Guinea-Bissau Facts

by countryaah · Published June 3, 2019 · Updated December 12, 2024

Guinea-Bissau, state on the west coast of Africa; 36,000 km², 1.9 million residents (2019).Guinea-Bissau borders on the north to Senegal and on the east and south to Guinea and on the west coast to the Atlantic; the country also includes the Bijagós Islands. The capital is Bissau (419,000 residents, 2012).

Country facts

Republic of Guinea-Bissau / Republic of Guinea-Bissau
Country abbreviation: GW
Area: 36 000 km²
Population (2019): 1.9 million residents
Capital: Bissau
Main languages: Portuguese
State: Republic
Head of State: Umaro Sissoco Embaló (President)
Head of Government: Nuno Gomes Nabiam
Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 778
GNI per capita (2018): US $ 750
Currency unit: 1 CFA franc = 100 centimes
Currency code: XOF
Country number (telephony): 245
Internet domain name: gw
Time difference compared to Sweden: −1
National Day: September 24 (Independence Day, 1973)

Nature

Land use: agricultural land (13%), other (87%)

Population

Population density (2019): 53 residents per km²
Natural population growth (2019): 2.8%; birth rate 37 ‰, death rate 9 ‰
Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (44%), 15-64 (53%), 65- (3%)
Life expectancy (2019): men 59 years, women 63 years
Infant mortality (2019): 56 per 1,000 live births
Population forecast 2050: 4 million residents
HDI (2017): 0.455 (place 177 of 189)
Urbanization rate (2019): 43%
Most populous city (2012): Bissau 419,000 residents)

Business

Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (50%), industry (13%), service (37%)
Exports (2017): US $ 328 million
Main export products: fish, shrimp, cashew nuts
Main exporting countries: India, Vietnam
Imports (2017): US $ 284 million
Main import products: food, machinery, means of transport
Main importing countries: Portugal, Senegal, China
Railway network: nothing in operation

Geography

Location and Borders

Guinea-Bissau is a small, coastal country located in West Africa, bordered by Senegal to the north, Guinea to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. With an area of approximately 36,125 square kilometers, it is one of the smallest countries in Africa. The country is characterized by a long coastline along the Atlantic, providing access to maritime trade routes, and is positioned between other major West African nations. Guinea-Bissau’s strategic location at the mouth of the Geba River has historically made it an important point of entry for trade and cultural exchange.

The country’s land area includes not only the mainland but also a number of islands, especially the Bijagós Archipelago, which lies off the coast. The archipelago consists of more than 80 islands, many of which are uninhabited and offer rich biodiversity. The varied geography, including coastal plains, mangroves, and savannahs, contributes to the ecological diversity of Guinea-Bissau, which also faces the challenges of preserving its natural resources amidst developmental pressures.

Major Landforms

Guinea-Bissau’s terrain is mostly flat, with a few exceptions in the eastern part of the country. The western portion of Guinea-Bissau is dominated by a coastal plain, which consists of sandy shores, mangroves, and wetlands, all of which are vital to the local ecosystem and economy. The interior of the country transitions into more inland savannah and forested areas, with numerous rivers and waterways, the most significant being the Geba River. The Geba River flows into the Atlantic and is crucial for local transportation and irrigation, providing access to the country’s inland regions.

The Bijagós Islands, located just off the coast, are one of Guinea-Bissau’s most notable geographical features. The islands are scattered over a large area, creating a diverse marine environment with beaches, tropical forests, and lagoons. These islands are home to unique wildlife and are a UNESCO biosphere reserve due to their ecological importance. Additionally, the islands are an essential part of Guinea-Bissau’s cultural identity and serve as an area of both historical and ecological significance.

Inland areas of Guinea-Bissau feature some hilly terrain, particularly in the southeast and along the border with Guinea. These regions are less densely populated and are marked by forested areas, with some of the country’s small settlements located in the hinterland.

Rivers and Lakes

The rivers of Guinea-Bissau play a crucial role in the country’s economy, transportation, and agriculture. The Geba River is the largest and most important river in the country, flowing from the interior of Guinea-Bissau to the Atlantic Ocean. This river is vital for the movement of goods and people, and it also serves as a source of irrigation for agriculture, particularly in the fertile areas along the riverbanks. Several smaller rivers, including the Cacheu, Corubal, and Cumbijã, also flow through the country, providing vital resources for rural communities and contributing to the network of navigable rivers in the region.

Guinea-Bissau does not have large lakes, but its extensive network of rivers and wetlands creates an intricate system of freshwater habitats. The country’s rivers support a wide range of fish species, which are important both for domestic consumption and export. Additionally, the country’s coastline and river systems play a critical role in its biodiversity, supporting mangroves, wetlands, and tidal areas that are home to numerous species of birds, marine life, and other animals.

Climate

Tropical Climate Zones

Guinea-Bissau experiences a tropical climate, which is characterized by high temperatures and seasonal variations in rainfall. The climate is influenced by the Atlantic Ocean and the West African monsoon winds. The country generally has two main seasons: the wet season and the dry season.

The wet season lasts from May to October, with the heaviest rainfall occurring between June and September. During this period, Guinea-Bissau experiences regular thunderstorms and tropical downpours, particularly in the coastal regions and the northern parts of the country. This rainy season is essential for agriculture, replenishing water resources and supporting the cultivation of crops such as rice, maize, and cassava. However, the wet season can also bring flooding to low-lying areas and damage infrastructure in coastal towns.

The dry season runs from November to April, during which rainfall is minimal and temperatures can rise significantly. The dry period is marked by a hot and humid climate, with average temperatures typically between 26°C and 30°C (79°F to 86°F). The Harmattan, a dry and dusty trade wind, influences the climate during the dry season, particularly from December to February, bringing lower humidity and making the air drier. This season is more favorable for harvesting crops and other agricultural activities but also brings the risk of droughts, which can affect food production in certain regions.

Seasonal Variation

The seasonal variation in Guinea-Bissau is primarily dictated by the monsoon cycle and the division between the wet and dry seasons. The onset of the rains in May signals the start of the planting season, while the dry season from November to April is a time for harvests, agricultural activities, and trade. While temperatures remain relatively constant throughout the year, rainfall patterns have a more pronounced effect on the country’s agricultural output and local communities. The effects of climate change, such as changing rainfall patterns and rising temperatures, are becoming a growing concern, particularly for communities that depend on agriculture and fishing.

People

Demographics

Guinea-Bissau has a population of approximately 2 million people. The country is ethnically diverse, with more than 20 distinct ethnic groups. The largest ethnic group in Guinea-Bissau is the Balanta, followed by the Fula (Fulani), Mandinka, and Papel. There are also smaller groups such as the Manjaco, the Bijagó (from the Bijagós Islands), and others, each with its own cultural traditions, languages, and customs. The diversity of ethnic groups contributes to Guinea-Bissau’s rich cultural tapestry, with each group having its own language, customs, and social structures.

Despite this diversity, the vast majority of the population lives in rural areas, with traditional village life still very much in practice. Many people live off subsistence farming, and extended families often live together in communal compounds. The capital city, Bissau, is the largest urban center and the political, cultural, and economic hub of the country. However, urbanization in Guinea-Bissau remains limited, and the rural-urban divide remains significant.

Guinea-Bissau has a relatively young population, with a large proportion under the age of 25. However, the country faces high rates of poverty, unemployment, and limited access to education and healthcare, particularly in rural areas. The government and international organizations are working to address these issues, but challenges remain in terms of improving living conditions, infrastructure, and social services across the country.

Language and Religion

The official language of Guinea-Bissau is Portuguese, a legacy of its colonial past under Portuguese rule. However, Portuguese is spoken fluently by only a small portion of the population, particularly in urban areas. The majority of people in Guinea-Bissau speak one or more indigenous languages, with Creole (Kriol) being the most widely spoken. Kriol is a Portuguese-based creole language that serves as the lingua franca and is spoken by the majority of the population. Other widely spoken languages include Balanta, Fula, Mandinka, and Manjaco.

Religion plays an important role in the lives of many Guineans. The majority of the population is Muslim, particularly among the Fula and Mandinka ethnic groups. Islam is deeply integrated into the social and cultural fabric of the country, with many people adhering to traditional practices and participating in religious festivals and observances. Christianity, especially Roman Catholicism, is practiced by a minority of the population, particularly among the Papel people. Indigenous beliefs also persist, particularly among the Bijagó and other ethnic groups in the rural areas.

Economy

Economic Overview

Guinea-Bissau has a mixed economy that is heavily reliant on agriculture, fisheries, and the export of natural resources. Despite the country’s rich resources, its economy faces significant challenges, including political instability, weak infrastructure, and dependence on external aid and remittances. The country is one of the poorest in the world, and the majority of the population lives in poverty. Agriculture, particularly the cultivation of crops such as rice, cashew nuts, and palm oil, is a critical sector of the economy, employing a large portion of the population.

Cashew nuts are one of Guinea-Bissau’s most important exports, and the country is one of the largest producers of cashews in the world. This crop provides significant revenue for the government and many farmers, although the sector faces challenges such as price fluctuations and poor processing capabilities. The fishing industry is also vital to the economy, with fish being one of the country’s primary food sources and exports. Guinea-Bissau’s coastal waters are rich in fish and shellfish, providing an important livelihood for many coastal communities.

The country is also home to various natural resources, including bauxite, phosphates, and timber, though these industries remain underdeveloped. The lack of infrastructure and insufficient investment in sectors like mining and manufacturing limits the country’s economic diversification. Although Guinea-Bissau has potential in sectors such as tourism, agriculture, and natural resources, it remains heavily dependent on foreign aid and remittances from the diaspora.

Challenges and Opportunities

Guinea-Bissau faces several economic challenges, including political instability, corruption, and weak infrastructure. The country has experienced multiple coups and civil unrest, which has undermined development efforts and discouraged foreign investment. The agricultural sector, while important, is vulnerable to climate change, and the lack of modern farming techniques and access to markets limits the potential for growth.

Despite these challenges, Guinea-Bissau has significant opportunities for economic development. The cashew and fishing industries have potential for growth with improved processing and export strategies. The country’s vast natural resources could also be more effectively utilized with the right investment and infrastructure development. Additionally, the country’s rich biodiversity and beautiful coastline offer potential for eco-tourism development, though political stability and infrastructure improvements are needed to unlock these opportunities.

Government

Political Structure

Guinea-Bissau is a republic with a semi-presidential system, where the president serves as the head of state and is directly elected by the people. The president holds significant executive power but shares authority with the prime minister, who is appointed by the president and is responsible for the day-to-day administration of the government. The political system is based on a multi-party democracy, though it has often been marked by instability and political turmoil.

The National People’s Assembly is the legislative body of Guinea-Bissau and consists of 102 members who are elected every five years. The legislative branch is responsible for passing laws, approving the national budget, and overseeing the executive branch. The judiciary is intended to be independent, but it has faced challenges with corruption and inefficiency, which has undermined its ability to serve as a check on the power of the executive.

Guinea-Bissau has experienced political instability in recent decades, with multiple military coups and transitions of power through non-democratic means. This instability has undermined the country’s development and hindered effective governance. However, efforts have been made to strengthen democratic institutions, and the country has held regular elections in recent years, although the results have sometimes been contested.

Political History

Guinea-Bissau’s political history has been shaped by a long struggle for independence from Portuguese colonial rule. The country gained independence in 1973 after a brutal war of independence led by the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde (PAIGC). Following independence, Guinea-Bissau faced periods of political instability, including a series of military coups, civil wars, and power struggles between civilian governments and the military.

In 1998, a civil war broke out between the PAIGC government and the military, leading to the involvement of neighboring countries and the eventual formation of a peace agreement. Since then, Guinea-Bissau has struggled with political instability, with multiple coups and contested elections. The most recent political crisis occurred in 2012, when a military coup ousted the democratically elected president, leading to years of political gridlock.

Despite these challenges, Guinea-Bissau remains committed to democratic processes, with elections taking place regularly, although they are often marred by disputes and allegations of fraud. International organizations have supported Guinea-Bissau in its efforts to stabilize its political system and promote good governance, but challenges persist in terms of building strong institutions and securing lasting peace.

Culture

Art and Music

Guinea-Bissau has a rich cultural heritage that reflects the diverse ethnic and historical influences in the country. Traditional arts and crafts are an important part of the cultural identity, with wood carving, basket weaving, pottery, and textile production being key forms of artistic expression. Many of these crafts are used in daily life or for ceremonial purposes and are often created by local artisans who pass their knowledge down through generations.

Music plays a central role in Guinea-Bissau’s culture, with traditional instruments such as the balafon (a type of wooden percussion instrument), drums, and stringed instruments like the kora. Music is deeply intertwined with spiritual and social events, and many communities use song and dance as a form of expression. Popular music genres include gumbe and afrobeat, which incorporate traditional rhythms and modern influences, creating a dynamic musical landscape in the country.

Festivals and Cuisine

Cultural festivals in Guinea-Bissau are a reflection of the country’s diverse heritage, with ethnic groups such as the Balanta, Fula, and Manjaco celebrating their own traditional festivals. One of the most significant events in the country is the Bissau Carnival, which is celebrated with vibrant parades, music, and dance. This festival, held annually in the capital, Georgetown, features colorful costumes and represents the blending of African, Portuguese, and indigenous traditions.

Guinean cuisine is influenced by the diverse ethnic groups, with rice, cassava, fish, and meats being staples of the diet. Popular dishes include “caldo de peixe” (fish stew), “jollof rice,” and “bissap” (a drink made from hibiscus flowers). The country’s coastal location also makes seafood an integral part of the culinary landscape. Many dishes are seasoned with hot peppers, garlic, and palm oil, reflecting both indigenous African and Portuguese influences.

Literature and Cinema

Guinea-Bissau’s literary scene is marked by a combination of oral traditions and written works that explore the country’s history, culture, and identity. Writers like Abdulai Sila and Orlando Sampaio have contributed to the country’s literary tradition, with their works focusing on themes of independence, social issues, and political struggles. The oral tradition remains a central aspect of the cultural landscape, with storytelling playing a significant role in passing down history and values.

In cinema, Guinea-Bissau has a modest film industry that has gained international recognition for its focus on African identity and post-colonial issues. Films from the country often explore themes of war, independence, and social change. The work of director Flora Gomes, particularly his film Angola, My Country (1983), has helped put Guinea-Bissau’s cinema on the map, offering a unique perspective on the African experience.