Cambodia Facts

by countryaah · Published June 3, 2019 · Updated December 12, 2024

Cambodia, Southeast Asian Peninsula State; 181,000 km², 16.2 million residents (2019).Cambodia, which is located around the lower course of the Mekong River, borders Thailand and Laos in the north and Vietnam in the east and has a coast towards the Gulf of Thailand in the southwest. Administratively, the country is divided into 24 provinces. The capital is Phnom Penh.

Country facts

Preah Reach Ana Pak Kampuchea / Kingdom of Cambodia
Country abbreviation: KH
Area: 181 000 km²
Population (2019): 16.2 million residents
Capital: Phnom Penh
Main language: Khmer
State: Monarchy
Head of State: Norodom Sihamoni (King)
Head of Government: Hun Sen
Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 1,512
GNI per capita (2018): US $ 1,380
Coin unit: 1 wheel = 100 sen
Currency code: KHR
Country Dialing (Telephony): 855
Internet domain name: kh
Time difference compared to Sweden: +6
National Day: November 9 (Independence Day, 1953)

Nature

Land use: forest (59%), agricultural land (20%), other (21%)
Highest mountain: Phnom Aural (1,813 m above sea level)
Longest river: Mekong (4,500 km)

Population

Population density (2019): 90 residents per km²
Natural population growth (2019): 1.7%; birthrate 23 ‰, deathrate 6 ‰
Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (31%), 15-64 (65%), 65- (4%)
Average life expectancy (2019): 64 years; men 69 years, women 73 years
Infant mortality (2019): 24 per 1,000 live births
Population forecast 2050: 22 million residents
HDI (2017): 0.582 (place 146 of 189)
Urbanization rate (2019): 23%
Most populous city (2010): Phnom Penh (1.5 million residents)

Business

Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (25%), industry (33%), service (42%)
Exports (2017): USD 11,420 million
Main export products: clothing, timber, raw rubber
Main exporting countries: USA, UK, Germany
Imports (2017): US $ 14 370 million
Main import products: oil products, gold, cigarettes
Main importing countries: China, Singapore, Thailand
Railway network (2014): 650 km

Geography

Location and Borders

Cambodia is located in Southeast Asia, bordered by Thailand to the west and northwest, Laos to the north, Vietnam to the east and south, and the Gulf of Thailand to the southwest. It lies at approximately 13°N latitude and 105°E longitude. The country is landlocked in terms of bordering nations, but it has a significant coastline along the Gulf of Thailand, which provides access to maritime trade and resources.

Cambodia’s strategic position in mainland Southeast Asia has historically made it a crossroads for various cultural, political, and economic influences from neighboring regions. The country shares a long history with its neighbors, with a combination of ancient kingdoms, colonial rule, and modern interactions that have shaped its geography and identity. Its area of about 181,035 square kilometers places it among the smaller nations in the region, but its terrain is varied, with fertile plains, mountains, and a long river system that has shaped much of the country’s development.

Topography and Natural Features

The topography of Cambodia is dominated by the Tonle Sap Lake, the largest freshwater lake in Southeast Asia, located at the heart of the country. This vast water body provides crucial resources for agriculture, particularly rice farming, and it supports a diverse array of wildlife. The Mekong River, one of the longest rivers in the world, also flows through Cambodia, serving as a vital transportation route and a source of water for the agricultural sector. The country’s central plain, the Lower Mekong Basin, is rich in fertile soils and is the most populous and agriculturally productive area.

In the west and north, Cambodia is bordered by the Cardamom Mountains, which are known for their dense rainforests and biodiversity. To the northeast, the country is defined by the more rugged Annamite Range, with its forested hills and more remote rural areas. These mountainous regions are important for their ecological value and provide habitats for various species, some of which are endemic to the region.

Cambodia also has several protected areas, including national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, aimed at conserving its rich natural heritage. The biodiversity of Cambodia’s rainforests, wetlands, and rivers supports a wide range of animal species, including tigers, elephants, and rare birds, although the ecosystem has been under threat due to deforestation, poaching, and agricultural expansion.

Climate and Seasonal Variation

Cambodia has a tropical climate, characterized by a monsoon season, which heavily influences the country’s weather patterns and agricultural cycles. The wet season lasts from May to October, driven by the southwest monsoon, bringing heavy rains that are crucial for rice cultivation. During this period, temperatures range from 24°C to 32°C (75°F to 89°F), and the rains can cause flooding in many parts of the country, especially in the lowlands around the Tonle Sap and Mekong River.

The dry season runs from November to April, with the northeast monsoon bringing cooler and drier conditions. Temperatures during the dry season tend to range from 25°C to 30°C (77°F to 86°F), making it a more comfortable time for outdoor activities and tourism. The dry season is important for the harvest of rice and other crops, which rely on the water provided by the rains earlier in the year.

Cambodia’s tropical climate and seasonal changes are central to its agricultural economy, with rice farming being the mainstay. However, the effects of climate change, including irregular rainfall patterns and extreme weather events, pose increasing challenges to the country’s agriculture and infrastructure.

People

Population and Demographics

Cambodia has an estimated population of over 16 million people, making it one of the more populous nations in Southeast Asia. The majority of the population is ethnically Khmer, who make up around 90% of the population. There are also smaller ethnic communities, including Vietnamese, Chinese, Cham, and various indigenous groups, particularly in the northeastern and southwestern regions. The population is predominantly rural, with approximately 80% of Cambodians living in the countryside, where agriculture remains the primary occupation.

The capital city, Phnom Penh, is the largest city and the political, economic, and cultural center of Cambodia, with a population of over 2 million. Other significant cities include Siem Reap, Battambang, and Sihanoukville, but most of the country’s population resides in the rural areas, which are often engaged in farming or small-scale industry.

Cambodia has experienced rapid urbanization in recent decades, driven by economic growth, foreign investment, and tourism. This shift has seen migration from rural areas to cities, particularly Phnom Penh, which has led to the development of new infrastructure, housing, and services. However, the country continues to face challenges related to rural poverty, access to education, and health services in less developed regions.

Ethnic Composition and Languages

The Khmer people, who are part of the larger Mon-Khmer ethnic group, form the backbone of Cambodian society. The Khmer language, or Cambodian, is the official language and is spoken by the vast majority of the population. It uses its own script, which is derived from the ancient Brahmi script, and is one of the oldest written languages in Southeast Asia. Khmer is used in education, government, and media, and it is an essential component of national identity.

Apart from Khmer, there are several minority languages spoken by ethnic groups, including Vietnamese, Chinese, and Cham, the latter of which is a Muslim ethnic group with a long history in Cambodia. Indigenous languages are also spoken by various ethnic communities, especially in the northeastern and southwestern provinces, where small groups like the Montagnard people reside.

While Khmer is dominant in urban and rural areas, French is still used by some government officials and intellectuals, reflecting the country’s colonial history under French rule. English is increasingly being taught in schools and universities and is gaining importance, especially in the business sector and with foreign tourists.

Religion

The dominant religion in Cambodia is Theravada Buddhism, which is practiced by approximately 95% of the population. Buddhism has a deep-rooted history in Cambodia, dating back to the 13th century when it was introduced to the region. Monks and monasteries play a significant role in Cambodian society, not only as spiritual guides but also as cultural leaders and community figures.

Buddhism in Cambodia follows the Theravada school, which emphasizes the teachings of the Buddha and monastic life. The country is dotted with Buddhist temples (known as pagodas), with the most famous being the Silver Pagoda and Wat Phnom in Phnom Penh. Buddhist festivals, such as the Khmer New Year and Pchum Ben (Festival of the Dead), are celebrated nationwide, and they are deeply ingrained in the cultural and religious life of the people.

Islam is practiced by a small minority, primarily among the Cham people. There are also small Christian communities, most of whom are Catholic or Protestant. These religious minorities, while much smaller than the Buddhist population, contribute to the country’s diversity.

Economy

Overview

Cambodia’s economy has grown significantly in the past two decades, transitioning from one of the poorest countries in Southeast Asia to a lower-middle-income country. The country’s economic development has been driven by foreign investment, especially in sectors such as textiles and garments, agriculture, and tourism. The Cambodian government has focused on improving infrastructure, increasing access to education, and diversifying its economy to reduce its reliance on agriculture.

Despite impressive economic growth, the country still faces challenges related to income inequality, poverty in rural areas, and a reliance on low-wage industries. The COVID-19 pandemic and regional economic slowdowns have also impacted Cambodia’s growth trajectory, with tourism and manufacturing sectors being hit particularly hard.

Agriculture and Industry

Agriculture remains the backbone of Cambodia’s economy, with rice as the staple crop. The country is one of the world’s largest producers and exporters of rice, particularly fragrant varieties such as Jasmine rice. Agriculture employs a significant portion of the population, particularly in rural areas, where farming remains the main livelihood. In addition to rice, Cambodia produces cassava, corn, rubber, and various fruits and vegetables for both domestic consumption and export.

The textile and garment industry is another critical sector for Cambodia’s economy, generating significant export revenue and employment. The country is an important player in global textile supply chains, with products like clothing, footwear, and textiles being exported primarily to the United States and European Union. Cambodia’s labor costs are relatively low, which makes it an attractive location for international apparel companies, but the industry is facing growing challenges regarding labor rights, working conditions, and environmental sustainability.

Tourism is also a key pillar of the Cambodian economy. The country is renowned for its cultural heritage, particularly the Angkor Wat temple complex in Siem Reap, which is one of the most visited archaeological sites in the world. The tourism sector has been growing rapidly, contributing to job creation and foreign exchange earnings. Cambodia’s beaches, wildlife, and historical sites attract millions of international visitors annually, although the industry is highly vulnerable to external shocks, such as the global pandemic.

Trade and Investment

Cambodia’s trade and investment policies have been geared towards attracting foreign direct investment (FDI), especially in manufacturing and infrastructure. The country’s participation in regional trade agreements such as the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) and its favorable tax policies have helped attract businesses looking for a low-cost production base.

Cambodia’s economic growth is heavily dependent on exports, particularly in the areas of garments, rice, and rubber. The United States and the European Union are its largest export markets, while China has emerged as a significant trading partner. However, the country faces challenges regarding its reliance on imported raw materials and energy, which creates trade imbalances.

Government

Political System

Cambodia is a constitutional monarchy, with King Norodom Sihamoni serving as the ceremonial head of state. The political system is a multi-party democracy, but in practice, the Cambodian People’s Party (CPP) has maintained a strong hold on power under the leadership of Prime Minister Hun Sen, who has been in power since 1985. The political environment is marked by a lack of competition, as opposition parties and independent media face heavy restrictions and censorship.

The National Assembly of Cambodia is a bicameral legislature, consisting of the Senate and the National Assembly. The National Assembly, with 125 members, is elected every five years. While elections are held, the ruling CPP has been widely criticized for undermining democratic processes, limiting political freedoms, and cracking down on opposition parties. The judiciary is often seen as being under the control of the government, and human rights organizations have raised concerns about the state of democracy and civil liberties in Cambodia.

Legal System

Cambodia’s legal system is based on a combination of French civil law and elements of customary law. The judiciary is constitutionally independent, but in practice, the system is often criticized for lacking transparency and accountability. Corruption within the judicial system remains a significant challenge, as cases involving powerful elites or political interests can often be subject to manipulation.

Cambodia has made strides in reforming its legal system, particularly through the establishment of a specialized criminal court, the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC), to try leaders of the Khmer Rouge for crimes committed during their reign. However, access to justice is often limited for ordinary Cambodians, especially those living in rural areas.

Foreign Relations

Cambodia’s foreign policy is heavily influenced by its relationships with neighboring countries, particularly Vietnam, Thailand, and China. Historically, Cambodia has had a complex relationship with Vietnam, stemming from territorial disputes and the legacy of the Khmer Rouge era. Relations with Thailand have been strained over border issues, especially concerning the Preah Vihear Temple.

Cambodia maintains a close relationship with China, which is a significant source of investment, trade, and development aid. Cambodia’s ties to China have grown stronger in recent years, particularly through Chinese-backed infrastructure projects under the Belt and Road Initiative. The relationship with China, however, has raised concerns in the West, especially regarding Cambodia’s growing dependency on Chinese investment.

Culture

Arts and Music

Cambodian culture is deeply rooted in its history and traditions, with influences from Hinduism, Buddhism, and indigenous practices. Traditional Cambodian dance, particularly the classical dance of the royal court, is a significant cultural expression. The Apsara dance, characterized by intricate hand gestures and graceful movements, is one of the most famous forms of Cambodian performance art.

Cambodia also has a rich tradition of music, with instruments like the roneat (a type of xylophone), the tro (a bowed string instrument), and the khmer drum playing central roles in both ceremonial and folk music. Cambodian music has evolved over the centuries, blending traditional elements with Western influences, particularly in popular music and cinema.

Cuisine

Cambodian cuisine is based on rice and noodles, complemented by a variety of meats, vegetables, and herbs. Fish, especially from the Mekong River and Tonle Sap, is a staple in many dishes. Popular Cambodian dishes include amok (a type of curry made with fish, coconut milk, and spices), bai sach chrouk (grilled pork with rice), and prahok (fermented fish paste). Fresh herbs and spices, such as lemongrass, kaffir lime, and turmeric, are often used to create bold and fragrant flavors.

Festivals and Traditions

Cambodia has a number of important festivals that celebrate its religious and cultural heritage. The Khmer New Year, or Chol Chnam Thmey, is the most widely celebrated festival, marking the end of the harvest and the beginning of the Buddhist New Year. The Water Festival, or Bon Om Touk, celebrates the reversal of the flow of the Tonle Sap River and includes boat races, fireworks, and traditional music.

The Pchum Ben festival, which honors the spirits of ancestors, is another key event in the Cambodian Buddhist calendar. These festivals are deeply ingrained in the cultural and religious life of the Cambodian people, often involving communal celebrations and religious ceremonies.

History

Ancient Cambodia and the Khmer Empire

Cambodia’s history dates back to ancient times, with the establishment of the Funan Kingdom around the 1st century AD. However, the most notable period in Cambodia’s early history is the rise of the Khmer Empire, which dominated much of Southeast Asia from the 9th to the 15th centuries. The empire’s capital, Angkor, is now one of the most important archaeological sites in the world, with the Angkor Wat temple complex being a symbol of Cambodian cultural heritage.

The Khmer Empire was a powerful force in the region, influencing architecture, art, and religion across Southeast Asia. The empire’s decline in the 15th century led to a period of instability, marked by internal strife and invasions from neighboring countries.

French Colonial Period and Independence

In the mid-19th century, Cambodia became a French protectorate as part of French Indochina, which also included Vietnam and Laos. Under French rule, Cambodia’s economy and infrastructure were restructured, but the country also saw significant political and social unrest. Cambodia gained independence from France in 1953 under King Norodom Sihanouk, but the political landscape remained turbulent, particularly due to the growing influence of communist forces in neighboring Vietnam.

The Khmer Rouge and Genocide

In 1975, Cambodia’s history took a tragic turn when the Khmer Rouge, a communist regime led by Pol Pot, seized control of the country. The regime’s policies of forced labor, mass executions, and ethnic cleansing led to the deaths of an estimated 1.7 million people, roughly a quarter of Cambodia’s population, in what is known as the Cambodian Genocide. The Khmer Rouge regime lasted until 1979, when it was overthrown by Vietnamese forces.

Post-Khmer Rouge Cambodia

Following the fall of the Khmer Rouge, Cambodia endured a period of instability, with the country being occupied by Vietnam and governed by a Vietnamese-backed government. Cambodia gradually began to rebuild in the 1990s, and in 1993, the United Nations oversaw the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, with King Norodom Sihamoni as the head of state.

Cambodia has continued its efforts toward recovery and development, despite challenges such as political tensions, corruption, and the legacy of its violent past. The country’s economy has grown steadily, particularly in tourism, textiles, and agriculture, but social issues such as poverty, human rights, and political freedom remain significant concerns.