What is the Capital of Cambodia? Phnom Penh

Capital City of Cambodia: Phnom Penh

City Overview

Phnom Penh, the capital and largest city of Cambodia, is situated at the confluence of three rivers: the Tonle Sap, the Mekong, and the Bassac. The city’s historical significance, vibrant culture, and rapid modernization make it a crucial hub in Southeast Asia. Phnom Penh is often referred to as the “Pearl of Southeast Asia” due to its elegant blend of traditional Khmer architecture and French colonial influences. It is the political, cultural, economic, and industrial center of the country, home to government buildings, foreign embassies, universities, and numerous businesses. See Cachedhealth for other major cities in Cambodia.

The city’s history dates back to the 14th century, and it has witnessed dramatic changes over time, including the rise and fall of the Khmer Empire, the horrors of the Khmer Rouge regime, and its rebirth in the post-war era. Today, Phnom Penh is undergoing significant development with modern skyscrapers, new infrastructure projects, and a growing international presence.

Although Phnom Penh’s infrastructure has improved dramatically in recent years, it still retains its historic charm with vibrant markets, bustling streets, and ancient temples. The city serves as both a living museum of Cambodia’s royal past and a bustling urban center.

City Facts: Phnom Penh

• Area: 678.46 square kilometers (261.45 square miles)
• Population: Approximately 2.2 million (2022 estimate)
• Time Zone: Indochina Time (ICT), UTC +7
• Highest Mountain: Phnom Aural (1,813 meters or 5,981 feet) – located in the Cardamom Mountains, this is the highest point in Cambodia.
• Longest River: Mekong River – running through Phnom Penh, it is one of the longest and most significant rivers in Southeast Asia.

Phnom Penh serves as the center of political power, hosting the royal palace, government ministries, and the offices of the head of state. Over the years, it has become one of the most important cities in Southeast Asia, with a population that continues to grow due to urbanization and economic development.

Major Landmarks in Phnom Penh

Phnom Penh is rich in historical and cultural landmarks that reflect its royal heritage, as well as the more tragic periods in Cambodian history. The following are some of the city’s most notable landmarks:

1. Royal Palace and Silver Pagoda: The Royal Palace, an elegant complex of buildings, has been the residence of Cambodia’s monarchy since the 1860s. Within the complex lies the Silver Pagoda, named for its floor, which is made up of 5,000 silver tiles. The pagoda houses many important Buddhist relics, including a life-sized gold Buddha adorned with diamonds.
2. National Museum of Cambodia: Located near the Royal Palace, this museum houses one of the most important collections of Khmer art and antiquities, with sculptures, pottery, and carvings dating back to the Angkor period (9th–15th centuries). The museum is an essential place for anyone interested in Cambodian history and culture.
3. Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum (S-21 Prison): Perhaps one of the most poignant landmarks in Phnom Penh, the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum is housed in a former high school that was converted into a prison by the Khmer Rouge regime. It became a place of torture and execution. Today, the museum educates visitors about the atrocities committed during the regime’s rule (1975–1979), memorializing the lives lost and the survivors’ stories.
4. Independence Monument: Built in 1958 to commemorate Cambodia’s independence from France, the Independence Monument is a towering structure that stands as a symbol of Cambodia’s sovereignty and national pride. It is also a key location for celebrations on Independence Day (November 9).
5. Wat Phnom: Wat Phnom, or the “Hill Temple,” is one of Phnom Penh’s oldest and most important temples. It sits atop a 27-meter hill, and it is believed to be the founding site of the city, dating back to the 14th century. The temple houses statues of the Buddha and is a popular site for locals to pray for good fortune.
6. Choeung Ek Memorial (Killing Fields): Located just outside Phnom Penh, the Choeung Ek Memorial is one of many sites where the Khmer Rouge regime carried out mass executions. It is a sobering and tragic reminder of Cambodia’s dark past during the 1970s. The memorial includes a stupa filled with the skulls of victims, and visitors can walk through the mass graves to reflect on the scale of the tragedy.
7. Central Market (Phsar Thmei): The Central Market is one of the largest and busiest markets in Phnom Penh. Housed in an iconic Art Deco building, it is a great place to shop for jewelry, clothing, souvenirs, and fresh produce. The market is a popular spot for both locals and tourists.
8. Russian Market (Phsar Toul Tom Poung): Another popular market in Phnom Penh, the Russian Market is known for its variety of items, including local textiles, antiques, and handicrafts. It is a must-visit for those seeking to experience the local culture.
9. Sisowath Quay: A vibrant riverside area along the Mekong River, Sisowath Quay is lined with cafes, restaurants, and shops. It offers scenic views of the river and is an excellent place for a leisurely stroll, people-watching, or enjoying the sunset.

Climate Overview

Phnom Penh experiences a tropical climate with a distinct wet and dry season. The city is generally hot year-round, with the rainy season occurring between May and October. The best time to visit is during the cooler, dry months between November and February.

Climate Table: Average Temperature, Precipitation, and Sunny Days

Month	Average Temperature (°C)	Precipitation (mm)	Sunny Days
January	26°C	20 mm	27
February	27°C	10 mm	28
March	28°C	10 mm	28
April	29°C	20 mm	27
May	28°C	120 mm	22
June	28°C	160 mm	20
July	28°C	150 mm	18
August	28°C	170 mm	18
September	28°C	200 mm	17
October	28°C	150 mm	20
November	27°C	50 mm	24
December	26°C	20 mm	26

Other Cities That Have Served as Capital in Cambodia’s History

1. Angkor (802–1431)

• Period of Capital: The ancient city of Angkor was the capital of the Khmer Empire from the 9th to the 15th centuries, and it remains one of the most significant archaeological sites in Southeast Asia today.
• Overview: Angkor was the heart of the Khmer Empire, and it is home to the magnificent Angkor Wat temple complex. The capital shifted here from the earlier capital of Hariharalaya to become a grand center of art, religion, and architecture.

2. Oudong (1618–1866)

• Period of Capital: Oudong was the capital of Cambodia from 1618 to 1866 before it was replaced by Phnom Penh.
• Overview: Oudong served as the center of the Cambodian monarchy during its later years, but it was abandoned as the capital when the monarchy relocated to Phnom Penh due to threats from Siam (Thailand). Oudong is still an important religious and historical site, with many royal stupas and temples.

Country Facts: Cambodia

• Population: Approximately 17 million (2023 estimate)
• Area: 181,035 square kilometers (69,898 square miles)
• Largest City: Phnom Penh
• Currency: Cambodian Riel (KHR)
• Official Language: Khmer
• ISO Country Codes: KH (Alpha-2), KHM (Alpha-3)
• Government Type: Constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system
• Religion: Predominantly Theravada Buddhism
• Climate: Tropical climate with a monsoon season from May to October and a dry season from November to April

Cambodia is a nation with a rich cultural history, much of which is symbolized in its capital, Phnom Penh. The city’s transformation from a small town to a bustling metropolis reflects the resilience and strength of the Cambodian people in the face of adversity.