Vanuatu Facts

by countryaah · Published June 3, 2019 · Updated December 12, 2024

Vanuatu, know as New Hebrides before 1980, state of Melanesia in southwestern Pacific; 12,190 km², 293,000 residents (2019). Vanuatu encompasses a chain of twelve major and some sixty smaller islands that extend over 900 km from the northwest to the southeast. Almost 70 islands are inhabited; the biggest among them are Espíritu Santo and Malekula. The capital Port Vila (51,300 residents, 2012) is located on the island of Efaté in the middle of the archipelago.

Country facts

Ripablik blong Vanuatu / Republic of Vanuatu
Country abbreviation: VU
Area: 12 190 km²
Population (2019): 293,000 residents
Capital: Port Vila
Main languages: Bislama, English, French
State: Republic
Head of State: Tallis Obed Moses (President)
Head of Government: Bob Loughman
Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 3,033
GNI per capita (2018): US $ 2,970
Currency unit: 1 vat = 100 centimes
Currency code: VUV
Country number (telephony): 678
Internet domain name: from
Time difference compared to Sweden: +10
National Day: July 30 (Independence Day, 1980)

Nature

Land use: forest (75%), agricultural land (12%), other (13%)
Highest mountain: Tabwemasana (1,879 m asl)

Population

Population density (2019): 24 residents per km²
Natural population growth (2019): 2.5%; birthrate 29 ‰, death count 4 ‰
Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (39%), 15-64 (67%), 65- (4%)
Life expectancy (2019): men 70 years, women 73 years
Infant mortality (2019): 28 per 1,000 live births
Population forecast 2050: 600,000 residents
HDI (2017): 0.603 (place 138 of 189)
Urbanization rate (2019): 25%
Most populous city (2012): Port Vila (51,300 residents)

Business

Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (27%), industry (12%), service (61%)
Exports (2017): US $ 61 million
Main export products: copra, beef, cocoa
Main exporting countries: Philippines, Australia, USA
Imports (2017): US $ 274 million
Main import products: machinery, transport, food
Main importing countries: Russian Federation, Australia, New Zealand
Railway network: no information available

Geography of Vanuatu

Location

Vanuatu is an archipelago located in the South Pacific Ocean, approximately 1,750 kilometers (1,090 miles) east of northern Australia. It lies between the coordinates of 13°S and 20°S latitude, and 166°E and 170°E longitude. Vanuatu is situated to the east of New Caledonia and to the west of Fiji. The country consists of around 83 islands, of which about 65 are inhabited. These islands are spread over an area of roughly 12,189 square kilometers (4,706 square miles), making it one of the smaller nations in the Pacific region. Vanuatu’s position in the Pacific makes it highly vulnerable to environmental changes, such as cyclones and rising sea levels.

Topography

The landscape of Vanuatu is marked by rugged mountains, lush tropical forests, and volcanic terrains. The islands are of volcanic origin, and many are still active, contributing to the country’s geothermal energy potential. The terrain varies widely across the islands, with steep hills and volcanic craters in some areas and flat coastal plains in others. The highest peak in Vanuatu is Mount Tabwemasana, located on the island of Malakula, which rises to 1,877 meters (6,158 feet).

The archipelago is divided into several main islands, including Efate, Espiritu Santo, Malakula, and Tanna. The islands are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire, meaning they are subject to volcanic activity and frequent earthquakes. Despite the active geological landscape, these features contribute to the fertile soils that support the country’s agriculture.

Natural Resources

Vanuatu is rich in natural resources that have played a significant role in its economy. The islands are abundant in timber, particularly tropical hardwoods, and the volcanic soils support various crops such as coconuts, kava, sugarcane, and taro. Vanuatu’s coastal waters are rich in fish, including tuna, making fishing an important economic activity. The country also has mineral resources, although its mining industry remains underdeveloped compared to other Pacific island nations.

The islands’ volcanic activity offers potential for geothermal energy production, and there are some mineral deposits, including gold, copper, and oil reserves in the surrounding waters. The climate and topography of Vanuatu also support a vibrant ecosystem, with rich biodiversity found in both marine and terrestrial environments. Coral reefs, which are abundant around the islands, play an important role in supporting the local fishing industry and tourism.

Climate of Vanuatu

General Climate

Vanuatu has a tropical climate characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons. The wet season lasts from November to April, with rainfall being particularly heavy from December to March. During this period, the country is also prone to tropical cyclones, which can cause significant damage to infrastructure and agriculture. Cyclones typically form in the Pacific Ocean and can bring strong winds, heavy rain, and high waves, sometimes leading to flooding and widespread disruption.

The dry season, which runs from May to October, is cooler and drier, with less frequent rainfall and lower humidity levels. The temperature in Vanuatu is fairly consistent throughout the year, with average daytime temperatures ranging from 25°C to 30°C (77°F to 86°F). Coastal areas tend to be warmer and more humid, while the higher altitude regions of the islands experience slightly cooler conditions. The country’s climate, combined with its mountainous terrain and forests, supports a wide variety of plant and animal life.

Rainfall and Seasonal Variations

Rainfall in Vanuatu varies considerably between regions. The central and eastern parts of the islands, particularly those exposed to the trade winds, tend to receive more rainfall, with annual totals exceeding 2,000 millimeters (79 inches) in some areas. The western islands, particularly those sheltered from the trade winds, experience less rainfall and a more distinct dry season. Despite the seasonal variability, Vanuatu generally experiences a humid climate year-round, particularly on the lower-lying islands.

The wet season coincides with the peak of the tropical cyclone season, during which the islands are most vulnerable to extreme weather events. In contrast, the dry season offers more temperate conditions, providing respite from the intense rains and higher humidity. The predictable nature of these seasonal variations allows for the cultivation of a range of crops, including tropical fruits and vegetables, although extreme weather events can still disrupt agriculture and daily life.

People of Vanuatu

Population and Ethnic Composition

Vanuatu has a population of approximately 300,000 people. The population is primarily of Melanesian descent, with ethnic groups such as the Ni-Vanuatu, who are the indigenous people of the islands. The Ni-Vanuatu people account for the vast majority of the population, with smaller communities of Europeans, Chinese, and other Pacific Islanders residing in the country, particularly in urban areas.

The ethnic makeup of Vanuatu is a reflection of its long history of trade and migration within the Pacific region. Over time, the indigenous Melanesian culture has been influenced by European colonization, as well as by Chinese and other Asian migration. Despite the increasing urbanization in recent years, most of the population still resides in rural areas, and traditional ways of life, including subsistence farming and fishing, remain vital to the economy and culture.

Language

Vanuatu is one of the most linguistically diverse countries in the world, with over 100 different languages spoken across the archipelago. Bislama, a creole language derived from English, is the official language and is widely spoken throughout the country, particularly in urban areas. English and French are also official languages, reflecting the colonial history of Vanuatu under joint British and French administration. However, Bislama serves as a common lingua franca, facilitating communication between the various ethnic and linguistic groups.

In addition to these official languages, many indigenous languages are spoken in rural areas, often limited to specific islands or communities. These languages are crucial to the cultural identity of the Ni-Vanuatu people, and many are still passed down through generations, despite the influence of more widely spoken languages such as Bislama and English.

Religion

Christianity is the predominant religion in Vanuatu, with over 80% of the population identifying as Christian. The country has a range of Christian denominations, including Roman Catholicism, Anglicanism, and various Protestant faiths such as Presbyterian and Baptist. Missionary activity in the 19th century played a significant role in spreading Christianity throughout the islands.

In addition to Christianity, some communities continue to practice traditional Melanesian spiritual beliefs, with ancestors and spirits being an integral part of religious practices. These indigenous beliefs are often blended with Christianity, resulting in syncretic religious practices that vary across different islands and communities. The role of religion in Vanuatu is also evident in the country’s numerous religious festivals, which are celebrated with enthusiasm across the islands.

Economy of Vanuatu

Agriculture

Agriculture plays a crucial role in the economy of Vanuatu, particularly in rural areas. The country’s fertile volcanic soils and tropical climate support the production of a variety of crops, including root vegetables, fruits, and nuts. Copra (dried coconut) is one of the country’s most important agricultural exports, with coconuts being grown on many of the islands. Other key agricultural products include kava, a plant used to produce a traditional beverage, and crops like bananas, sugarcane, cocoa, and yams.

The export of agricultural products is essential for Vanuatu’s economy, particularly to neighboring countries in the Pacific region and beyond. However, agricultural production is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, including the increasing frequency of cyclones and droughts, which can devastate crops and damage infrastructure. Subsistence farming remains a critical part of life for many rural communities in Vanuatu, who rely on growing their own food for survival.

Tourism

Tourism is another key sector of Vanuatu’s economy, with the country’s pristine beaches, coral reefs, and tropical rainforests attracting visitors from around the world. Vanuatu is known for its rich cultural heritage, which is showcased in the many festivals, dances, and ceremonies performed by the indigenous communities. The country’s volcanic landscapes, including active volcanoes like Mount Yasur on Tanna Island, provide unique opportunities for adventure tourism.

The government has made significant efforts to promote tourism, and the sector has become an increasingly important source of income and employment. Vanuatu’s relatively undeveloped tourism infrastructure, however, poses challenges in terms of accessibility and facilities. The government has been working to develop the tourism industry further, aiming to balance economic growth with environmental sustainability.

Services and Industry

Vanuatu has a small but growing services sector, particularly in finance and telecommunications. Offshore banking and international business services have become increasingly important to the economy, with Vanuatu offering a favorable business environment for international investors. The country’s low tax rates and political stability have made it an attractive destination for financial services and international corporations seeking to establish a presence in the Pacific region.

The industrial sector in Vanuatu is limited, with only a few manufacturing and processing facilities. These industries are mainly focused on the processing of agricultural products such as copra and kava, as well as small-scale light manufacturing. Despite the limited industrial base, the services sector continues to grow, driven by both domestic demand and international investment.

Economic Challenges

Despite its natural wealth and tourism potential, Vanuatu faces several economic challenges, including a reliance on a small number of industries and limited diversification. The country’s remote location and dependence on external trade and aid leave it vulnerable to global economic fluctuations and natural disasters. The recent impacts of climate change, including rising sea levels and the frequency of extreme weather events, pose a significant threat to the country’s long-term economic sustainability.

Additionally, while the tourism sector has grown, there are concerns about its environmental impact, particularly on the country’s delicate coral reefs and coastal ecosystems. The government faces the challenge of balancing economic development with environmental preservation in order to ensure the country’s sustainable future.

Government of Vanuatu

Political System

Vanuatu is a parliamentary democracy with a multi-party system. The president of Vanuatu is the head of state, serving as a largely ceremonial figure, while the prime minister is the head of government. The prime minister is elected by the members of the Parliament, which consists of 52 seats. Members of Parliament (MPs) are elected through a proportional representation system, with elections held every four years. The political system is characterized by a high degree of party fragmentation, with numerous political parties competing for influence.

Vanuatu’s political system is based on a framework of democratic institutions, but it has faced challenges related to corruption, political instability, and frequent changes in government. The country has a relatively high turnover of prime ministers, and coalitions in Parliament are often unstable.

Political History

Vanuatu gained independence from the joint British and French colonial administration in 1980, after a long process of decolonization. The country’s transition to independence was marked by political and social changes, as well as a growing desire for self-determination among the indigenous population. Prior to independence, Vanuatu was known as the New Hebrides, and its political system was governed by the British and French colonial powers, which administered the islands separately.

Following independence, Vanuatu adopted a democratic political system, with a constitution that guarantees civil liberties and political rights. However, the country’s political history has been marked by occasional instability, including periods of tension between different political parties and regional factions. The country has also faced challenges related to economic development, governance, and the preservation of its cultural heritage.

Governance Challenges

Vanuatu faces several governance challenges, including political instability, corruption, and issues related to the effective delivery of services to remote and rural areas. The country has a relatively small and fragmented economy, with limited resources to invest in infrastructure, education, and healthcare. Additionally, climate change poses an existential threat to Vanuatu, as rising sea levels and increasingly frequent extreme weather events threaten its fragile island ecosystems.

Despite these challenges, Vanuatu has made significant strides in recent years in terms of human development, with improvements in education, healthcare, and infrastructure. The government continues to focus on sustainable development, economic diversification, and environmental conservation to ensure the country’s resilience in the face of future challenges.

Culture of Vanuatu

Traditional Music and Dance

Vanuatu has a rich cultural heritage, with traditional music and dance playing an important role in the lives of its people. Music in Vanuatu is primarily oral, with songs and chants passed down through generations. Traditional instruments such as the bamboo flute, slit drum, and wooden sticks are used in performances, often accompanying dance in ceremonial contexts. Dance is an important aspect of social life, and each island or village has its own distinct dance styles, reflecting the diversity of Vanuatu’s cultural traditions.

Art and Craft

Vanuatu has a long tradition of visual arts, including wood carving, pottery, and weaving. Artisans create intricate wooden masks, figures, and sculptures, often used in ceremonial contexts or as part of traditional rituals. The use of natural materials such as bamboo, shells, and fibers is prevalent in craftwork, which serves both practical and decorative purposes. Traditional weaving techniques are used to make baskets, mats, and clothing, often employing intricate patterns that have symbolic meanings.

Cuisine

Vanuatu’s cuisine is influenced by its tropical environment, with an emphasis on fresh, locally sourced ingredients. The diet is centered around staple foods such as taro, yam, sweet potato, and cassava. Fish and seafood are commonly consumed, particularly in coastal regions. Meat is often reserved for special occasions and ceremonies, with pork and chicken being the most popular choices. Fruits such as bananas, papayas, and coconuts are also important parts of the diet.

One of the most significant traditional foods in Vanuatu is laplap, a dish made from grated root vegetables, usually wrapped in leaves and cooked in an earth oven. Kava, a beverage made from the root of the kava plant, is consumed during social and ceremonial gatherings. It is a significant part of the culture, particularly in the context of community rituals and traditional meetings.

Festivals and Celebrations

Vanuatu celebrates a range of traditional and Christian festivals, with national events like Independence Day taking center stage. Independence Day, celebrated on July 30, marks the country’s separation from colonial rule in 1980. Local festivals are held throughout the year, celebrating everything from agricultural harvests to religious holidays. The Toka Festival, held in Tanna, celebrates the country’s traditional culture with music, dance, and ceremonial activities. Additionally, Christmas and Easter are widely observed, with religious services and family gatherings being central to the celebrations.

Traditional festivals in Vanuatu are marked by vibrant displays of music, dance, food, and community rituals. These events foster a strong sense of community identity and cultural pride, reflecting the deep connection the Ni-Vanuatu people have with their land, their ancestors, and their traditions.