Taiwan Facts

by countryaah · Published June 3, 2019 · Updated December 12, 2024

Taiwan, Republic of China, State of East Asia (regarding Taiwan’s international law status see State of the State and Politics); 36,000 km², 23.6 million residents (2019).The state includes the island of Taiwan (Formosa), about 150 km east of Fujian province on the Chinese mainland, and the small archipelago of Pescadores in the Formosa Strait between the island of Taiwan and the People’s Republic of China to the west. Taiwan also includes the fortified islands of Jinmen (Quemoy) and Mazu with associated small islands near mainland China. The capital is Taibei (2.7 million residents, 2015).

Taiwan National Flag

Country facts

Chung-hua Min-kuo / Republic of China
Country abbreviation: TW
Area: 36 000 km²
Population (2019): 23.6 million residents
Capital: Taibei
Main language: Chinese
State: Republic
Head of State: Tsai Ing-wen
Head of Government: Su Tseng-chang
Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 24 971
GNI per capita: no data available
Currency unit: 1 Taiwanese dollar = 100 cents
Currency code: TWD
Country code (telephony): 886
Internet domain name: tw
Time difference compared to Sweden: +7
National Day: October 10 (Wuhan Uprising, 1911)

Nature

Land use: forest (58%), agricultural land (23%), other (29%)
Highest mountain: Yu Shan (3,952 m above sea level)

Population

Population density (2019): 656 residents per km²
Natural population growth (2019): 0.1%; birth rate 8 ‰, death rate 7 ‰
Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (13%), 15-64 (73%), 65- (14%)
Life expectancy (2019): men 77 years, women 84 years
Infant mortality (2019): 4 per 1,000 live births
Population forecast 2050: 21 million residents
HDI: no data available
Urbanization rate (2019): 78%
Most populous cities (2015): Gaoxiong (2.8 million), Taizhong (2.7 million), Taibei (2.7 million)

Business

Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (2%), industry (36%), service (62%)
Exports (2017): US $ 349,800 million
Main export products: electronics, machinery, metals
Main exporting countries: China, USA, Japan
Imports (2017): US $ 259,000 million
Main import products: oil, electronics components, natural gas
Main importing countries: China, Japan, USA
Railway network (2018): 1 600 km

Geography of Taiwan

Location and Borders

Taiwan is an island nation located in East Asia, situated off the southeastern coast of China. The island is surrounded by the Pacific Ocean to the east, the Taiwan Strait to the west, and the Bashi Channel to the south, which separates it from the Philippines. Taiwan’s geographic coordinates place it around 23.5°N latitude and 121°E longitude. The island covers an area of approximately 36,197 square kilometers (13,976 square miles), making it about the size of the U.S. state of Maryland.

Taiwan is part of a larger archipelago that includes several smaller islands and islets. These include the Diaoyu Islands, also known as the Senkaku Islands, which are claimed by both Taiwan and Japan, and the Orchid Island (Lanyu) and Green Island, located off Taiwan’s southeastern coast. The nation’s proximity to mainland China has significant historical, cultural, and political implications, with Taiwan’s status as a self-governing entity a central point of contention in East Asian geopolitics.

Terrain and Landscape

Taiwan’s landscape is characterized by dramatic topography, which includes rugged mountains, fertile plains, and coastal areas. The island’s mountainous terrain is a dominant feature, with the Central Mountain Range running from north to south. These mountains, which include the island’s highest peak, Yushan (Jade Mountain), reaching an elevation of 3,952 meters (12,966 feet), account for roughly two-thirds of Taiwan’s land area. The steep, craggy mountains are interspersed with deep valleys and high plateaus, making Taiwan’s landscape diverse and visually striking.

In contrast to the mountainous regions, Taiwan’s western plains, especially in the central and southern parts of the island, are home to the majority of the population and are fertile agricultural areas. The plains are characterized by rolling hills and lowlands, where the majority of the island’s agriculture, including rice, sugarcane, and vegetables, takes place. The eastern side of the island is dominated by coastal areas and the Pacific Ocean, where dramatic cliffs meet the ocean.

Water Bodies

Taiwan is surrounded by water, with the Taiwan Strait separating it from mainland China, and the Pacific Ocean lying to the east. There are numerous rivers and lakes throughout the island, which are essential for both agriculture and the country’s water supply. The most significant river is the Zhuoshui River, which flows through the island’s central region and serves as an important source of water for irrigation and industry. Other key rivers include the Tamsui River in the north, which flows through the capital, Taipei, and the Love River in Kaohsiung, which is central to the city’s geography.

Taiwan is also home to several lakes, such as Sun Moon Lake, located in the central part of the island. It is a major tourist destination known for its scenic beauty. Taiwan’s waterways, including the rivers and lakes, are crucial for transportation, particularly in rural areas, as well as for supporting the country’s agricultural and industrial needs.

Climate of Taiwan

Tropical and Subtropical Climate

Taiwan’s climate varies from tropical in the south to subtropical in the north. This variation is largely due to the island’s latitude and topography. The southern regions, including cities like Kaohsiung, experience a hot, humid tropical climate with warm temperatures throughout the year, while the northern regions, such as Taipei, have a subtropical climate, with milder winters and cooler temperatures during the summer.

The island is known for its high humidity, especially during the summer months, and is subject to frequent rain due to its location in the Pacific monsoon belt. The summer months, particularly from May to October, are marked by heavy rainfall and high temperatures. These conditions can bring about frequent thunderstorms, with Taiwan’s mountainous terrain often amplifying rainfall in certain regions.

Typhoon Season

Taiwan is frequently affected by typhoons, particularly between July and October. These storms can bring intense rainfall, high winds, and flooding, posing a serious risk to both infrastructure and agriculture. The eastern coast and southern regions are often the hardest hit, but the entire island can experience the effects of these storms, which can disrupt daily life and cause extensive damage.

Winter Conditions

During the winter months, from November to February, the climate becomes cooler, especially in the northern and central regions. While the lowland areas in the south enjoy mild temperatures, the northern parts of Taiwan can experience temperatures as low as 10°C (50°F), and mountain areas may receive snowfall, particularly at higher elevations. This cooler season provides a respite from the intense summer heat and is ideal for tourists interested in hiking or enjoying Taiwan’s natural beauty.

People of Taiwan

Population and Demographics

As of recent estimates, Taiwan has a population of approximately 23 million people, making it one of the most densely populated countries in the world. The majority of the population is of Han Chinese descent, specifically from the Hoklo and Hakka ethnic groups. These groups arrived in Taiwan during different historical periods, contributing to the country’s cultural diversity. There are also indigenous groups in Taiwan, collectively known as the Formosan peoples, who have lived on the island for thousands of years. These indigenous groups, numbering around 2% of the population, are divided into several tribes, each with its own distinct languages, customs, and traditions.

The population is highly urbanized, with around 70% of the population living in urban areas. The capital city, Taipei, along with other cities like Kaohsiung, Taichung, and Tainan, are economic and cultural centers, drawing people from rural areas seeking work and better living conditions.

Language

The official language of Taiwan is Mandarin Chinese, also known as Standard Chinese. It is used in government, business, and education. However, many Taiwanese also speak a variety of other languages, reflecting the island’s cultural diversity. The most widely spoken native language is Taiwanese Hokkien (also known as Taiwanese), a Southern Min dialect, particularly in the southern and central regions. Hakka, another Chinese language, is spoken by the Hakka people, primarily in the western part of the island.

Taiwan’s indigenous people speak a range of Austronesian languages, many of which are endangered. Additionally, English is widely taught in schools and spoken in urban areas, especially among younger generations and in business contexts.

Religion

Taiwan is religiously diverse, with a mix of traditional Chinese religions, Buddhism, Taoism, and Christianity. Many Taiwanese practice a blend of Buddhism and Taoism, with elements of Confucianism also influencing cultural practices, particularly around family life and rituals. Temples dedicated to various deities are common throughout the island, and religious festivals, such as the Lantern Festival and the Mid-Autumn Festival, are widely celebrated.

Christianity, both Catholicism and Protestantism, has a presence in Taiwan, especially among the younger population. In addition, there are smaller communities of Muslims, Jews, and practitioners of other faiths. The freedom of religion is guaranteed in Taiwan’s constitution, and religious tolerance is a significant feature of the society.

Education and Healthcare

Taiwan has a well-developed education system, with high literacy rates and a strong emphasis on academic achievement. Primary and secondary education is compulsory, and the country boasts some of the best universities in the world, such as National Taiwan University. Taiwanese students are known for their high performance in international assessments, particularly in mathematics and science.

The healthcare system in Taiwan is among the best in Asia, with universal health coverage provided through the National Health Insurance (NHI) program. The system offers affordable access to healthcare for all residents, and Taiwan’s life expectancy is among the highest in the world.

Economy of Taiwan

Key Economic Sectors

Taiwan has one of the most dynamic and innovative economies in the world. The country is a global leader in technology, particularly in the fields of semiconductors, electronics, and information technology. Taiwan is home to major technology companies like Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC), which is the world’s largest contract chip manufacturer, and Foxconn, which assembles products for companies like Apple and Sony.

In addition to technology, Taiwan has a well-developed manufacturing sector, including industries such as machinery, textiles, and chemicals. The country is also a major exporter of electronic products, computers, and telecommunications equipment. Agriculture, while not as dominant as industry, remains an important sector, with Taiwan producing rice, fruits, vegetables, and tea, which are staples of both the domestic market and international exports.

Trade and Exports

Taiwan is one of the most trade-dependent economies in the world, with exports accounting for a significant portion of its GDP. The country’s main export partners include the United States, China, Japan, and other Asian countries. Taiwan exports a wide range of products, with electronics and machinery being the largest categories. In addition, Taiwan’s high-tech industry plays a significant role in global supply chains, particularly in the semiconductor industry.

Taiwan also imports raw materials, fuel, and foodstuffs, which are necessary for its manufacturing sector and to support its population. The country has extensive shipping connections and modern ports, such as the Port of Kaohsiung, which is one of the busiest in the world.

Economic Challenges and Development

While Taiwan’s economy has been highly successful, it faces several challenges, particularly its dependence on global supply chains and geopolitical tensions with China. Taiwan’s political status is contentious, as China claims the island as part of its territory, leading to trade and diplomatic challenges. The ongoing trade war between the United States and China has also affected Taiwan’s trade relationships, as both countries are key trade partners for Taiwan.

Environmental concerns, such as air pollution, waste management, and limited natural resources, also pose challenges for Taiwan’s future economic growth. However, the government has worked to address these issues through green technologies, infrastructure investment, and sustainability initiatives.

Government and Politics

Political Structure

Taiwan is a democratic republic with a multi-party system. The government is structured with three branches: the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The President of Taiwan is the head of state and government and is elected for a four-year term, with the possibility of re-election for a second term. The President appoints a Premier, who heads the Executive Yuan, the administrative branch of the government.

Taiwan’s legislature, the Legislative Yuan, is unicameral, consisting of 113 members who are elected every four years. These members represent a mix of constituencies and political parties, and the legislature is responsible for passing laws, approving the budget, and overseeing the executive branch.

Political History

Taiwan’s political history is closely tied to its relationship with China. After the Chinese Civil War, the Republic of China (ROC) government, led by the Kuomintang (KMT), retreated to Taiwan in 1949, where it maintained control over the island while the People’s Republic of China (PRC) was established on the mainland. For many years, Taiwan was under martial law, with political opposition suppressed.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Taiwan transitioned to a democracy, with the first direct presidential election held in 1996. Since then, Taiwan has developed into a vibrant democracy with regular elections and a multi-party system, though tensions with China remain a central issue in Taiwanese politics.

Recent Political Developments

In recent years, Taiwan has faced increasing pressure from China, which seeks reunification with the island. However, Taiwan’s political leadership, particularly under the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP), has largely resisted these pressures, advocating for the island’s de facto independence while maintaining strong informal relationships with other countries, including the United States.

The political scene in Taiwan is characterized by competition between the DPP and the KMT, with debates over the country’s future relations with China, economic policy, and social issues. Taiwan’s political environment remains dynamic, with ongoing discussions about national identity, sovereignty, and democracy.

Culture of Taiwan

Arts and Music

Taiwan’s culture is a blend of indigenous traditions, Chinese heritage, and modern influences. The island’s art scene is vibrant, with contemporary artists gaining recognition internationally. Traditional Chinese art, including painting, calligraphy, and ceramics, is highly respected, and many Taiwanese artists draw inspiration from these traditions while incorporating modern techniques.

Music in Taiwan reflects its multicultural influences, with traditional Chinese music, folk songs, and pop music being central to Taiwanese culture. Taiwanese pop music (Mandopop) is widely popular across Asia, with artists like Jay Chou and A-Mei achieving international fame. Traditional music, including Chinese opera and indigenous music, is also an important part of the country’s cultural heritage.

Festivals and Traditions

Taiwan celebrates a variety of festivals throughout the year, many of which have religious and cultural significance. The most prominent festival is the Lunar New Year, which is celebrated with family gatherings, traditional foods, and various rituals to ensure good fortune for the coming year. Other important holidays include the Lantern Festival, Dragon Boat Festival, and Mid-Autumn Festival.

Indigenous festivals, such as the Harvest Festival and the Orchid Island Ceremony, are also celebrated by Taiwan’s indigenous communities, reflecting their unique cultural practices and spiritual beliefs.

Cuisine

Taiwan’s cuisine is renowned for its diverse flavors and wide range of ingredients. Taiwanese food draws from Chinese regional styles, particularly from Fujian and Guangdong, but also incorporates indigenous and Japanese influences. Street food is an integral part of Taiwanese culture, with night markets offering an array of dishes such as bubble tea, stinky tofu, beef noodles, and dumplings.

Rice, noodles, and seafood are staples of the diet, while vegetables and fruits are abundant due to the island’s fertile land. Taiwanese cuisine is known for its emphasis on fresh ingredients, bold flavors, and creative preparation techniques, making it one of the most beloved culinary traditions in Asia.

Language and Literature

Taiwan is home to a rich literary tradition, with classical Chinese literature playing a central role in Taiwanese education. In recent years, Taiwanese writers have gained recognition for their works, which often explore themes of identity, politics, and modern life. The promotion of the Taiwanese language (Hokkien) and indigenous languages is also important in the context of Taiwan’s cultural revival.

The official language of Taiwan is Mandarin, but Taiwanese Hokkien and indigenous languages are spoken widely, especially in rural areas. The country’s multilingualism is an important part of its identity, with efforts to preserve and promote regional and indigenous languages alongside Mandarin.