Montenegro Facts

Montenegro, state of the Balkan Peninsula in southern Europe; 13,812 km², 622,000 residents (2019).Montenegro borders in the east to Serbia, in the south to Albania, in the west to Croatia and in the northwest to Bosnia and Herzegovina and in the west to a coastline along the Adriatic Sea. The capital is Podgorica (151,000 residents, 2012). The country was formerly part of Yugoslavia. When Yugoslavia disbanded in 1992, Montenegro became one party to the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, 2003–06; Serbia and Montenegro, but following a referendum in May 2006, independence was declared on June 3 of the same year.

Country facts

• Crna Gora / Republic of Montenegro
• Country abbreviation: ME
• Area: 13 812 km²
• Population (2019): 622,000 residents
• Capital: Podgorica
• Main languages: Montenegrin, Serbian
• State: Republic
• Head of State: Filip Vujanović (President)
• Head of Government: Duško Marković
• Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 8,761
• GNI per capita (2018): US $ 8,400
• Currency unit: euro
• Currency code: EUR
• Country number (telephony): 382
• Internet domain name: me
• Time difference compared to Sweden: 0
• National Day: June 13 (Recognized as Independent State, 1878)

Nature

• Land use: forest (60%), agricultural land (38%)
• Highest mountain: Durmibor (2,533 m above sea level)

Population

• Population density (2019): 45 residents per km²
• Natural population growth (2019): 0.1%; birth rate 12 ‰, death rate 11 ‰
• Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (18%), 15-64 (67%), 65- (15%)
• Average life expectancy (2019): men 75 years, women 81 years
• Infant mortality (2019): 2 per 1,000 live births
• Population forecast 2050: 700,000 residents
• HDI (2017): 0.814 (place 50 of 189)
• Urbanization rate (2019): 67%
• Most populous cities (2017): Podgoica (195,700 residents), Nikšić (70,600) and Bijelo Polje (44,000)

Business

• Industry’s contribution to GDP (2016): agriculture (8%), industry (16%), service (76%)
• Exports (2017): US $ 422 million
• Main export products: aluminum, steel
• Main exporting countries: Croatia, Serbia, Slovenia
• Imports (2017): US $ 2,618 million
• Main import products: machinery, oil products, food
• Main importing countries: Serbia, Greece, China
• Railway network (2017): 250 km

Geography of Montenegro

Location

Montenegro is located in Southeast Europe, on the Adriatic Sea. It is bordered by Croatia to the west, Bosnia and Herzegovina to the northwest, Serbia to the east, Kosovo to the northeast, and Albania to the southeast. Its position along the Adriatic coast provides Montenegro with a natural outlet to the Mediterranean, contributing to its importance as a regional hub for trade, tourism, and culture. The country spans an area of about 13,812 square kilometers (5,333 square miles), making it one of the smallest countries in Europe.

Topography

Montenegro’s topography is predominantly mountainous, with approximately 80% of the country covered by rugged mountains and hills. The country’s interior is marked by the Dinaric Alps, which run parallel to the Adriatic coast and create dramatic and scenic landscapes. The highest point in the country is Bobotov Kuk in the Durmitor mountain range, which reaches an elevation of 2,523 meters (8,278 feet). Montenegro’s terrain is further characterized by deep river valleys, dramatic cliffs, and fertile plains, especially in the southern regions.

The coastline along the Adriatic Sea is dotted with picturesque beaches, coves, and coastal towns. The Bay of Kotor, located in the southwestern part of the country, is a deep natural harbor and a UNESCO World Heritage site. The contrast between the steep mountains and the coastline gives Montenegro its unique blend of alpine and Mediterranean environments.

Rivers and Water Bodies

Montenegro is home to several major rivers, many of which originate in the mountains. The longest river in the country is the Morača River, which flows into Lake Skadar, the largest lake in the Balkans, and forms part of the border with Albania. The Tara River is another important waterway, renowned for being one of the deepest river gorges in the world. The river is vital for biodiversity and tourism, especially for white-water rafting. Montenegro also has several smaller lakes, many of which are located in mountainous areas and offer picturesque settings for recreation and wildlife.

Natural Resources

Montenegro’s natural resources include timber, bauxite, coal, and iron ore. The country also has a well-developed fishing industry along its Adriatic coast. However, the country’s biggest natural asset is its breathtaking scenery, which has been a major draw for tourists. The country has made efforts to preserve its natural environment, with several national parks, including Biogradska Gora and Durmitor, that are protected as UNESCO World Heritage sites.

Climate of Montenegro

Mediterranean Climate

Montenegro’s climate is influenced by both its coastal location and mountainous terrain, resulting in a wide variety of climate zones. The coastal areas, including the city of Herceg Novi and the Bay of Kotor, experience a Mediterranean climate. This means that the coastal regions have warm, dry summers with temperatures averaging 25°C (77°F) and mild, wet winters. Rainfall is concentrated in the winter months, and the coastal areas receive significant sunshine year-round, making the region a popular destination for tourists seeking sunny weather.

Continental and Alpine Climate

In contrast, the inland and mountainous regions of Montenegro have a more continental and alpine climate. The Dinaric Alps and areas like Durmitor and Biogradska Gora experience cooler summers and cold winters, with snowfall being common in higher altitudes. Average temperatures in these regions can dip below freezing in the winter months, making them suitable for winter sports like skiing and snowboarding. The mountains also influence local weather patterns, creating microclimates in different valleys and regions.

Rainfall and Seasonal Variability

Rainfall in Montenegro varies significantly between the coastal and inland regions. The coastal areas receive less annual rainfall, with around 1,500 millimeters (59 inches) of precipitation, mostly during the winter. In the mountains, rainfall is higher, and some regions receive over 2,500 millimeters (98 inches) annually. This variability creates differences in vegetation and agriculture across the country, with the coastal region being suitable for olive, citrus, and grape cultivation, while the mountain regions support forests and grazing lands.

People of Montenegro

Population

Montenegro has a population of about 620,000 people, making it one of the smallest countries in Europe. The population is relatively homogeneous, though it is ethnically diverse. The largest ethnic group is Montenegrins, followed by Serbs, Bosniaks, Albanians, and Croats. The population density is higher in urban areas, particularly in the coastal cities, with Podgorica being the capital and the largest city. The country’s demographic profile is also influenced by the migratory patterns, especially following the breakup of Yugoslavia, which led to shifts in the ethnic composition.

Ethnic Composition

Montenegro has a mixed ethnic makeup. Montenegrins make up around 45% of the population, while Serbs are the second largest ethnic group, constituting approximately 30% of the population. Other groups include Bosniaks, Albanians, Croats, and Roma. The ethnic diversity in Montenegro reflects the country’s history as part of Yugoslavia and its strategic location at the crossroads of different cultural and ethnic groups. The diverse population coexists peacefully, though ethnic identity remains important in the country’s politics and cultural life.

Languages

Montenegrin is the official language of the country, though Serbian, Bosnian, and Albanian are also widely spoken. Montenegrin, Serbian, and Croatian are mutually intelligible, and the languages share a common linguistic heritage from the South Slavic group. Most of the population speaks Montenegrin or Serbian as their first language, and many are fluent in more than one language due to the country’s historical connections with neighboring nations. Italian is also spoken along the Adriatic coast, as a result of historical Venetian influence.

Religion

The majority of the population in Montenegro adheres to Eastern Orthodoxy, with the Serbian Orthodox Church being the dominant religious institution. Approximately 70% of the population are members of the Serbian Orthodox Church. Roman Catholics, primarily of Albanian descent, make up about 20% of the population, with most living along the Adriatic coast. There is also a small Muslim population, particularly in the northern and southeastern parts of the country. Religious practice in Montenegro is relatively secular, with many people identifying as cultural or ethnic adherents rather than devout practitioners.

Economy of Montenegro

Key Industries

Montenegro’s economy has undergone significant transformation since the country gained independence in 2006. The country has a mixed economy, with key sectors including tourism, services, manufacturing, and agriculture. Tourism is one of the most important industries, with Montenegro’s stunning natural landscapes, historical sites, and Mediterranean coast attracting visitors year-round. Coastal cities like Budva and Kotor, as well as ski resorts in the mountains, are popular destinations.

The country has a growing energy sector, particularly in hydroelectric power generation, as it benefits from its mountainous terrain and abundant water resources. The mining sector, including bauxite and coal extraction, has historically been important, although it has faced challenges in recent years. Agriculture remains a significant contributor to the economy, with the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, wine grapes, and tobacco being common in the fertile plains.

Tourism and Services

Tourism plays a central role in Montenegro’s economy, accounting for a significant portion of the country’s GDP. The Adriatic coast is particularly attractive for tourists, thanks to its historic towns, beaches, and Mediterranean climate. The UNESCO World Heritage Site of Kotor, the island of Sveti Stefan, and the beaches of Budva and Herceg Novi are popular travel destinations. Eco-tourism is also on the rise, with tourists visiting the country’s national parks, including Durmitor and Biogradska Gora, for hiking, rafting, and wildlife viewing.

The service sector is growing, driven by trade, finance, and telecommunications. Financial services and banking have expanded in recent years, attracting foreign investments. The construction industry is also thriving, particularly in the coastal region, where new hotels, resorts, and residential complexes are being built to accommodate the growing influx of tourists and expatriates.

Challenges and Economic Growth

Montenegro faces challenges in diversifying its economy, as it remains heavily reliant on tourism and remittances from emigrants abroad. The country’s small size, limited industrial base, and high levels of public debt also pose hurdles to sustained economic growth. Unemployment remains high, particularly among the youth, and income inequality persists, with rural areas experiencing higher levels of poverty compared to urban centers. However, Montenegro has experienced steady economic growth in recent years, bolstered by foreign investment and an expanding tourism sector. The country’s membership in international organizations such as the World Bank, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and NATO has supported its development efforts.

Government of Montenegro

Political System

Montenegro is a parliamentary republic with a multi-party political system. The Constitution of Montenegro, adopted in 2007, defines the country as a democratic, social, and ecological state. The country’s political structure is based on a separation of powers, with a president, a prime minister, and a parliament. The president is the head of state and is elected by popular vote for a five-year term. The president’s role is mostly ceremonial, with executive powers lying primarily with the prime minister and the cabinet.

The parliament of Montenegro, known as the Assembly of Montenegro, is unicameral and consists of 81 members. The Assembly is responsible for passing laws, approving the budget, and overseeing the actions of the government. Deputies are elected through a proportional representation system, and the government must maintain the confidence of the Assembly in order to remain in power.

Executive Branch

The executive branch is led by the prime minister, who is the head of government. The prime minister is appointed by the president and is usually the leader of the majority party or coalition in the parliament. The prime minister appoints the members of the cabinet, who are responsible for overseeing various ministries, such as finance, foreign affairs, education, and defense. The government is responsible for formulating and implementing policies, and it must seek approval from the Assembly of Montenegro.

Judicial Branch

The judiciary of Montenegro is independent and operates under a civil law system. The highest court in the country is the Supreme Court of Montenegro, which is responsible for interpreting laws and ensuring justice. Below the Supreme Court are other courts, including the Constitutional Court, which rules on constitutional matters, and district and municipal courts, which handle civil and criminal cases. The judiciary is tasked with upholding the rule of law and protecting the rights and freedoms of individuals.

Culture of Montenegro

Traditional Culture

Montenegrin culture is influenced by a blend of Slavic, Mediterranean, and Ottoman traditions, shaped by the country’s history and geographical location. Traditional culture in Montenegro places a strong emphasis on family, hospitality, and community. The country’s customs are deeply rooted in both rural and urban life, with folk traditions, music, and dance playing an important role. Montenegro’s cultural heritage includes a rich history of oral storytelling, which has been passed down through generations. The practice of hospitality, especially toward guests, is a central aspect of social life.

Music and Dance

Music is an integral part of Montenegrin culture, with traditional music reflecting the country’s diverse ethnic groups. Folk music, characterized by the use of string instruments such as the tambura, and various regional dances are common. The kolo, a traditional circle dance, is often performed during celebrations and festivals. Montenegrin music also reflects Mediterranean influences, with songs often accompanied by the accordion or guitar. Contemporary music in Montenegro includes popular genres such as rock, pop, and hip-hop, which resonate with younger generations.

Art and Crafts

Montenegro has a long tradition of art, particularly in the fields of painting, sculpture, and decorative arts. The country’s art has been influenced by both Byzantine and Ottoman traditions, with religious iconography and medieval frescoes being prominent in historical art. Handicrafts, such as embroidery, wood carving, and pottery, are common in rural areas and represent an important part of Montenegro’s cultural identity. These crafts are often displayed in museums and galleries, with artisans continuing to create and sell traditional goods.

Cuisine

Montenegrin cuisine is characterized by a Mediterranean diet, with an emphasis on fresh vegetables, olive oil, fish, and meats. Grilled lamb and pork are staples of the Montenegrin diet, along with traditional stews and soups. One of the most famous dishes is “cevapi,” grilled minced meat served with bread, onions, and yogurt. Montenegrins also enjoy a variety of dairy products, including cheese and yogurt. The country’s Mediterranean coastline influences the use of seafood, such as squid, octopus, and anchovies, in many dishes. The culinary traditions of Montenegro reflect the country’s diverse history and geographical influences, making the food a significant part of cultural life.

History of Montenegro

Early History and Medieval Period

The history of Montenegro dates back to ancient times, when the region was inhabited by Illyrian tribes. The area was later influenced by Greek and Roman cultures, as well as by the Byzantine Empire. Montenegro became known in the medieval period for its strong Christian identity, particularly following the spread of Orthodox Christianity. The country was part of various medieval kingdoms, including the Kingdom of Duklja, which later became part of the medieval state of Zeta.

During the Ottoman period, Montenegro maintained its independence in the face of Ottoman expansion, becoming one of the few regions in the Balkans to resist Ottoman rule. The 15th and 16th centuries were marked by Montenegro’s struggle for independence, with Montenegrins often fighting to preserve their land and faith.

Ottoman Rule and Independence

In the 19th century, Montenegro emerged as an independent principality after centuries of Ottoman domination. Under the leadership of Petar II Petrović-Njegoš, Montenegro grew in strength and prestige. Montenegro declared full independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1878, gaining international recognition. The country continued to develop as an independent monarchy, and the Petrović-Njegoš family ruled Montenegro for several generations.

Montenegro Map