Tuvalu Facts

by countryaah · Published June 3, 2019 · Updated December 12, 2024

Tuvalu, known as the Ellice Islands prior to 1978, a state comprising nine atolls in Polynesia in the southwestern Pacific, 26 km², 12,000 residents (2019), of which about 10 percent are living abroad as guest workers.The largest atoll is Funafuti, where the capital Fongafale (5,300 residents, 2012) is located.

Country facts

Tuvalu / Tuvalu
Country abbreviation: TV
Area: 26 km²
Population (2019): 12,000 residents
Capital: Fongafale
Main language: tuvalu
State: Monarchy
Head of State: Elizabeth II (Queen)
Head of Government: Enele Sopoaga
Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 3,701
GNI per capita (2018): US $ 5,430
Currency unit: $ 1 = 100 cents
Currency code: AUD
Country number (telephony): 688
Internet domain name: tv
Time difference compared to Sweden: +11
National Day: October 1 (Independence Day, 1978)

Nature

Land use: no information available
Highest mountain: not named height (5 m above sea level)

Population

Population density (2019): 462 residents per km²
Natural population growth (2019): 1.6%; birthrate 25 ‰, death count 9 ‰
Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (31%), 15-64 (64%), 65- (5%)
Life expectancy (2019): men 64 years, women 67 years
Infant mortality (2019): 21 per 1,000 live births
HDI: no data available
Urbanization rate (2019): 62%
Most populous city (2012): Fongafale (5,300 residents)

Business

Industry’s contribution to GDP (2013): agriculture (24%), industry (6%), service (70%)
Exports (2010): US $ 600,000
Main export products: copra, fish
Main exporting countries: Germany, Fiji, Italy
Imports (2013): US $ 136 million
Main import products: food, industrial goods, transport
Main importing countries: Fiji, Japan, Australia
Railway network: nothing in operation

Geography of Tuvalu

Location

Tuvalu is a small island nation located in the Pacific Ocean, roughly midway between Hawaii and Australia. It is part of Polynesia, although geographically it can also be considered part of the broader Pacific region. The country consists of nine islands, grouped into three atolls: the Funafuti Atoll, which is home to the capital city, Funafuti, and the other atolls of Nukufetau, Nukulaelae, Vaitupu, Nanumaga, Nanumea, Niulakita, and the remote island of Niulakita. Tuvalu is one of the smallest and most isolated countries in the world, with a total land area of only about 26 square kilometers (10 square miles).

The islands of Tuvalu are spread over a vast area of ocean, but the total landmass is so small that the country is often described as the fourth smallest in terms of land area in the world. Tuvalu’s location places it at risk of rising sea levels due to climate change, as it is one of the lowest-lying countries in the world, with an average elevation of just 2 meters (6.6 feet) above sea level.

Topography

Tuvalu’s geography is marked by its small islands and coral atolls, each with low, flat land. These atolls were formed by coral reefs around submerged volcanic craters, and as such, Tuvalu does not have any significant mountain ranges or elevated terrain. The islands are composed mostly of sandy beaches, coral limestone, and tropical vegetation. The atolls and islands are encircled by vast lagoons and coral reefs that are rich in marine life.

Funafuti, the capital and most populous island, is the largest atoll and consists of a series of islands and a central lagoon. Other islands, such as Vaitupu and Nukufetau, are smaller and less developed but remain significant for the country’s culture and economy.

The coral reefs surrounding the islands provide protection from large waves and offer important marine habitats, but they also leave the islands vulnerable to the impact of rising sea levels. The islands have limited freshwater resources, with rainwater collection systems being vital for the country’s water supply. Due to the country’s flat terrain and isolation, Tuvalu lacks natural resources such as minerals or large-scale agricultural land.

Natural Resources

Tuvalu has few natural resources due to its small land area and coral atoll geography. The country’s primary resources are its marine environment, including fish and coral, which are essential for food and local commerce. Tuvalu has one of the world’s most abundant and diverse fisheries, particularly for tuna, which is a key export product. The fishery sector contributes significantly to Tuvalu’s economy through licensing fees for foreign fishing vessels and exports.

Tuvalu’s land-based resources are limited, but its geographical location makes it an important hub for sea-based resources, including shipping and fisheries. The country has also explored revenue from its internet domain “.tv”, which has become a significant source of income. Other than fish and some natural beauty that attracts small-scale tourism, Tuvalu lacks valuable raw materials like minerals, oil, or extensive agricultural land.

Climate of Tuvalu

General Climate

Tuvalu experiences a tropical oceanic climate, characterized by year-round warmth and high humidity. Due to its location near the equator, the country is typically warm and sunny throughout the year, with temperatures ranging from 25°C (77°F) to 32°C (90°F) year-round. The climate is humid, especially during the wet season, with rainfall being a key feature of the weather pattern.

The warm temperatures, combined with the surrounding ocean, make Tuvalu prone to tropical storms, particularly during the cyclone season. The country is frequently affected by El Niño and La Niña events, which can lead to droughts or heavy rainfall, impacting the availability of freshwater and food. Tropical cyclones are a frequent threat, particularly during the rainy season from November to April, and pose a serious risk to the low-lying atolls, as the islands are extremely vulnerable to flooding.

Rainfall Patterns

Rainfall in Tuvalu is distributed fairly evenly throughout the year, with slightly higher rainfall during the wet season from November to April. The average annual rainfall is around 3,000 millimeters (118 inches), with rainfall being more intense during periods of cyclonic activity. Because of the islands’ small size, rainfall can be erratic, and dry spells can lead to water shortages, as the country depends heavily on rainwater for its freshwater supply.

The islands have limited freshwater resources, and many residents rely on rainwater catchment systems to collect and store water during the wet season. However, during the dry season, Tuvalu’s dependence on rainwater becomes a critical issue, as freshwater supplies can dwindle, affecting daily life and agriculture.

People of Tuvalu

Population and Ethnic Composition

Tuvalu has a small population, with approximately 11,000 residents, making it one of the least populous countries in the world. The population is concentrated on the capital island of Funafuti, where over half of the country’s inhabitants reside. The population density is high on Funafuti, and the other islands are sparsely populated. Most people in Tuvalu are of Polynesian descent, with the indigenous Tuvaluans being part of the broader Austronesian linguistic and cultural group.

The population is homogeneous, with limited ethnic diversity, although there is a small number of expatriates and foreign workers from neighboring Pacific islands and other countries, primarily engaged in public service, education, and development projects.

Tuvalu has a young population, with a median age of around 22 years. Due to limited economic opportunities and land availability, many Tuvaluans migrate abroad for employment, particularly to New Zealand and Australia, where there are established Tuvaluan diaspora communities. Migration, both voluntary and forced, is a major feature of Tuvaluan society, as the country faces significant challenges related to climate change and rising sea levels, which threaten the viability of its land.

Language

The official languages of Tuvalu are Tuvaluan and English. Tuvaluan is the native language of the people, and it belongs to the Polynesian subgroup of the Austronesian language family. Tuvaluan is spoken by almost all of the population, though there are some regional dialects across the islands. English is also widely spoken, particularly in government, education, and business.

The use of English is important for international relations and trade, as well as for the functioning of Tuvalu’s legal and political systems. However, Tuvaluan remains the language of daily life, with families, communities, and cultural activities centered around the use of the native language. English is taught in schools and used in official documents, while Tuvaluan is the primary language of communication in everyday conversations.

Religion

The majority of Tuvaluans are Christian, with the largest religious denomination being the Church of Tuvalu, which is part of the Anglican Communion. Christianity was introduced to Tuvalu by missionaries in the 19th century, and the faith has since become deeply embedded in the culture and daily life of the people. Church attendance is high, and religious activities are central to community life, with Sunday services being the most important social and cultural event of the week.

There are also smaller Christian denominations in Tuvalu, including Roman Catholics, Seventh-day Adventists, and Methodists. While Tuvalu is predominantly Christian, traditional beliefs and cultural practices continue to play a role in Tuvaluan society, particularly in terms of respect for elders, family ties, and communal living.

Economy of Tuvalu

Economic Structure

Tuvalu has a small, primarily subsistence-based economy, with very limited natural resources. The country’s economy relies on a few key sectors: fishing, remittances from overseas, government aid, and revenues from the leasing of its internet domain “.tv”. Fishing, particularly tuna fishing, is a vital industry, with Tuvalu licensing foreign fishing vessels to operate in its exclusive economic zone. The fishing sector is a significant source of government revenue, with the majority of the income coming from fees paid by foreign vessels to access Tuvalu’s waters.

Another major contributor to the economy is the money sent back by Tuvaluans working abroad, particularly in New Zealand and Australia. Remittances are a critical part of the economy, supporting families and providing essential income for daily life. The country also receives foreign aid from international organizations, including the United Nations and donor countries, which help fund development projects, infrastructure, and climate change adaptation efforts.

Tuvalu is also exploring opportunities in renewable energy, particularly solar power, as part of its efforts to reduce dependence on imported fossil fuels and increase self-sufficiency. However, the country’s economy remains fragile, primarily due to its small size, limited resources, and heavy reliance on external support.

Agriculture and Fisheries

Agriculture in Tuvalu is limited due to the small land area and lack of fertile soils. The country produces small quantities of root crops like taro, yams, and sweet potatoes, as well as coconuts, breadfruit, and pandanus. These crops are important for local consumption, but Tuvalu’s agricultural output is insufficient to meet the demands of the population, which relies heavily on imported food.

The fishing industry, particularly tuna fishing, is the main source of revenue for the country. The Tuvalu government licenses foreign fishing fleets to fish in its waters, and the fees paid by these fleets form a significant part of the national income. In addition to tuna, other marine species such as lobsters and sea cucumbers are also harvested, and Tuvalu exports some fish products. However, the limited size of the country’s territorial waters and overfishing concerns present challenges for long-term sustainability.

Tourism

Tourism in Tuvalu is minimal, largely due to the country’s isolation, limited infrastructure, and small land area. The country is not a mainstream tourist destination, though it does attract niche visitors, including those interested in ecotourism, diving, and cultural experiences. The country’s pristine beaches, coral reefs, and marine life offer some tourism potential, but Tuvalu remains one of the least visited countries in the world.

The tourism sector is still developing, and the government has been working to promote the country as a unique travel destination. However, infrastructure limitations, including poor air and sea transport connections, pose significant challenges to expanding the sector.

Government of Tuvalu

Political System

Tuvalu is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy. The head of state is the monarch of the United Kingdom, represented in Tuvalu by a Governor-General. However, the role of the Governor-General is largely ceremonial. The head of government is the Prime Minister, who is elected by the members of the Parliament, which is called the House of Assembly. The Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party or coalition in the Assembly.

The Tuvaluan Parliament consists of 15 members, each elected for a four-year term. There is no political party system in Tuvalu, and candidates typically run as independents. The Parliament is responsible for making laws, managing government finances, and overseeing the Prime Minister and Cabinet. The country has a legal system based on English common law, and the judiciary is independent.

Political History

Tuvalu became an independent nation on October 1, 1978, after gaining self-governance from the United Kingdom. It was formerly known as the Ellice Islands and was a British protectorate before independence. Following independence, Tuvalu became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations.

Since independence, Tuvalu has had a relatively stable political environment, though the country faces significant challenges, particularly in terms of economic development, climate change, and governance. The country’s vulnerability to rising sea levels due to climate change has been a central issue in its international relations, with Tuvalu being a vocal advocate for global action on climate change.

Governance Challenges

Tuvalu faces numerous governance challenges, particularly related to its small size and vulnerability to external threats, including climate change. The country is heavily dependent on foreign aid, and its small population and limited natural resources make economic diversification difficult. The issue of climate change is of paramount importance for Tuvalu, as the country’s low-lying islands are at risk of being submerged by rising sea levels.

Tuvalu is also working on improving its infrastructure, education system, and healthcare, with support from international donors. However, its geographic isolation and small size make it difficult to develop a fully self-sustaining economy. Additionally, Tuvalu faces challenges in terms of governance and transparency, with a reliance on external support complicating its ability to address long-term issues independently.

Culture of Tuvalu

Traditional Music and Dance

Tuvalu’s culture is rich in traditions, and music plays an important role in community life. Traditional Tuvaluan music features chanting, drumming, and the use of instruments such as the fau, a type of drum, and the pupuni, a wooden flute. The music is often accompanied by dance and storytelling, which serve as a way to preserve history, tell myths, and celebrate important events.

Traditional dances, such as the fatele, are performed during celebrations and ceremonies, often involving intricate movements that mimic everyday activities, including fishing and farming. Dance and music in Tuvalu are integral to social functions and play a key role in maintaining Tuvalu’s cultural identity.

Art and Craft

Tuvaluan art is centered around practical and decorative crafts made from local materials. Traditional crafts include weaving, particularly the weaving of mats and baskets from pandanus leaves. These woven items are used for both functional purposes, such as bedding and containers, and for ceremonial events. Tuvalu is also known for its intricate wood carvings, which are often used to decorate buildings and to create ceremonial objects.

Tuvaluan crafts have been passed down through generations, and the skills involved in weaving and carving remain important cultural practices. These crafts are an important part of the island’s heritage and are often used to celebrate key life events such as weddings, births, and funerals.

Cuisine

Tuvaluan cuisine is heavily based on the availability of local resources, including fish, coconut, root vegetables, and fruits. Palusami, a dish made from taro leaves and coconut milk, is one of the traditional staples of Tuvaluan cuisine. Fish, especially tuna, is a significant part of the diet, and seafood is commonly prepared using simple methods like grilling or boiling.

Coconut is a key ingredient in many dishes and is used in various forms, including coconut milk and grated coconut. Breadfruit, bananas, and yams are also widely consumed, and fasi (a sweet dish made from coconut and pandanus) is a favorite dessert. Traditional cooking methods, such as cooking in earth ovens, continue to be used in Tuvalu, though modern conveniences are also becoming more common.

Festivals and Celebrations

Tuvaluan culture is rich in festivals and celebrations, with national holidays and traditional events playing a central role in the social life of the people. Independence Day, celebrated on October 1st, marks the country’s independence from the United Kingdom and is a significant occasion for Tuvaluans to reflect on their sovereignty and national pride.

Religious holidays, including Christmas and Easter, are widely celebrated, with church services, feasts, and family gatherings. Cultural events, including dances, music performances, and competitions, are held throughout the year, providing a platform for the celebration of Tuvalu’s traditions.

Tuvalu also hosts the Te Aso o Tuvalu (Tuvalu Day), a celebration of the country’s culture, music, and community, where traditional food, music, and dance are enjoyed by locals and visitors alike. These celebrations serve to reinforce Tuvalu’s unique cultural identity and maintain the traditional practices that are central to island life.