Guinea Facts

by countryaah · Published June 3, 2019 · Updated December 12, 2024

Guinea, State of West Africa; 246,000 km², 12.4 million residents (2019).Guinea borders in the northwest to Guinea-Bissau and Senegal, in the northeast to Mali, in the southeast to the Ivory Coast and in the south to Liberia and Sierra Leone and to the west coast to the Atlantic. The capital is Conakry (1.7 million residents, 2014).

Country facts

Republic of Guinea / Republic of Guinea
Country abbreviation: GN
Area: 246 000 km²
Population (2019): 12.4 million residents
Capital: Conakry
Main languages: French, Fulani
State: Republic
Head of State: Alpha Condé
Head of Government: Mamady Youla
Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 885
GNI per capita (2018): US $ 830
Currency: 1 franc guinea = 100 centimes
Currency code: GNF
Country number (telephony): 224
Internet Domain Name: Avg
Time difference compared to Sweden: −1
National Day: October 2 (Independence Day, 1958)

Nature

Land use: forest (25%), agricultural land (6%), other (69%)
Highest mountain: Nimba (1,752 m above sea level)

Population

Population density (2019): 50 residents per km²
Natural population growth (2019): 2.9%; birthrate 39 ‰, deathrate 10 ‰
Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (45%), 15-64 (51%), 65- (4%)
Life expectancy (2019): men 58 years, women 60 years
Infant mortality (2019): 66 per 1,000 live births
Population forecast 2050: 28 million residents
HDI (2017): 0.459 (place 175 of 189)
Urbanization rate (2019): 35%
Most populous city (2014): Conakry (1.7 million residents)

Business

Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (20%), industry (32%), service (48%)
Exports (2017): US $ 3,500 million
Main export products: bauxite, aluminum, gold
Main exporting countries: China, Ghana, United Arab Republic
Imports (2017): US $ 4,800 million
Main import products: oil, metals, machinery
Main import countries: Netherlands, China, India
Railway network (2017): 1 100 km

Geography

Location and Borders

Guinea is located in West Africa, bordered by Guinea-Bissau to the north, Senegal to the northwest, Mali to the northeast, Côte d’Ivoire (Ivory Coast) to the east, Liberia to the southeast, and Sierra Leone to the south. To the west, Guinea has a coastline along the Atlantic Ocean. The country covers an area of approximately 245,857 square kilometers, making it one of the larger nations in the region. Guinea’s strategic location in West Africa has made it a point of connection for various cultures, trade routes, and political dynamics throughout history.

The country is divided into four distinct regions: the coastal plain, the Fouta Djallon highlands, the Forest Region, and the savannah region. Each of these regions has a significant influence on the country’s economy, culture, and agriculture, contributing to its diverse landscapes and resources.

Major Landforms

Guinea’s landscape is dominated by a mix of mountains, plateaus, and lowlands, which contribute to the country’s rich natural environment. The Fouta Djallon Highlands, located in the central part of the country, are the most significant landform. This mountain range is the source of several major rivers, including the Gambia, Niger, and Senegal rivers. The Fouta Djallon region is known for its rolling hills, steep valleys, and picturesque waterfalls, which make it both a geographical and cultural landmark.

In the southeast, the Forest Region is home to dense rainforests and important biodiversity, including numerous species of plants, animals, and birds. This region is part of the Upper Guinean Forests, one of the world’s biodiversity hotspots. Guinea’s coastal plain, particularly around the capital city Conakry, is flatter and more urbanized, with agriculture being the dominant activity in the area.

The northern and western regions of Guinea are characterized by savannah landscapes, dotted with trees and grasslands. These areas are more arid compared to the southern regions but are still fertile for agriculture, including crops like cotton, groundnuts, and rice.

Rivers and Lakes

Guinea is crisscrossed by several major rivers, which play a vital role in the country’s economy, agriculture, and transportation. The Gambia River is one of the most important watercourses in Guinea, flowing from the Fouta Djallon highlands westward toward the Atlantic Ocean. The Senegal River, which forms the northern border of the country with Senegal, is another key river for Guinea. The Niger River, which begins in the Fouta Djallon highlands and runs northeastward, is a major waterway for both Guinea and the countries further downstream.

These rivers provide fertile land for agriculture, support fisheries, and facilitate transportation in areas where roads are often inadequate. Although Guinea lacks large natural lakes, the country does have some smaller bodies of water and wetlands, which support local ecosystems and communities.

Climate

Tropical Climate Zones

Guinea’s climate is predominantly tropical, characterized by high temperatures and substantial rainfall throughout most of the year. The country experiences a distinct wet season and dry season, with variations depending on the region. The coastal plain and southern regions are warmer and wetter than the northern savannah regions, and the climate has a direct impact on the country’s agricultural and economic activities.

In general, Guinea’s climate is defined by a strong monsoonal influence, with the wet season stretching from May to October. During this time, the country experiences heavy rainfall, particularly in the highland and forested regions. The Fouta Djallon Highlands receive the most precipitation, creating fertile soils that support the cultivation of crops such as rice, maize, and cassava. In contrast, the dry season, from November to April, brings much lower rainfall, though temperatures remain high, ranging from 24°C to 30°C (75°F to 86°F) year-round.

The wet season provides the necessary moisture for crops, though the heavy rains can also cause flooding, particularly in urban areas and along rivers. This seasonal variation in precipitation and temperature influences the agricultural cycle, with farmers relying on the rains for crop production and needing to adapt to the varying intensity of the dry season.

Seasonal Variation

Guinea’s seasonal variation is closely tied to the arrival of the wet and dry seasons. During the wet season, the lush landscapes of Guinea thrive, with rivers swelling, wetlands expanding, and crops flourishing. This is the time of year when Guinea’s agricultural productivity is at its peak. However, the region’s susceptibility to seasonal flooding, particularly in the lowlands, poses challenges for farmers and urban dwellers alike. The dry season, while less conducive to agricultural production, offers relief from the heavy rains and allows for fieldwork and harvest.

Northern Guinea, which is part of the Sahelian zone, experiences more pronounced dry conditions, and the vegetation here is more sparse compared to the lush southern regions. This region faces greater challenges related to water scarcity and food security, particularly in the dry months when resources are more limited. In contrast, the southern and coastal parts of the country have a more consistent supply of water, which allows for year-round agriculture.

People

Demographics

Guinea has an estimated population of about 13 million people, with a relatively young demographic. The country is diverse, both ethnically and linguistically, with over 24 ethnic groups. The largest ethnic groups include the Fulani, Malinke, and Susu, with each group having its own distinct language, customs, and social structures. The Fulani are primarily found in the northern and central regions, while the Malinke and Susu are more prevalent in the west and coastal areas.

Guinea’s population is predominantly rural, with more than half of the population living in rural areas and engaging in agriculture as their primary livelihood. However, urbanization has increased in recent decades, particularly in the capital city, Conakry, which is the largest urban center and the economic and political heart of the country. The urbanization trend is accompanied by a growing demand for infrastructure, education, and healthcare, as the city struggles to keep up with the increasing population.

Guinea’s population has also faced challenges related to migration, both internally and externally. Many people from rural areas migrate to the capital in search of better economic opportunities, and a significant number of Guineans also work in neighboring countries, particularly in Côte d’Ivoire, Senegal, and Liberia, sending remittances back home.

Language and Religion

The official language of Guinea is French, a remnant of the country’s colonial past under French rule. French is used in government, education, and media, but the vast majority of the population speaks one of the many indigenous languages. Among the most widely spoken indigenous languages are Fulani, Malinke, and Susu. Many Guineans are multilingual, speaking several local languages in addition to French and their native tongue.

Religion plays a significant role in the cultural and social life of Guinea. Islam is the predominant religion, practiced by approximately 85% of the population, particularly among the Fulani, Malinke, and other ethnic groups. Islam has a deep cultural influence, with the majority of Guineans following Sunni Islam, and the country celebrates Islamic holidays such as Eid al-Fitr and Ramadan with great enthusiasm.

Christianity, primarily Roman Catholicism and Protestantism, is practiced by a smaller portion of the population, mostly among the Susu and other ethnic groups in the coastal areas. Guinea is known for its religious tolerance, with Muslims and Christians living side by side and sharing in national celebrations and festivals.

Economy

Economic Overview

Guinea’s economy is predominantly based on agriculture, mining, and energy resources. The country is rich in natural resources, with vast deposits of bauxite, gold, diamonds, and other minerals, making it one of the largest exporters of bauxite in the world. Agriculture also plays a critical role in the economy, with rice, cassava, bananas, and groundnuts being the main crops grown. However, the country remains one of the poorest in the world, with high poverty rates, insufficient infrastructure, and limited access to essential services in many regions.

The mining sector has attracted significant foreign investment due to Guinea’s rich mineral deposits, especially bauxite, which is a key raw material for aluminum production. In addition to mining, Guinea also has significant hydropower potential, with the Konkouré River being one of the country’s most important sources of energy. However, political instability and corruption have hindered the development of the country’s full economic potential, and many sectors remain underdeveloped.

Guinea’s economic growth has been inconsistent, with the country experiencing periods of economic stagnation, often due to political instability, civil unrest, and international sanctions. However, Guinea has seen recent progress in areas such as infrastructure development, foreign investment, and agricultural productivity, particularly with the growing demand for its mineral resources.

Challenges and Opportunities

Despite its wealth in natural resources, Guinea faces several economic challenges. One of the key barriers to economic development is the country’s poor infrastructure. Roads are often in disrepair, and the lack of reliable transportation networks hampers trade and commerce. Access to electricity and clean water remains limited in many rural areas, and the country’s health and education systems are underfunded and inefficient.

Corruption and political instability have also been significant obstacles to Guinea’s economic growth. Frequent changes in government and leadership, combined with widespread corruption, have undermined the country’s ability to attract foreign investment and implement long-term development strategies. However, recent reforms aimed at improving governance, strengthening institutions, and addressing corruption have shown some promise in improving Guinea’s economic prospects.

On the positive side, Guinea has significant opportunities in sectors such as mining, agriculture, and energy. The country’s bauxite and gold mines offer vast economic potential, and with proper management and investment, these resources could drive growth and development. Agriculture, particularly rice and cash crop production, could be a key area for increasing food security and exports, especially if the government can address issues related to land use, irrigation, and infrastructure.

Government

Political Structure

Guinea is a republic with a multi-party system. The president is both the head of state and head of government, and is elected for a five-year term. The president has significant executive powers, including the authority to appoint the prime minister and other key government officials. The National Assembly, Guinea’s legislative body, consists of 114 seats, with members elected for a five-year term. The National Assembly is responsible for passing laws, approving the budget, and overseeing the executive branch.

The judiciary in Guinea is intended to be independent, but the system has been criticized for corruption and inefficiency. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the country, and there are lower courts throughout the country that handle civil, criminal, and administrative matters. Despite constitutional guarantees of judicial independence, the court system has often been subjected to political influence, especially during periods of instability.

Political History

Guinea’s political history has been marked by a series of transitions from colonial rule to independence, followed by military coups, authoritarian rule, and democratic reforms. Guinea gained independence from France in 1958, becoming the first African country to do so. Under the leadership of Ahmed Sékou Touré, the country adopted a socialist government, which led to significant economic challenges and political repression.

Following Touré’s death in 1984, his successor, Lansana Conté, took power in a military coup and ruled Guinea until his death in 2008. Conté’s rule was marked by political repression, corruption, and poor governance, but it also saw significant investments in infrastructure and mining. After Conté’s death, Guinea underwent a series of political transitions, with a military junta briefly taking control before the country transitioned to a democratic government with the election of Alpha Condé in 2010.

Despite the establishment of a multi-party democracy, Guinea has struggled with political instability, military influence, and ethnic divisions. The country has witnessed protests, riots, and tensions related to election results, particularly during the 2010 and 2015 presidential elections. However, the country has made strides toward political stability in recent years, with efforts to reform governance and promote democratic processes.

Culture

Art and Music

Guinea’s culture is rich in diversity, shaped by its ethnic groups and history. Traditional art in Guinea is characterized by vibrant colors, geometric patterns, and symbolic imagery. The country is known for its skilled artisans who create masks, sculptures, textiles, and pottery. Art plays an important role in Guinea’s social and religious life, with many traditional ceremonies and celebrations centered around artistic expression.

Music is an integral part of Guinea’s culture, with drumming, singing, and dancing being central to many traditional rituals and festivities. Guinea is known for its rich musical heritage, particularly in the genres of Afrobeat, traditional griot music, and dance. The country is home to some of the most famous musicians in West Africa, including the legendary cellist and kora player, Mory Kanté.

Festivals and Cuisine

Guinea’s festivals are closely tied to its religious and cultural traditions. One of the most important festivals is the Fête de la Musique, which celebrates the country’s vibrant music scene. This festival, held annually, features performances by local and international artists, celebrating Guinea’s rich musical heritage. Other festivals include the Independence Day celebrations on October 2, which commemorate Guinea’s independence from France.

Guinean cuisine reflects the country’s diverse ethnic groups, with rice, cassava, and maize being staple foods. Popular dishes include “riz au gras” (rice with meat or fish), “fufu” (pounded cassava), and “dibi” (grilled meat). The use of spices and hot peppers is common in Guinean cooking, giving the dishes bold and flavorful tastes. Street food is also a significant part of the culinary landscape, with vendors offering a variety of snacks, including fried fish, pastries, and fruit.

Literature and Cinema

Guinea’s literary tradition is rich, with authors and poets exploring themes of independence, political struggles, and social change. Famous writers such as Camara Laye, whose novel The Dark Child explores life in Guinea during the colonial period, and Tierno Monénembo, who examines the struggles of post-colonial Africa, have brought Guinea’s literature to international attention.

Guinean cinema is still developing but has gained recognition at regional and international film festivals. Films from Guinea often explore the country’s political history, social issues, and cultural identity, providing a platform for Guineans to express their stories and challenges. The film industry in Guinea is growing, with emerging filmmakers addressing themes of diaspora, cultural preservation, and the African experience.