Kazakhstan is the strongest economy in Central Asia. However, the country is struggling with major environmental problems from the Soviet era, and with an autocratic system where the president sits for life.
Key figures and facts
- Capital: Astana (renamed Nur-Sultan in 2019)
- Ethnic groups: Kazakhs 63%, Russians 24%, Uncertain 3%, Ukrainians 2% Uighurs 1%, Tartars 1%, Germans 1%, others 4% (2009)
- Language: Kazakh, Russian
- Religion: Muslims 70%, Christians (mainly Russian Orthodox) 26%, other/unspecified/none 4% (2009)
- Population: 18 204 000 (2017)
- Control Form: Republic
- Area: 2 724 900 km²
- Currency: Tenge
- GNP per capita: 25 286 PPP $
- National Day: October 25th
Population of Kazakhstan
The population of Kazakhstan in 2013 was estimated at 17,038,000 (World Bank). Life expectancy at birth is 74.3 for women and 64.8 for men. Population growth is estimated at 1.5% (2013).
In 1939, 60% of the republic’s residents were Kazakhs, a Turkish-speaking people with strong Muslim traditions. The proportion of Kazakhs has subsequently declined sharply and in 1989 was down to 39.7% of the total population, but has since increased again and in 2008 was estimated at 53.4% of the population. Russians made up 37.8% of the population in 1989, but in 2008 it was estimated at 30%. Otherwise Ukrainians, Tatars, Uzbeks and Germans. The Russians and Ukrainians live especially in the agricultural regions of the north, which were cultivated in the late 1950s.
53.4% of the population live in cities (World Bank 2013). The largest city is the former capital Almaty (Alma-Ata).
Population of Kazakhstan by Year (Historical)
| Year | Population | Annual Growth Rate | Population Density | Global Rank |
| 2020 | 18,776,596 | 1.210% | 6.9551 | 64 |
| 2019 | 18,551,316 | 1.260% | 6.8717 | 64 |
| 2018 | 18,319,507 | 1.320% | 6.7858 | 63 |
| 2017 | 18,079,908 | 1.400% | 6.6970 | 63 |
| 2016 | 17,830,790 | 1.470% | 6.6048 | 63 |
| 2015 | 17,571,905 | 1.570% | 6.5089 | 63 |
| 2010 | 16,252,168 | 1.080% | 6.0200 | 63 |
| 2005 | 15,402,696 | 0.630% | 5.7054 | 62 |
| 2000 | 14,922,608 | -1.180% | 5.5275 | 62 |
| 1995 | 15,839,252 | -0.670% | 5.8671 | 53 |
| 1990 | 16,383,776 | 0.900% | 6.0688 | 50 |
| 1985 | 15,665,484 | 1.150% | 5.8027 | 46 |
| 1980 | 14,796,063 | 1.040% | 5.4807 | 45 |
| 1975 | 14,050,115 | 1.510% | 5.2044 | 40 |
| 1970 | 13,036,028 | 1.940% | 4.8287 | 40 |
| 1965 | 11,841,809 | 3.570% | 4.3864 | 39 |
| 1960 | 9,934,452 | 4.600% | 3.6799 | 44 |
| 1955 | 7,932,410 | 3.430% | 2.9383 | 50 |
| 1950 | 6,702,880 | 0.000% | 2.4829 | 55 |
Major Cities in Kazakhstan by Population
| Rank | City | Population |
| 1 | Almaty | 2,000,789 |
| 2 | Karagandy | 451,689 |
| 3 | Shymkent | 413,921 |
| 4 | Taraz | 358,042 |
| 5 | Astana | 345,493 |
| 6 | Pavlodar | 328,891 |
| 7 | Ust-Kamenogorsk | 318,956 |
| 8 | Kyzyl-Orda | 299,889 |
| 9 | Kyzylorda | 299,889 |
| 10 | Semey | 292,669 |
| 11 | Aktobe | 262,346 |
| 12 | Kostanay | 209,889 |
| 13 | Petropavl | 200,809 |
| 14 | Oral | 199,889 |
| 15 | Atyrau | 179,889 |
| 16 | Temirtau | 170,489 |
| 17 | Aktau | 147,332 |
| 18 | Kokshetau | 124,333 |
| 19 | Rudnyy | 123,889 |
| 20 | Ekibastuz | 121,359 |
| 21 | Taldykorgan | 116,447 |
| 22 | Zhezqazghan | 104,246 |
| 23 | Zhanaozen | 103,487 |
| 24 | Turkestan | 97,249 |
| 25 | Balqash | 81,253 |
| 26 | Sarkand | 76,808 |
| 27 | Baikonur | 69,889 |
| 28 | Kentau | 57,297 |
| 29 | Ridder | 52,553 |
| 30 | Qulsary | 51,105 |
| 31 | Shchuchinsk | 47,179 |
| 32 | Stepnogorsk | 46,625 |
| 33 | Zyryanovsk | 44,818 |
| 34 | Aksu | 44,697 |
| 35 | Dzhetygara | 42,993 |
| 36 | Soran | 42,441 |
| 37 | Talghar | 42,083 |
| 38 | Kapshagay | 42,056 |
| 39 | Arkalyk | 41,889 |
| 40 | Shakhtinsk | 41,491 |
| 41 | Lisakovsk | 39,889 |
| 42 | Chu | 39,674 |
| 43 | Karatau | 37,770 |
| 44 | Arys | 36,174 |
| 45 | Ayteke Bi | 35,772 |
| 46 | Abay | 35,343 |
| 47 | Aqsay | 34,688 |
| 48 | Atbasar | 34,686 |
| 49 | Zharkent | 34,311 |
| 50 | Zhangatas | 33,381 |
| 51 | Ayagoz | 33,368 |
| 52 | Aral | 32,906 |
| 53 | Esik | 32,884 |
| 54 | Shieli | 29,721 |
| 55 | Kandyagash | 28,085 |
| 56 | Shalqar | 27,288 |
| 57 | Shalkar | 26,961 |
| 58 | Tekeli | 26,567 |
| 59 | Belyye Vody | 26,004 |
| 60 | Chardara | 25,245 |
| 61 | Saryaghash | 25,028 |
| 62 | Khromtau | 23,604 |
| 63 | Georgievka | 21,936 |
| 64 | Yanykurgan | 21,228 |
| 65 | Lenger | 21,127 |
| 66 | Burunday | 20,885 |
| 67 | Ush-Tyube | 20,381 |
| 68 | Shemonaikha | 19,976 |
| 69 | Zhosaly | 19,954 |
| 70 | Balykshi | 19,149 |
| 71 | Otegen Batyra | 18,753 |
| 72 | Embi | 18,649 |
| 73 | Turar Ryskulov | 18,310 |
| 74 | Makinsk | 17,600 |
| 75 | Zaysan | 17,489 |
| 76 | Akkol’ | 16,662 |
| 77 | Tasboget | 16,344 |
| 78 | Merke | 15,823 |
| 79 | Mikhaylovka | 15,021 |
| 80 | Urzhar | 14,715 |
| 81 | Leninskoye | 14,626 |
| 82 | Beyneu | 14,134 |
| 83 | Dzhalagash | 14,115 |
| 84 | Yermentau | 14,058 |
| 85 | Maqat | 13,971 |
| 86 | Saryozek | 13,819 |
| 87 | Derzhavinsk | 13,745 |
| 88 | Qarazhal | 13,696 |
| 89 | Chemolgan | 13,505 |
| 90 | Esil | 13,393 |
| 91 | Priozersk | 13,346 |
| 92 | Shakhan | 13,162 |
| 93 | Inderbor | 13,143 |
| 94 | Atasu | 13,073 |
| 95 | Taiynsha | 13,037 |
| 96 | Lugovoye | 13,017 |
| 97 | Turgen | 12,889 |
| 98 | Atakent | 12,784 |
| 99 | Temirlanovka | 12,134 |
| 100 | Yeraliyev | 11,725 |
| 101 | Shetpe | 11,725 |
| 102 | Balpyk Bi | 11,699 |
| 103 | Shubarkuduk | 11,622 |
| 104 | Zhetibay | 11,620 |
| 105 | Asyqata | 11,267 |
| 106 | Glubokoye | 11,081 |
| 107 | Moyynkum | 10,812 |
| 108 | Chulakkurgan | 10,725 |
| 109 | Kurchatov | 10,636 |
| 110 | Lugovoy | 10,311 |
| 111 | Qashar | 10,174 |
| 112 | Kantagi | 10,075 |
| 113 | Kegen | 9,882 |
| 114 | Aktau | 9,866 |
| 115 | Belousovka | 9,837 |
| 116 | Aktas | 9,777 |
| 117 | Bulayevo | 9,775 |
| 118 | Komsomolets | 9,727 |
| 119 | Georgiyevka | 9,710 |
| 120 | Oytal | 9,710 |
| 121 | Myrzakent | 9,641 |
| 122 | Aqadyr | 9,599 |
| 123 | Terenozek | 9,550 |
| 124 | Borovskoy | 9,548 |
| 125 | Tyuratam | 9,437 |
| 126 | Chayan | 9,425 |
| 127 | Dossor | 9,415 |
| 128 | Aktau | 9,389 |
| 129 | Sekseuil | 9,185 |
| 130 | Irtyshsk | 9,105 |
| 131 | Shar | 8,976 |
| 132 | Qashyr | 8,820 |
| 133 | Qaraton | 8,794 |
| 134 | Makhambet | 8,794 |
| 135 | Zhezkent | 8,785 |
| 136 | Sergeyevka | 8,734 |
| 137 | Kurchum | 8,689 |
| 138 | Shubarshi | 8,540 |
| 139 | Leninskiy | 8,535 |
| 140 | Aksu | 8,432 |
| 141 | Maloye Ganyushkino | 8,276 |
| 142 | Fyodorovka | 8,206 |
| 143 | Zhanibek | 8,101 |
| 144 | Qarqaraly | 8,084 |
| 145 | Qusmuryn | 7,938 |
| 146 | Pervomayka | 7,763 |
| 147 | Martuk | 7,645 |
| 148 | Mayqayyng | 7,584 |
| 149 | Qazaly | 7,575 |
| 150 | Bayganin | 7,546 |
| 151 | Osakarovka | 7,194 |
| 152 | Bestobe | 7,078 |
| 153 | Tobol | 7,044 |
| 154 | Kievka | 6,926 |
| 155 | Shortandy | 6,869 |
| 156 | Tasqala | 6,869 |
| 157 | Bakanas | 6,854 |
| 158 | Zholymbet | 6,765 |
| 159 | Zhumysker | 6,723 |
| 160 | Sastobe | 6,716 |
| 161 | Kzyltu | 6,668 |
| 162 | Aksuat | 6,585 |
| 163 | Tughyl | 6,585 |
| 164 | Burabay | 6,389 |
| 165 | Astrakhan | 6,348 |
| 166 | Dzhambeyty | 6,151 |
| 167 | Chingirlau | 6,107 |
| 168 | Miyaly | 6,102 |
| 169 | Balkashino | 6,036 |
| 170 | Ust’-Talovka | 6,011 |
| 171 | Novoishimskiy | 5,951 |
| 172 | Zavodskoy | 5,932 |
| 173 | Zhanga Buqtyrma | 5,915 |
| 174 | Chapaev | 5,889 |
| 175 | Dzhangala | 5,843 |
| 176 | Borodulikha | 5,820 |
| 177 | Smirnovo | 5,631 |
| 178 | Bayanaul | 5,589 |
| 179 | Batamshinskiy | 5,557 |
| 180 | Asubulaq | 5,533 |
| 181 | Ashchysay | 5,524 |
| 182 | Shantobe | 5,515 |
| 183 | Bishkul | 5,312 |
| 184 | Kalkaman | 5,304 |
| 185 | Lepsy | 5,239 |
| 186 | Fedorovka | 5,227 |
| 187 | Torghay | 5,166 |
| 188 | Qarauyl | 5,150 |
| 189 | Zhelezinka | 5,114 |
| 190 | Fort-Shevchenko | 5,102 |
| 191 | Novodolinskiy | 5,056 |
| 192 | Kokpekty | 5,054 |
| 193 | Zhaqsy | 4,890 |
Religion
Islam is the majority religion (Sunni Islam), but there are also Russian Orthodox Christians, a few Protestants and non-religious. The country was Islamized by the Kazan Tatars towards the end of the 18th century, on the orders of Catherine the Great; the aim was to civilize and thereby gain control of opposition nomadic tribes. Since independence in 1991, there has been a great deal of Muslim activity; many mosques and religious schools have been opened, several funded from Saudi Arabia, Turkey and Egypt. After 1993, young men are sent to Turkey for religious education.
Language
The official language is Kazakh, a Turkish language written with the Cyrillic alphabet. Since independence in 1991, efforts have been made to introduce the Latin alphabet. In 1989, the Kazakh language was approximately 40% of the population, while the Russian-speaking proportion of the population was approximately 38%. The nationalization process of the 1990s has probably strengthened the position of the Kazakh language. In addition, there are population groups with German (about 6%), Ukrainian (about 5%) as well as neighboring languages Uzbek, Tatar and Uyghur as their mother tongue.