deeply indented by fjords, which are steep, glacially-carved valleys that create numerous natural harbors along the western side of the island.

In addition to its icy interior and towering mountains, Greenland has several glacial lakes, particularly in the southern and western regions, where the ice sheet meets the land. The Ilulissat Icefjord in the west, a UNESCO World Heritage site, is home to one of the world’s most active glaciers, which contributes large icebergs to the sea.

Rivers and Lakes

Greenland’s freshwater systems are largely dictated by its glaciers and the melting ice sheet. There are few rivers on the island due to the dominance of the ice sheet, but in the summer, meltwater from the ice sheet feeds into streams and rivers that flow towards the coast. The most significant rivers are typically found in the southern and western regions of the island, where glaciers are more active. Many of these rivers are short and carry large amounts of meltwater, which is a crucial source of freshwater for local populations.

Greenland’s lakes are mostly glacial in origin, created by the melting of the ice sheet or from erosion by past glaciers. Some of these lakes are found within Greenland’s ice sheet, while others are located along the coast and in the valleys of the mountainous regions. These lakes, while generally smaller than those on larger landmasses, play an important role in the local ecosystem.

Climate

Arctic Climate Zones

Greenland’s climate is primarily Arctic, marked by extremely cold winters and relatively cool summers. The country’s northern regions are characterized by the extreme conditions of the Arctic climate, with winter temperatures often plunging below -30°C (-22°F) or even lower in some parts. The southern parts of the island experience slightly milder winters, but temperatures can still reach -20°C (-4°F). These freezing temperatures and long winters make Greenland one of the coldest places on Earth.

During the summer, which lasts from June to August, the southern and coastal parts of Greenland experience slightly warmer temperatures, with average highs of 5°C to 10°C (41°F to 50°F). However, even in the summer, the inland areas, particularly near the ice sheet, remain cool, with temperatures rarely exceeding 0°C (32°F). Greenland’s interior and higher altitudes are cold year-round, with little seasonal variation in temperatures due to the persistent presence of the ice sheet.

The Arctic climate brings long, dark winters and short, bright summers. The polar day in summer and the polar night in winter are defining features of Greenland’s climate. During the summer, the sun does not set for several weeks in some parts of the island, while in winter, some areas go without sunlight for months. This extreme variation in sunlight has significant implications for local wildlife, agriculture, and human activity.

Seasonal Variation

Greenland experiences distinct seasonal variations that are heavily influenced by its location within the Arctic Circle. In the winter, the country is plunged into a prolonged period of darkness, with only a few hours of twilight each day. The ice sheet, combined with the short daylight hours, creates harsh conditions that make the winter months challenging for both wildlife and humans. Temperatures in the winter months can fall as low as -40°C (-40°F) in the northern regions.

During the summer months, Greenland enjoys a period of almost continuous daylight, with the sun not setting for weeks in some parts of the country. However, the summer temperatures are still relatively cool due to the country’s proximity to the Arctic Ocean and the presence of the ice sheet. This period of light allows for some agricultural activities in the southern regions and provides a brief window for fishing and tourism, although conditions remain harsh in the interior and higher altitudes.

People

Demographics

Greenland has a population of approximately 56,000 people, with most of the population living in the coastal regions, particularly in the capital city, Nuuk, and other towns along the western coastline. The population of Greenland is ethnically diverse, with the majority of people being of Inuit descent, specifically the Greenlandic Inuit. The indigenous people of Greenland, known as Kalaallit, have a deep cultural connection to the land, and their way of life has been shaped by the harsh Arctic environment for thousands of years.

There is also a small number of Danish people living in Greenland, particularly in Nuuk and other urban areas, due to the country’s political and historical ties to Denmark. Greenland was a Danish colony until 1953 and remains part of the Kingdom of Denmark, though it became a self-governing territory in 1979.

The population density is very low, and the majority of people live in small, scattered communities. These communities are often isolated from one another due to the vast distances between settlements and the challenging terrain, making transportation and communication difficult. While there has been a trend toward urbanization, especially in Nuuk, many people still live a traditional subsistence lifestyle, relying on fishing, hunting, and gathering.

Language and Religion

Greenland’s official language is Greenlandic (Kalaallisut), which is an Inuit language that belongs to the Eskimo-Aleut language family. Greenlandic is spoken by the majority of the population and is used in daily life, education, and government. Danish is also widely spoken and is the second official language, especially in government and business settings. Danish is taught in schools, and many Greenlanders are bilingual, using both Greenlandic and Danish in their daily interactions. English is also spoken by many people, particularly in urban areas and the tourism sector.

The predominant religion in Greenland is Christianity, specifically the Evangelical Lutheran Church, which is the state church of Denmark. The majority of Greenlanders belong to this church, and religious practices, such as Christmas and Easter, are widely observed. The country also has a small number of people who practice other religions, though Greenland’s population is largely secular.

Economy

Economic Overview

Greenland’s economy is primarily driven by its natural resources, including fishing, mining, and potential oil and gas exploration. The fishing industry is the backbone of Greenland’s economy, with fish and seafood, particularly shrimp and Greenland halibut, making up the bulk of the country’s exports. The island has some of the richest fisheries in the world, and fishing remains a key source of employment and revenue for both Greenlandic locals and foreign companies.

Mining is another significant industry, with Greenland rich in minerals such as zinc, lead, gold, and rare earth elements. These minerals are extracted and exported, contributing to the country’s economic growth. The Greenlandic government has been working to develop its mining sector further by attracting international investors and ensuring that local communities benefit from these activities.

Tourism is a growing sector in Greenland, particularly due to the island’s unique natural beauty and cultural heritage. The Arctic landscapes, glaciers, fjords, and northern lights attract tourists from around the world. However, the island’s remote location and challenging conditions limit the potential for large-scale tourism.

The economy is also influenced by its relationship with Denmark, which provides a significant amount of financial support. Denmark subsidizes many aspects of Greenland’s infrastructure, including education, healthcare, and public services. Greenland also benefits from the European Union’s trade agreements, although it no longer participates in the EU directly, having withdrawn in 1985.

Challenges and Opportunities

Greenland faces several economic challenges, particularly due to its remote location, small population, and reliance on a few key industries. The high cost of living in Greenland is a significant concern for residents, particularly in remote areas where goods must be imported. The island’s dependence on fishing and mining makes its economy vulnerable to fluctuations in global commodity prices, and climate change has the potential to disrupt both sectors.

However, there are significant opportunities for economic development in Greenland. The increasing demand for minerals, particularly rare earth elements, provides potential for growth in the mining sector. Additionally, Greenland’s strategic location in the Arctic presents opportunities for international trade and energy exploration. The melting of the ice sheet, while posing environmental risks, also opens up new shipping routes that could transform Greenland into a vital hub for global trade.

The tourism sector also holds promise for economic expansion, with Greenland’s pristine landscapes and rich cultural heritage becoming more widely known. Sustainable tourism, focusing on nature and indigenous culture, is an area where the country could diversify its economy.

Government

Political Structure

Greenland is an autonomous territory within the Kingdom of Denmark, with a high degree of self-governance. It has its own government, known as the Greenlandic Government, which is responsible for most domestic affairs, including health, education, and natural resources. However, foreign policy, defense, and monetary policy remain under the control of Denmark.

The political system in Greenland is parliamentary, with the Prime Minister being the head of government. The country’s legislature, known as the Inatsisartut, consists of 31 members who are elected for a four-year term. These members represent various political parties, including the Inuit Ataqatigiit, the Siumut, and the Democrats, among others. The Inatsisartut passes laws and oversees the executive branch of government.

Greenland’s relationship with Denmark is defined by the Act on Greenlandic Self-Government, which was passed in 2009. This law granted Greenland greater control over its domestic affairs, including the ability to enter into international agreements on certain issues, such as fisheries and environmental protection. While Denmark retains responsibility for defense, foreign relations, and monetary policy, Greenland has a significant degree of autonomy.

Political History

Greenland’s political history has been influenced by its relationship with Denmark, dating back to the early 18th century, when the island was first colonized by Denmark. Greenland was officially made a Danish colony in 1721, and for much of its history, it was governed as a part of Denmark’s larger empire. In 1953, Greenland became an integral part of the Kingdom of Denmark, but it retained its own cultural identity and traditions.

The movement for self-government gained momentum in the 1970s and 1980s, as Greenlanders sought greater autonomy over their own affairs. In 1979, Greenland was granted home rule, allowing it to establish its own government and make decisions on domestic issues. This was followed by the passing of the Self-Government Act in 2009, which further expanded Greenland’s autonomy, particularly in areas such as natural resources and cultural preservation.

The desire for full independence has been a subject of debate within Greenland, with some political groups advocating for complete independence from Denmark. However, the challenges of economic development, governance, and international relations mean that independence remains a long-term goal for some but a less urgent priority for others.

Culture

Art and Music

Greenland has a rich cultural heritage that reflects both its indigenous Inuit traditions and its historical connections to Denmark. Traditional Greenlandic art is known for its representations of nature, animals, and the Arctic environment, often created through mediums such as sculpture, printmaking, and drawing. Inuit art, including intricate carvings from bone, wood, and stone, reflects the deep connection the Greenlandic people have to their land and environment.

Music is an integral part of Greenlandic culture, with traditional songs and dances playing a vital role in community celebrations. Greenlandic music includes traditional drum dancing and chanting, which are often performed during ceremonies and festivals. Over the years, modern music genres, including rock, hip-hop, and pop, have gained popularity in Greenland, particularly among younger generations. These genres often incorporate Greenlandic language and themes into their lyrics.

Festivals and Cuisine

Greenland’s festivals reflect the island’s cultural diversity and the deep connection the people have to nature and the environment. The National Day on June 21st is a major celebration, marking Greenland’s unique culture and history. It is celebrated with traditional dances, music, and cultural performances. The Greenlandic winter festival, known as “Kalaallit Nunaat,” celebrates the long winter nights with cultural performances, traditional games, and food.

Greenlandic cuisine is based on the island’s natural resources, particularly fish, seals, whales, and reindeer. The traditional diet consists of meat and seafood, with dishes such as “muktuk” (whale skin and blubber) and “kalaalit” (seal meat) being staples. In modern times, Greenlandic cuisine has evolved, incorporating ingredients such as potatoes, cabbage, and berries into dishes. Greenlandic cooking often involves traditional methods of preservation, such as drying, smoking, and fermenting.

Literature and Cinema

Greenland’s literary tradition is deeply rooted in oral storytelling, with stories passed down through generations to preserve the history, culture, and mythology of the Inuit people. Written literature in Greenlandic has gained prominence in recent years, with authors like Kim Leine, whose novel The Prophets of Eternal Fjord explores Greenland’s colonial history, gaining international acclaim.

Greenlandic cinema is still developing, with filmmakers increasingly focusing on the island’s unique culture, landscapes, and social issues. Greenlandic films often explore themes such as identity, the relationship between the indigenous population and colonial powers, and the challenges of living in the Arctic. Greenland’s growing film industry has helped bring attention to the island’s cultural landscape, contributing to a greater understanding of its history and people on the world stage.

Greenland Flag

Country facts

Kalaallit Nunaat
Country abbreviation: GL
Area: 2.2 million km²
Population (2018): 56,025 residents
Capital: Nuuk (Good Hope)
Main languages: Greenlandic, Danish
State condition: autonomous part of the Kingdom of Denmark
Head of State: Margrethe II (Queen)
Head of Government: Kim Kielsen
Per capita GDP (2011): US $ 42 105
Currency unit: 1 Danish krona = 100 öre
Currency code: DKK
Internet domain name: gl
Time difference compared to Sweden: 0 to −4
National Day: June 21 (Independent Home Rule, 1979)

Nature

Highest mountain: Gunnbjørn mountain (3 700 m above sea level)

Population

Population density (2018): 0.025 residents per km²
Natural population growth (2015): 0.6%; birth rate 14 ‰, death rate 8 ‰
Age structure (2015): 0-14 years (21%), 15-64 (70%), 65- (9%)
Average life expectancy (2015): men 69 years, women 75 years
Infant mortality (2015): 9 per 1,000 live births
Urbanization rate (2015): 86%
Most populous cities (2016): Nuuk (God-hope; 17,316 residents), Sisimiut (Holsteinsborg; 5,539 residents)

Business

Main export products: fish, fish products
Main exporting countries: China, Japan, Russian Federation
Main import products: machinery, transport equipment, food
Most important importing countries are: Sweden, Iceland

Communications

Railway network: nothing in operation
Road network: only shorter roads
Internet users per 100 residents (2015): 68

History Summary

People arrived in Greenland about 1000 BC, migrating from northern Canada to hunt for food. In 1261 it became a Norwegian colony, and in 1380 the Danish conquered the Norwegians, and Greenland was transferred to the jurisdiction of Denmark. In 1933 the Hague Tribunal awarded to Greenland to the Danish, and in 1953 the country became a Danish Constitutional state. With Denmark in 1973 – since joined the European Economic Community. May 1, 1979, saw the formal implementation of an internal self-government, and in 1985 Greenland left the European Community.

Economy and Culture Overview

The fishing and fish processing industries are the main economic sectors, with shrimp, Greenland halibut, cod, and salmon being the primary catches. Animals are also hunted, particularly musk ox, reindeer, polar bears, and seals Minerals such as lead, zinc, chromium, cryolite, coal, tungsten, molybdenum, and uranium are mined.

Greenlanders carve fish and animal bones into a variety of exquisite handicrafts. These come in a variety of shapes, some like birds and beasts, and some like flowers, birds, fish and insects. Hunting is considered a basic life skill, enabling people to catch seals and reindeer. The major forms of transport on the island are ships, helicopters, and dog sledding, although motor boats and bikes are gradually replacing wooden skis and dogsleds.

Most of Greenland is covered by thick ice, and it is cold all year, with the average annual temperature below 0°C. People on the tip of the ice call it “perennial ice,” since the snow has formed over tens of thousands of years. Ice contains a large number of air bubbles into the cold drink cup, will be issued very delicate explosion, is a good cold agent.

Greenland ice sheet

Greenland’s ice sheet covers 80% of the island, spanning 2,530 kilometers from north to south and 1,100 kilometers from east to west, with an average thickness of 1,500 meters. The total area is 183,400 square kilometers, making it the largest expanse of ice in the Northern Hemisphere, and 12% of the world’s total solid ice. The ice has preserved information about many ancient occurrences. ice often Ice that breaks off from and floats out to the sea poses a huge threat to ocean-going vessels.

Sea leopard

Sea leopards mainly live in the Arctic seawater. They accumulate subcutaneous fat in their bodies, which forms a thick layer of fat that is resistant to the cold polar climate, and which also increases buoyancy. There are a total of 19 different species of seals in the world, with the elephant seal the largest. Greenland residents primarily hunt seals, as seal meat is rich in protein and the skin can be used to create clothes, shoes, tents, and living appliances.