History of Barrow County, Georgia
Barrow County, located in northeastern Georgia, has a rich and diverse history that spans from its Native American origins to its growth as a vital agricultural and industrial hub in the 19th and 20th centuries. Established in 1914, Barrow County was named in honor of David Crenshaw Barrow, Sr., a prominent educator and state legislator. Its early history is marked by agricultural development, with cotton farming dominating the landscape, followed by economic shifts through the rise of industry, transportation, and suburban growth in the 20th century. Today, Barrow County is known for its historical significance, picturesque landscapes, and vibrant communities.
Origins and Early History
Native American Inhabitants
Before European settlers arrived, the area now known as Barrow County was inhabited by Native American tribes, primarily the Creek and Cherokee nations. The land was rich in resources, with the Apalachee and Oconee rivers providing waterways for transportation, trade, and fishing. These tribes established villages along these rivers, using the fertile soil to cultivate crops such as corn, beans, and squash.
The arrival of European settlers in the 18th century led to conflicts over land and resources. The U.S. government’s policy of forced removal in the 1830s led to the displacement of the Cherokee people during the infamous Trail of Tears, which passed through what is now Barrow County. This removal had a profound impact on the local native population, and the land became available for settlement by European Americans.
Early Settlement and the Formation of Barrow County
The first European settlers arrived in what would become Barrow County in the early 19th century. The area was originally part of Jackson County, which was carved out of land previously occupied by the Creek Nation. Early settlers in Barrow County established farms, predominantly growing cotton, and the economy of the region thrived on agriculture.
Barrow County was officially created by the Georgia General Assembly on July 7, 1914, by the division of Jackson County. The county was named after David C. Barrow, Sr., a notable educator and the Chancellor of the University of Georgia. The county seat, Winder, became a center of commerce, and over time, the county developed into a vital agricultural and industrial hub for the region.
Key Historical Events
The Cotton Era and Agriculture
Like much of Georgia, Barrow County’s economy in the 19th century was based on agriculture, with cotton being the dominant crop. The fertile soil and favorable climate allowed cotton to flourish, and by the mid-1800s, Barrow County became known for its cotton production. Large plantations dotted the landscape, and the county’s economy was heavily dependent on slave labor.
With the Civil War (1861–1865) ravaging much of the Southern economy, Barrow County, like many Southern regions, saw its cotton industry decline. The war’s end and the abolition of slavery brought about significant changes to the local economy. Although cotton production remained important, many smaller farmers began to diversify their crops, and new industries such as timber, tobacco, and livestock farming began to emerge.
The Rise of Winder and the Development of Railroads
The establishment of the railroad in the mid-19th century marked a turning point for Barrow County, particularly for its county seat, Winder. The railroad provided a new means of transportation for agricultural goods and people. Winder became a vital hub for shipping cotton, timber, and other products, which spurred population growth and urban development. By the late 1800s, Winder had become a bustling town with a thriving economy and a growing population.
In the 20th century, Winder continued to expand, thanks to the growth of the railroad and the development of other infrastructure such as schools, churches, and civic buildings. The town’s economic prosperity attracted businesses and industries, making it a regional center for trade and commerce.
Barrow County in the 20th Century
The 20th century saw significant changes in Barrow County as industrialization, urbanization, and transportation continued to shape the local economy. With the rise of automobiles, highways, and trucks as a means of transportation, the railroad’s role began to decline. However, new industries, including textiles, manufacturing, and poultry production, began to play a central role in the county’s economy.
World War II brought new economic opportunities to Barrow County, as defense-related industries were established to support the war effort. This further solidified the county’s role as a key economic player in Georgia. In the post-war years, Barrow County also saw the rise of suburbanization, as the population in Winder and the surrounding areas grew rapidly, with new housing developments, schools, and businesses emerging.
The Civil Rights Movement
As in much of the South, the Civil Rights Movement of the 1950s and 1960s had a profound impact on Barrow County. The movement sought to end segregation, secure voting rights for African Americans, and address inequalities in education, housing, and employment. During this time, Barrow County saw protests, sit-ins, and marches aimed at challenging the status quo.
One notable moment in the county’s Civil Rights history occurred in the early 1960s when several African American residents of Winder challenged segregationist practices, particularly in local businesses and schools. Although the struggle for racial equality was long and difficult, Barrow County, like many other Southern counties, gradually made progress toward greater racial integration and equality.
Economic Development and Modern Growth
From Agriculture to Industry
By the late 20th and early 21st centuries, Barrow County’s economy began to shift away from its agricultural roots and into a more diversified economic base. Manufacturing, particularly in the areas of textiles and automotive parts, became increasingly important. Poultry production also grew as the county became a significant player in Georgia’s poultry industry. The growth of manufacturing, logistics, and distribution sectors in Barrow County was driven by the county’s strategic location along major highways, including U.S. Routes 78 and 129.
Suburbanization also contributed to Barrow County’s economic expansion. As metropolitan Atlanta grew, Winder and surrounding areas became more attractive for people seeking to live outside the city while still having access to urban amenities. This shift led to the development of new neighborhoods, shopping centers, and schools. The increase in population also brought about more investment in public services and infrastructure, including improvements to roads and schools.
The 21st Century and Beyond
In recent decades, Barrow County has continued to evolve. Winder has grown into a thriving community with a blend of residential, commercial, and industrial development. The area has also become an increasingly popular place for commuters to Atlanta, which is located just 40 miles south of Winder. The growth of Winder has contributed to the county’s transformation into a modern suburban center.
Today, Barrow County remains one of Georgia’s fastest-growing counties, thanks to its strategic location, vibrant economy, and high quality of life. The county’s economy is diverse, with industries such as logistics, manufacturing, retail, agriculture, and services playing key roles in its continued success.
Historical Sites in Barrow County
1. Barrow County Historical Society Museum
Overview
The Barrow County Historical Society Museum in Winder is a must-see destination for history enthusiasts. The museum showcases exhibits and artifacts that highlight the county’s rich heritage, including its Native American past, agricultural roots, and key moments from the Civil War era.
Location
Barrow County Historical Society Museum, 74 W. Candler Street, Winder, GA
Ticket Price
Free (donations are welcome)
Parking Information
Free street parking is available near the museum.
2. The Winder Cultural Arts Center
Overview
The Winder Cultural Arts Center is a venue for local performances, art exhibitions, and community events. The center is housed in a historic building that once served as a school and is a great place to experience the arts and history of Barrow County.
Location
Winder Cultural Arts Center, 105 E. Athens Street, Winder, GA
Ticket Price
Varies by event
Parking Information
Parking is available in nearby public lots.
3. Fort Yargo State Park
Overview
Fort Yargo State Park is one of the most popular recreational destinations in Barrow County. The park features a historic fort built in 1792, which was used as a defense during the Creek Indian War. The park also offers hiking, fishing, and camping facilities.
Location
Fort Yargo State Park, 210 S. Broad Street, Winder, GA
Ticket Price
$5 per vehicle (day use fee)
Parking Information
Free parking is available on-site.
County Facts
Geography and Climate
Barrow County is located in the northeastern part of Georgia, part of the Piedmont region. It is characterized by rolling hills, fertile soils, and numerous creeks and rivers, including the Apalachee River, which forms part of the county’s eastern border. The county is situated just north of metropolitan Atlanta, making it a key part of the greater Atlanta metropolitan area.
Climate
- Summer: Hot and humid, with average highs ranging from 85°F to 95°F (29°C to 35°C).
- Winter: Mild to cool, with average lows ranging from 35°F to 45°F (1°C to 7°C).
Key Facts
- Year Founded: 1914
- County Seat: Winder
- Population: Approximately 83,000 (2020 Census)
- Population Density: 322 people per square mile
- Largest Cities: Winder, Bethlehem, Auburn
- Major Highways: U.S. Routes 78, 129, 211; Georgia State Routes 53, 81
- Adjacent Counties: Jackson County, Gwinnett County, Walton County, Oconee County, Clarke County
