Costa Rica Facts

by countryaah · Published June 3, 2019 · Updated December 12, 2024

Costa Rica, State of Central America; 51 100 km², 5 million residents (2019).Costa Rica is located between Nicaragua and Panama and has a coast towards the Caribbean in the northeast and towards the Pacific in the southwest. The capital is San José (288,200 residents, 2012).

Country facts

Republic of Costa Rica / Republic of Costa Rica
Country abbreviation: CR
Area: 51 100 km²
Population (2019): 5 million residents
Capital: San José
Main language: Spanish
State: Republic
Head of State and Head of Government: Carlos Alvarado (President)
Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 12,025
GNI per capita (2018): US $ 11,510
Currency unit: 1 colon = 100 centimos
Currency code: CRC
Country number (telephony): 506
Internet domain name: cr
Time difference compared to Sweden: −7
National Day: September 15 (Independence Day, 1821)

Nature

Land use: forest (32%), agricultural land (10%), other (58%)
Highest mountain: Chirripó Grande (3,820 m asl)

Population

Population density (2019): 98 residents per km²
Natural population growth (2019): 0.9%; birthrate 14 ‰, death count 5 ‰
Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (22%), 15-64 (69%), 65- (9%)
Average life expectancy (2019): men 73 years, women 83 years
Infant mortality (2019): 8 per 1,000 live births
Population forecast 2050: 6 million residents
HDI (2017): 0.794 (place 63 of 189)
Urbanization rate (2019): 73%
Most populous city (2012): San José (288,200 residents)

Business

Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (6%), industry (21%), service (73%)
Exports (2017): US $ 10 810 million
Main export products: bananas, other, coffee
Main exporting countries: USA, Belgium, Panama
Imports (2017): US $ 15 150 million
Main import products: raw materials, machinery, gasoline
Main importing countries: USA, China, Mexico
Railway network (2014): 280 km

Geography

Location and Borders

Costa Rica is a small country located in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and the Caribbean Sea to the east. It occupies a strategic location between North and South America, serving as a natural bridge for migration and cultural exchange between the two continents. Costa Rica’s size is relatively modest, covering an area of approximately 51,100 square kilometers (19,700 square miles), making it one of the smaller countries in Central America.

Costa Rica’s diverse geography contributes to its varied ecosystems and climate. The country is known for its abundant natural beauty, including coastal areas, volcanoes, mountains, and tropical forests. Costa Rica is also positioned within the tropical convergence zone, which further influences its biodiversity and natural resources.

Topography and Natural Features

Costa Rica’s topography is characterized by rugged mountains, valleys, and fertile plains. The country is part of the Central American Volcanic Arc, with several active and dormant volcanoes scattered across the landscape. The highest peak in Costa Rica is Cerro Chirripó, which rises to 3,820 meters (12,533 feet) above sea level, located in the Talamanca mountain range. This range stretches from the western side of the country to the Caribbean, creating a natural divide between the Pacific and Caribbean regions.

The country is home to two major mountain ranges: the Central and Talamanca ranges. These mountain ranges are flanked by two coastlines, one on the Pacific Ocean and the other on the Caribbean Sea. The Central Valley, which includes the capital city of San José, is nestled between these mountain ranges and serves as the country’s economic and political center. Costa Rica’s rivers, such as the Tempisque and Reventazón, traverse the land, providing essential water resources and fertile soil for agriculture.

Costa Rica is also renowned for its rich biodiversity. Its tropical rainforests and cloud forests provide homes for a vast array of flora and fauna. The Pacific coast, with its beautiful beaches and marine life, is a vital destination for eco-tourism, while the Caribbean coast offers a more secluded, less developed landscape, known for its biological diversity, including coral reefs, mangrove forests, and a variety of wildlife.

Climate and Seasonal Variation

Costa Rica has a predominantly tropical climate, with distinct wet and dry seasons that vary depending on the region and altitude. The country experiences two main seasons: the dry season (or “verano”) from December to April and the rainy season (or “invierno”) from May to November. The Pacific side of Costa Rica tends to experience a more pronounced dry season, while the Caribbean side receives rainfall more consistently throughout the year.

Costa Rica’s varied geography results in different microclimates across the country. For example, coastal areas and lowlands along the Pacific and Caribbean tend to have a more humid and warmer climate, while the highlands and mountainous regions of Costa Rica experience cooler temperatures. The Central Valley, where San José is located, has a mild climate that is often referred to as “eternal spring” due to its moderate temperatures year-round.

The rainy season, which coincides with the summer months, is marked by heavy afternoon showers that can lead to flooding in some areas, particularly in the Caribbean lowlands. The dry season, from December to April, is the peak tourist season, with warm, sunny weather that is ideal for outdoor activities.

People

Population and Demographics

Costa Rica has a population of approximately 5 million people. The population is relatively young, with a median age of around 31 years, and the country enjoys a high life expectancy. Costa Rica’s population is mostly concentrated in urban areas, particularly in the Central Valley and the capital city of San José, which has a population of over 2 million people. Other major cities include Alajuela, Heredia, and Cartago.

Costa Rica has a diverse demographic makeup, with a majority of the population identifying as Mestizo, a mixture of European (primarily Spanish) and indigenous ancestry. There are also smaller populations of Afro-Costa Ricans, particularly on the Caribbean coast, who are descendants of enslaved Africans brought to Costa Rica during the colonial era. Indigenous groups such as the Bribri, Cabécar, and Ngöbe also live in rural areas, mainly in the indigenous territories of Talamanca and the Boruca region.

The country’s population density is moderate compared to other Central American nations, and there is a high level of urbanization. A substantial portion of the population resides in the Greater Metropolitan Area (GAM), which includes the capital city and surrounding municipalities, and where most economic, cultural, and political activities are concentrated.

Languages

Spanish is the official and most widely spoken language in Costa Rica. It is the language of government, education, media, and business. The Spanish spoken in Costa Rica, known as “Tico Spanish,” has its own distinctive characteristics, including unique expressions and idioms. While Costa Ricans speak with a neutral Spanish accent, their speech is known for being clear and relatively easy to understand for non-native speakers.

In addition to Spanish, several indigenous languages are spoken by the country’s indigenous communities, although these languages are endangered. Languages such as Bribri, Cabécar, and Maleku are part of Costa Rica’s linguistic heritage. English is also widely spoken in the country, especially in tourist areas and among the expatriate community, as well as in some schools and universities.

Bilingualism is common in Costa Rica, especially among the younger generation and those involved in the tourism industry. English proficiency is particularly high in tourist areas along the Pacific coast and in San José, where foreign businesses and NGOs are concentrated.

Religion

The majority of Costa Ricans identify as Roman Catholic, a legacy of the Spanish colonization that introduced Christianity to the region. Catholicism plays an important role in the social and cultural life of the country, with many holidays, festivals, and traditions rooted in Catholicism. Catholic churches and traditions are central to family life, and religious ceremonies such as weddings, baptisms, and confirmations are widely celebrated.

However, Costa Rica is also home to a growing number of Protestants, particularly Evangelicals, who have made significant strides in recent decades. These communities are primarily concentrated in urban areas and along the Caribbean coast, where various denominations, including Pentecostals and Baptists, have established churches.

Religious freedom is constitutionally guaranteed in Costa Rica, and although Catholicism is the dominant religion, there is a small but growing presence of other faiths, including indigenous spiritual practices and Afro-Caribbean religions along the Caribbean coast. The country has become increasingly secular, with many Costa Ricans identifying as non-religious or agnostic, especially among the younger generation.

Economy

Overview

Costa Rica has one of the most stable and diversified economies in Central America, and it is often regarded as a model for development in the region. The country’s economy is primarily based on services, with a strong emphasis on tourism, agriculture, and technology. Costa Rica has consistently achieved higher levels of economic growth than many of its regional neighbors, aided by its focus on education, healthcare, and political stability.

Agriculture, particularly coffee, bananas, and pineapples, remains a significant sector of the economy. However, the country has also increasingly invested in high-tech industries, including electronics, pharmaceuticals, and software development. The country’s favorable business environment, skilled labor force, and strategic location have made it an attractive destination for foreign investment, particularly in the manufacturing and services sectors.

Costa Rica’s commitment to environmental sustainability has contributed to its growing eco-tourism sector, which is a major contributor to GDP. The country’s long-term political stability, coupled with the widespread use of renewable energy sources, has attracted global attention as a model for sustainable economic growth.

Agriculture and Natural Resources

Agriculture has historically been a cornerstone of Costa Rica’s economy. The country’s fertile volcanic soil, favorable climate, and abundant water resources have made it ideal for cultivating a variety of crops. Coffee is one of the most important agricultural exports, and Costa Rica is one of the top producers of high-quality Arabica coffee beans in the world. Other key agricultural exports include bananas, pineapples, sugar, and cocoa, which are in high demand globally, particularly in the United States and Europe.

Costa Rica is also known for its sustainable agricultural practices, and the country has made significant strides in organic farming and eco-friendly production. The government has promoted agro-tourism, encouraging visitors to learn about sustainable farming practices and engage with local communities involved in organic agriculture.

In addition to agriculture, the country’s natural resources, particularly timber, minerals, and fish, play an important role in its economy. Costa Rica’s extensive forests are a significant resource, though the country has prioritized conservation efforts and now has a robust system of protected areas and national parks.

Services and Industry

In recent decades, Costa Rica has increasingly shifted its economy toward the services sector, particularly in the fields of information technology, finance, and tourism. Costa Rica is a regional leader in technology outsourcing, with many multinational companies setting up operations in the country due to its highly educated workforce, political stability, and low labor costs. The country is a growing hub for tech start-ups, particularly in San José, which has attracted major global companies such as Intel, HP, and IBM.

Tourism is a major driver of Costa Rica’s economy, contributing significantly to both GDP and employment. The country’s natural beauty, including its national parks, beaches, volcanoes, and diverse wildlife, makes it a popular destination for eco-tourism and adventure travel. Costa Rica’s commitment to environmental protection and its emphasis on sustainable tourism have made it one of the leading eco-tourism destinations in the world.

The manufacturing sector, while smaller than agriculture or services, has also contributed to the economy. Costa Rica’s industrial base includes the production of medical devices, electronics, textiles, and processed foods, which are exported to markets in North America, Europe, and Asia.

Government

Political System

Costa Rica is a democratic republic with a strong tradition of political stability and peaceful governance. The country has a long history of democratic elections, and its political system is based on the principle of representative democracy. The government is divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial. The president is both the head of state and head of government and is elected every four years. The president’s powers are limited by the constitution, and the country’s political system is characterized by checks and balances, with strong institutions in place to uphold the rule of law.

The legislative branch of Costa Rica is a unicameral congress composed of 57 deputies, who are elected every four years. The congress plays a significant role in shaping policy, passing laws, and overseeing the executive branch. The judiciary is independent, and the country’s legal system is based on civil law, with a strong emphasis on human rights and access to justice.

Costa Rica has earned international recognition for its commitment to democracy, political stability, and human rights. It abolished its military in 1949, making it the only country in Central America without a standing army. Instead, Costa Rica has invested in education, healthcare, and social programs, and its political culture is one of cooperation and consensus.

Legal System

Costa Rica’s legal system is based on civil law, influenced by Spanish law. The country’s judiciary is independent, and the legal framework is designed to protect individual rights and ensure justice. The Supreme Court is the highest judicial body in Costa Rica and is responsible for overseeing the interpretation and application of laws. The court is composed of a number of justices, who are appointed by the Legislative Assembly for eight-year terms.

The country has a robust system of courts and legal institutions, which ensure access to justice for citizens. Costa Rica is also a signatory to several international human rights treaties, and it has been recognized for its efforts to protect civil rights, including gender equality, freedom of speech, and environmental protection.

Foreign Relations

Costa Rica has a strong tradition of diplomacy and is an active member of various international organizations, including the United Nations, the Organization of American States (OAS), and the World Trade Organization (WTO). The country has been a leader in promoting regional integration and cooperation, particularly in Central America. Costa Rica’s foreign policy focuses on peace, human rights, democracy, and environmental protection.

The country has maintained good relations with its neighbors, particularly Panama and Nicaragua, and has played a key role in regional peacekeeping efforts. Costa Rica is also known for its leadership in environmental issues, and it has been a strong advocate for global efforts to combat climate change and preserve biodiversity. The country’s foreign relations are guided by its commitment to neutrality and its focus on promoting peaceful conflict resolution.

Culture

Arts and Music

Costa Rica has a rich cultural heritage that blends indigenous, European, and African influences. The country’s arts scene reflects this diversity, with a vibrant tradition of music, dance, and visual arts. Traditional Costa Rican music includes a wide variety of styles, from folk music rooted in indigenous and Spanish traditions to Afro-Caribbean rhythms like calypso and reggae. One of the most famous traditional music forms is the “cumbia,” a danceable rhythm that originated in Colombia and became popular in Costa Rica.

In the visual arts, Costa Rica has a long history of craftsmanship and artistic expression. Traditional crafts, including pottery, weaving, and wood carving, are still practiced in rural areas, and Costa Rican artists are known for their vibrant depictions of nature, particularly the country’s tropical landscapes. Artists often draw inspiration from the rich biodiversity of the country, and Costa Rican art is increasingly recognized on the international stage.

Costa Rica also has a thriving contemporary art scene, with numerous galleries and cultural institutions dedicated to promoting local artists. The country hosts several art festivals and cultural events throughout the year, including the National Arts Festival and Festival Internacional de las Artes.

Cuisine

Costa Rican cuisine is simple yet flavorful, with an emphasis on fresh, locally grown ingredients. Rice and beans, often served together as the staple dish known as “gallo pinto”, are the foundation of Costa Rican meals. Gallo pinto is commonly eaten for breakfast, along with eggs and fried plantains. Other common dishes include “casado”, a hearty meal consisting of rice, beans, meat (often chicken or beef), salad, and fried plantains.

Fresh fruits such as papayas, pineapples, and mangoes are abundant in Costa Rica and are often served as snacks or incorporated into meals. Costa Rican cuisine is also known for its use of tropical vegetables such as yuca, chayote, and sweet potatoes, which are often boiled or fried. “Sopa negra”, a black bean soup served with hard-boiled eggs, is a popular traditional dish, especially during celebrations and special occasions.

Costa Rican food is known for being light and healthy, and it often includes a wide range of natural flavors, such as lime, cilantro, and garlic. The country’s growing food culture has also seen the introduction of international cuisines, and many urban areas offer a variety of international food options.

Festivals and Traditions

Costa Rica is known for its lively and colorful festivals, many of which are rooted in the country’s religious and cultural heritage. Fiestas Patrias, celebrated in September, is the country’s Independence Day and is marked by parades, music, dancing, and patriotic displays. La Virgen de los Ángeles festival, celebrated in August, is another important religious festival where Costa Ricans gather to honor the country’s patron saint.

Carnival celebrations, particularly in cities like Limón, feature Afro-Caribbean music, dancing, and costumes, reflecting the cultural diversity of the population. Costa Rica also celebrates a variety of agricultural festivals, including Feria del Mar, which honors the country’s coastal communities and maritime heritage.

In addition to these national events, Costa Rica’s rich indigenous and Afro-Caribbean traditions are showcased through arts, crafts, and folklore, preserving the country’s cultural diversity and history for future generations.