Belarus Facts
Belarus, State of Eastern Europe; 207,600 km², 9.5 million residents (2019).Belarus borders the Russian Federation in the north and east, in the south to Ukraine, in western Poland and in the northwest to Lithuania and Latvia. Administratively, Belarus is divided into six regions and the capital Minsk (2 million residents, 2018).
Country facts
- Republic of Belarus / Republic of Belarus
- Country abbreviation: BY
- Area: 207 600 km²
- Population (2019): 9.5 million residents
- Capital: Minsk
- Main language: Belarusian
- State: Republic
- Head of State: Aljaksandr Lukashenka (President)
- Head of Government: Sharjah Rumas
- Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 6 290
- GNI per capita (2018): US $ 5,670
- Currency unit: 1 ruble = 100 kopecks
- Currency code: BYR
- Country number (telephony): 375
- Internet domain name: village
- Time difference compared to Sweden: +1
- National Day: July 3 (Independence Day, 1944)
Nature
- Land use: forest (34%), agricultural land (30%), other (36%)
- Highest mountain: Dziarzhynskaja (346 m asl)
- Longest river: Dnieper (2 280 km)
Population
- Population density (2019): 46 residents per km²
- Natural population growth (2019): −0.3%; birth rate 10 ‰, death rate 13 ‰
- Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (17%), 15-64 (68%), 65- (15%)
- Life expectancy (2019): men 69 years, women 79 years
- Infant mortality (2019): 3 per 1,000 live births
- Population forecast 2050: 9 million residents
- HDI (2017): 0.808 (place 53 of 189)
- Urbanization rate (2019): 78%
- Most populous cities (2018): Minsk (2 million residents), Homel (535,700), Mahiljoŭ (381,400)
Business
- Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (8%), industry (41%), service (51%)
- Exports (2017): US $ 28 650 million
- Main export products: machinery, vehicles, chemicals
- Main exporting countries: Russian Federation, Ukraine, UK
- Imports (2017): US $ 31,580 million
- Main import products: oil, gas, metals
- Main importing countries: Russian Federation, China, Germany
- Railway network (2014): 5,500 km
Geography
Location and Borders
Belarus is a landlocked country located in Eastern Europe, bordered by five countries: Russia to the east and north, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. It lies at approximately 53°N latitude and 28°E longitude. Belarus has an area of around 207,600 square kilometers, making it the 13th largest country in Europe. Its location places it at the crossroads of Eastern and Western Europe, and its relatively flat landscape has historically made it an important buffer zone between competing powers.
The country is positioned strategically between major European nations, and its proximity to Russia has influenced much of its political, economic, and cultural development. Despite being landlocked, Belarus’ extensive border system with neighboring countries facilitates trade and travel. The country’s terrain consists mainly of flat plains, forests, and numerous rivers, which have played an essential role in its agriculture and transport systems.
Topography and Natural Features
Belarus has a predominantly flat landscape with about 40% of the country covered by forests, making it one of the most heavily forested countries in Europe. The country’s highest point is Mount Dzyarzhynskaya, which reaches only 345 meters (1,132 feet), making the topography relatively gentle and easy to navigate. Belarus’ rivers, including the Dnieper, Western Dvina, and Neman, are important features of the landscape, providing valuable transportation routes, particularly in the past when river-based trade was crucial for the country’s economy.
The country is known for its large wetlands, particularly the Pripyat Marshes in the south, which are some of the largest wetland areas in Europe. These marshes are important for biodiversity and environmental conservation. Belarus also has numerous lakes, many of which are located in the northern and central regions. The country’s extensive forests and freshwater ecosystems are significant for both the local environment and economy, contributing to forestry, fishing, and tourism sectors.
Climate and Seasonal Variations
Belarus experiences a temperate continental climate, characterized by cold winters and mild summers. Due to its landlocked position, the country has a continental climate that varies based on the time of year. Winters, which last from November to March, are typically cold with average temperatures ranging from -6°C (21°F) in the north to -10°C (14°F) in the central and southern regions. Snowfall is common during the winter months, which can sometimes cause disruptions in transportation and agriculture.
Summer, from June to August, is mild to warm with temperatures averaging between 18°C (64°F) and 25°C (77°F). However, the country does experience some variability, with temperatures occasionally rising above 30°C (86°F) during particularly hot years. Autumn and spring are transitional seasons, with spring being marked by mild temperatures and frequent rainfall. The climate in Belarus supports a rich variety of flora and fauna, with forests and wetlands thriving due to the abundant precipitation.
People
Population and Demographics
Belarus has a population of approximately 9.5 million people, making it one of the less densely populated countries in Europe. The population is concentrated in urban areas, with the capital city of Minsk being the largest and most important urban center, home to nearly two million people. Other significant cities include Gomel, Mogilev, Grodno, and Brest, but rural areas account for a significant portion of the population, with many communities engaged in agriculture and forestry.
The population has been declining in recent years, largely due to low birth rates, an aging population, and emigration. The demographic situation is a concern for the government, as it impacts the labor force and economic growth. The rural-to-urban migration continues to shape the population distribution, with many people moving to cities in search of better job opportunities and living standards.
Ethnic Composition and Languages
The majority of the population in Belarus is ethnically Belarusian, comprising about 83% of the population. Other ethnic groups include Russians (8%), Poles (3%), Ukrainians (2%), and small communities of Jews, Lithuanians, and Tatars. The ethnic composition reflects Belarus’ historical ties to neighboring countries, particularly Russia and Poland, and its role as a meeting point for Eastern and Western Slavic cultures.
Belarusian is one of the two official languages, alongside Russian. While Belarusian is the national language and has deep cultural significance, Russian is the dominant language spoken in everyday life, government, and business. The use of Belarusian has declined over the years, with most Belarusians using Russian as their primary language, particularly in urban areas. Nonetheless, there is a cultural revival of Belarusian language and traditions, especially in education and the arts, as the country seeks to preserve its unique identity.
Religion
Belarus is predominantly Eastern Orthodox Christian, with approximately 80% of the population adhering to the Russian Orthodox Church. This reflects the country’s historical ties with Russia, where the Eastern Orthodox faith is dominant. Roman Catholicism is the second-largest religion, particularly prevalent in the western regions of Belarus, near the border with Poland. There is also a small but significant Protestant community, including Baptists and Evangelicals, as well as a historical Jewish population, though their numbers have dwindled since World War II. Islam is practiced by a small minority, primarily among the Tatar and Russian-speaking communities.
The Belarusian government is generally secular, but the Orthodox Church plays an influential role in public life. Religious holidays, especially Easter and Christmas, are widely celebrated. Despite the country’s historical ties to religion, Belarus is characterized by a relatively low level of religious observance, with many people identifying as spiritual but not necessarily actively practicing their faith.
Economy
Overview
Belarus has a mixed economy that combines state-owned enterprises with a growing private sector. It has historically been one of the most industrialized countries of the former Soviet Union, with significant contributions from heavy industry, manufacturing, and agriculture. However, the country’s economic model has been largely state-controlled, with the government maintaining ownership of many key industries such as energy, transport, and manufacturing. Belarus has one of the highest levels of state intervention in the economy among post-Soviet countries, and this has shaped the country’s economic landscape.
The country has been working to modernize its economy in recent years, with increasing focus on innovation and diversification, though economic growth has been slow. Belarus’ economy remains heavily reliant on trade with Russia, which is the country’s largest trading partner. However, there are ongoing efforts to develop economic ties with the European Union, China, and other international markets.
Industry and Agriculture
Belarus is known for its significant industrial sector, particularly in areas such as machinery, chemicals, and textiles. The country is a major producer of heavy machinery, including tractors, trucks, and agricultural equipment, with companies like Minsk Tractor Works (MTZ) and BelAZ being well-known internationally. The country’s chemical industry is also significant, with products ranging from fertilizers to synthetic rubber.
Agriculture plays a vital role in the economy, with Belarus being one of the world’s largest producers of potatoes, vegetables, and flax. The country has a large agricultural workforce, and the government has been working to modernize farming practices. Belarus’ rich soil and favorable climate contribute to its high levels of agricultural productivity, and the country is a major exporter of dairy products, meat, and grains, particularly to Russia and other countries in the region.
Services and Trade
The services sector in Belarus is growing, with particular emphasis on information technology (IT), finance, and tourism. The IT sector, in particular, has become a significant driver of economic growth, with the establishment of the High-Tech Park in Minsk, which has attracted foreign investment and fostered innovation. The country has a well-educated workforce, and there are many software development companies operating in Belarus, providing services to international clients.
Belarus has also sought to diversify its foreign trade by expanding its exports to the European Union and China. However, the country’s economy remains heavily dependent on Russia, both as a trade partner and as a supplier of energy resources. The political and economic relationship with Russia continues to shape Belarus’ economic policies, as the country seeks to balance cooperation with Moscow and its own efforts at modernization and international trade expansion.
Government
Political System
Belarus is a presidential republic, with a system that grants substantial power to the president. The country has been governed by President Alexander Lukashenko since 1994, and his leadership has been characterized by a strong centralization of authority, limited political pluralism, and a lack of opposition freedom. The president has broad powers over the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and his government has faced criticism from international observers for curbing political freedoms, restricting press independence, and suppressing opposition movements.
The National Assembly of Belarus is bicameral, consisting of the House of Representatives and the Council of the Republic. While elections are held for these bodies, they are considered by many to be tightly controlled by the ruling party, and opposition parties face significant barriers to participation. Belarus has been criticized for its lack of democratic practices, with accusations of election rigging and voter suppression.
Legal System and Civil Rights
The legal system in Belarus is based on civil law and influenced by Soviet legal traditions. The judiciary is officially independent, but in practice, it is often seen as subordinate to the executive branch. The country’s legal framework is sometimes criticized for lacking transparency and due process, and human rights organizations have raised concerns about the treatment of political dissidents, journalists, and opposition figures.
Civil rights in Belarus are limited, with restrictions on freedom of speech, assembly, and association. The government maintains tight control over the media, and independent news outlets face heavy censorship or closure. Political opposition and protest movements are often suppressed through legal and extralegal means, and the country’s human rights record remains a point of contention with Western countries and international organizations.
Foreign Relations
Belarus maintains close ties with Russia, with the two countries forming a union under the Union State agreement, which covers areas such as defense, energy, and trade. The political relationship with Russia has shaped much of Belarus’ foreign policy, and the country remains heavily reliant on Russian support for its economy and energy supplies. Belarus also maintains relations with other countries in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), but its foreign policy has been increasingly shaped by tensions with Western nations due to its political system and human rights practices.
The European Union and the United States have imposed sanctions on Belarus in response to human rights violations and the lack of political freedoms. However, Belarus has sought to maintain diplomatic relations with both the EU and China, pursuing trade agreements and economic partnerships. The country’s foreign policy is characterized by a balancing act between maintaining close ties with Russia and attempting to engage more broadly with the international community.
Culture
Arts and Music
Belarus has a rich cultural history that blends Slavic traditions with influences from neighboring countries. The country is known for its literature, music, dance, and visual arts. The Belarusian language, although not widely spoken in everyday life, has a strong literary tradition, with writers such as Yanka Kupala and Maksim Bogdanovich contributing significantly to Belarusian culture.
Folk music and dance remain important cultural elements, with traditional instruments such as the cymbals and the violin being commonly used in performances. Belarusian classical music is also well-regarded, with composers like Stanislaw Moniuszko gaining international recognition. In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in traditional folk music, with festivals and cultural events showcasing the country’s artistic heritage.
Cuisine
Belarusian cuisine is hearty and reflects the agricultural nature of the country. The diet traditionally centers on potatoes, meat, and dairy products, with dishes such as draniki (potato pancakes), borscht, and cold cuts being staples. Bread, particularly rye bread, is also an important part of the Belarusian diet. The use of sour cream, mushrooms, and cabbage is common in many traditional dishes. Belarusian cuisine is known for its simple, rustic flavors, often accompanied by strong alcoholic beverages like horilka (a type of vodka).
Festivals and Traditions
Belarus celebrates a variety of festivals throughout the year, many of which are rooted in the country’s agricultural and religious traditions. The Kupala Night, celebrating the summer solstice, is one of the most important folk festivals, marked by bonfires, music, and dancing. Other significant holidays include Maslenitsa, an Eastern Slavic celebration of the end of winter, and various Christian holidays such as Christmas and Easter.
The annual Belarusian Song and Poetry Festival is an important event in the cultural calendar, showcasing Belarusian music, poetry, and performing arts. Despite the political environment, cultural expression continues to be an important aspect of Belarusian identity, with a growing interest in preserving and promoting the country’s unique cultural heritage.
History
Early History and Kievan Rus
The history of Belarus dates back to the early medieval period, with the region forming part of the Kievan Rus, a federation of Slavic tribes. Following the collapse of the Kievan Rus in the 12th century, Belarus became part of various principalities, including the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, which later merged with Poland to form the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
The Russian Empire and Soviet Period
In the late 18th century, much of Belarus was absorbed into the Russian Empire. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, Belarusian national identity and autonomy were suppressed under Russian rule. Following the Russian Revolution in 1917, Belarus became a Soviet republic, which significantly shaped its economic, political, and social systems. Belarus experienced significant industrialization and modernization under Soviet rule, but it also endured great suffering, including during World War II, when it was heavily impacted by the Nazi occupation.
Independence and Modern Belarus
Belarus declared its independence from the Soviet Union on August 25, 1991, following the collapse of the USSR. However, political power has remained largely centralized under the leadership of President Alexander Lukashenko, who assumed office in 1994. His presidency has been characterized by authoritarian policies, limited political freedoms, and state control over much of the economy. While Belarus has maintained sovereignty since its independence, its political landscape has been marked by controversy and ongoing challenges related to human rights, democracy, and governance.