San Marino Facts

San Marino, state of the Apennine Peninsula, southern Europe; 61 km², 34 000 residents (2019).San Marino, located on the northeastern slope of the Apennines, is completely enclosed by Italy. The capital is San Marino (4,400 residents, 2012).

Country facts

• Republic of San Marino / Republic of San Marino
• Country abbreviation: SM
• Area: 61 km²
• Population (2019): 34,000 residents
• Capital: San Marino
• Main language: Italian
• State: Republic
• Head of state and head of government: rotating (change occurs every six months)
• Per capita GDP (2016): US $ 56 404
• GNI per capita: no data available
• Currency unit: euro
• Currency code: EUR
• Country number (telephony): 378
• Internet domain name: sm
• Time difference compared to Sweden: 0
• National Day: September 3 (Founding of the Republic, 301)

Population

• Population density (2019): 557 residents per km²
• Natural population growth (2019): 0%; birthrate 7 ‰, deathrate 7 ‰
• Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (15%), 15-64 (67%), 65- (18%)
• Average life expectancy (2019): men 82 years, women 87 years
• Infant mortality (2019): 4 per 1,000 live births
• Population forecast 2050: 40,000 residents
• HDI: no data available
• Urbanization rate (2019): 97%
• Most populous city (2012): Serravalle (9,900 residents)
• Railway network: nothing in operation

Geography of San Marino

Location and Size

San Marino is a small, landlocked country located in Southern Europe, completely surrounded by Italy. It is situated on the northeastern side of the Apennine Mountains, bordering the Italian regions of Emilia-Romagna and Marche. San Marino is one of the world’s smallest nations, covering an area of just 61 square kilometers (24 square miles), which makes it the fifth smallest country in the world. Despite its diminutive size, it is an independent sovereign state with a rich history and distinct identity.

San Marino’s proximity to Italy places it within one of the most historically rich and culturally vibrant areas of Europe. The country is composed of rugged terrain, with much of its land being hilly or mountainous. Its strategic location on the Monte Titano mountain provides scenic views of the surrounding landscape, including the nearby Adriatic Sea, located about 10 kilometers (6 miles) to the east. San Marino’s small size and unique positioning within Italy make it an enclave with a high degree of autonomy.

Topography and Natural Features

San Marino’s terrain is predominantly mountainous, with the country being centered around the Monte Titano mountain, which rises to a height of 739 meters (2,423 feet). The mountain is not only the highest point in the country but also a key cultural and historical landmark, as it has been the site of the country’s most famous fortresses and historical buildings. The slopes of Monte Titano and its surrounding hills are covered by dense forests, which give way to agricultural fields in the valleys. These natural features have influenced the development of agriculture, tourism, and the preservation of the country’s natural beauty.

The country’s coastline is nonexistent, given its landlocked nature. However, its position on the Apennines means that San Marino experiences beautiful vistas over the Italian countryside and provides a natural boundary that has helped preserve the nation’s independence for centuries. Despite its small size, San Marino’s landscape is diverse, with rugged hills, green valleys, and historical towns scattered across its topography. Its natural beauty makes it an appealing destination for nature lovers and those interested in hiking and exploring its historic sites.

Climate of San Marino

Mediterranean Climate

San Marino enjoys a Mediterranean climate, characterized by mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. The climate is generally favorable for agriculture and tourism, with sunny days being common throughout most of the year. During the summer months, which last from June to September, temperatures typically range from 25°C to 30°C (77°F to 86°F), although occasional heatwaves can push temperatures higher. The region is blessed with relatively low humidity during the summer, making it an attractive destination for visitors seeking warm but comfortable conditions.

Winter temperatures in San Marino are generally mild, with daytime highs ranging from 8°C to 12°C (46°F to 54°F). Frost is rare in the lower valleys but can occur at higher altitudes. The country experiences precipitation mainly in the fall and spring, with December and January being the wettest months. Snowfall is occasional, especially in the mountainous areas, but it is not a frequent feature of San Marino’s winters.

The pleasant Mediterranean climate contributes to the country’s agricultural productivity and has helped make San Marino an attractive destination for travelers. The favorable weather conditions make it possible for tourists to visit year-round, as the mild winter offers a stark contrast to other colder European destinations, while the summer sun makes San Marino a popular stop for vacationers.

People of San Marino

Population and Demographics

San Marino has a population of about 34,000 people, making it one of the least populous countries in the world. The majority of the population is of Sammarinese descent, though there are small communities of Italians and other nationals who live and work in the country. The population density in San Marino is relatively low, and the country’s capital, City of San Marino, is home to a significant portion of the population.

The Sammarinese population is closely knit, with many citizens having lived in the country for generations. Family ties and close community relationships are strong, and San Marino’s social structure revolves around small towns and rural living. The majority of San Marino’s population speaks Italian as their primary language, and there is also a small percentage of people who speak the local dialect, Sammarinese, although Italian is the official language of the country.

Language and Religion

Italian is the official language of San Marino, and it is the language of instruction, business, and government. The local Sammarinese dialect, although still spoken in rural areas, has become less common in daily use, especially in urban centers like the capital. Italian is widely understood and spoken, and the country’s integration with Italy has made it a place where Italian culture and language play an integral role in daily life.

Religion plays a significant role in the cultural and social fabric of San Marino. The country is predominantly Roman Catholic, with nearly 90% of the population adhering to the faith. Catholicism has a long history in the country, as it has shaped not only religious practices but also local traditions, festivals, and holidays. The Archdiocese of San Marino-Montefeltro serves the spiritual needs of the people and plays a central role in the country’s religious life. There are also smaller communities of other Christian denominations and secular citizens, but Catholicism is the dominant faith in the country.

Education and Health

Education is free and compulsory for children up to the age of 16 in San Marino. The education system is modeled on the Italian system, and the country places a high value on both primary and secondary education. There are a number of public schools in San Marino, and the country also has a public university, the University of the Republic of San Marino, which offers higher education in a variety of fields, including law, economics, and political science. Many students from San Marino also pursue further education abroad, particularly in Italy and other European nations.

The healthcare system in San Marino is of a high standard, providing residents with access to a wide range of services, including general medical care, specialist treatment, and preventive care. Healthcare in San Marino is publicly funded, with the government offering health insurance to its citizens. The country has one hospital, the Hospital of Saint Marino, which provides comprehensive healthcare services, and many Sammarinese citizens also access healthcare services in nearby Italy.

Economy of San Marino

Key Industries

The economy of San Marino is small but highly developed, with key industries including finance, tourism, and manufacturing. The country has a well-established banking sector and is considered a financial hub due to its attractive tax policies and status as a low-tax jurisdiction. The financial services industry, including banking and insurance, plays a significant role in the country’s economy, and San Marino is known for offering services such as asset management and private banking to international clients.

Tourism is also a major contributor to the economy of San Marino. Its rich cultural heritage, medieval architecture, and scenic landscapes attract thousands of tourists each year. The country’s historical sites, including the Guaita fortress, the Basilica di San Marino, and the Palazzo Pubblico, along with the panoramic views from the Monte Titano, make it a popular destination for visitors from around the world. San Marino also enjoys close ties with Italy, which serves as an important source of tourists.

Manufacturing in San Marino is relatively diverse, including products such as textiles, ceramics, and electronics. While the manufacturing sector is not as large as those of neighboring countries, it contributes to the country’s economy, particularly in the export of high-quality goods to Italy and other European nations. Agriculture, while less significant in terms of economic output, is still important, especially in the production of wine, olive oil, and vegetables.

Economic Challenges

Although San Marino’s economy is relatively stable and prosperous, it faces certain challenges. One of the primary concerns is the country’s small domestic market, which limits the scale of its industries and makes it reliant on international trade. The banking and financial services sectors, while important, have also faced scrutiny due to concerns about money laundering and the use of the country as a tax haven. The government has worked to address these concerns by introducing reforms to improve transparency and align with international standards for financial regulation.

The country’s small size also means that it is heavily dependent on Italy for many goods and services, and the global economic climate has a significant impact on its economic performance. While tourism plays a crucial role, San Marino’s reliance on this sector makes it vulnerable to fluctuations in global travel and tourism trends, as seen in recent years due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Government of San Marino

Political System

San Marino is a republic with a political system based on a combination of democratic principles and traditional governance. The country’s head of state is the Captain Regent, a position that is held by two individuals who serve as co-heads of state for a six-month term. The Captain Regents are elected by the Grand and General Council, which is the country’s legislature, and they perform ceremonial duties, representing the nation at the international level.

The Grand and General Council is a unicameral legislature with 60 members, who are elected every five years by the citizens of San Marino. The council is responsible for passing laws and regulations, and it plays an important role in the country’s political life. The Prime Minister of San Marino, or the Secretary of State for Internal Affairs, is the head of government and is appointed by the Grand and General Council. The Prime Minister leads the executive branch and is responsible for the administration of the country.

San Marino’s political system is based on principles of direct democracy, with referendums held to decide important issues. The country has a long tradition of political participation, and the political system reflects a blend of modern democratic practices and historical forms of governance, which emphasize the role of the people and the community in decision-making.

Legal System

San Marino’s legal system is based on civil law, with its foundations rooted in the principles of Roman law. The legal system operates through a number of courts, including a Supreme Court of Justice, which is the highest court in the country and hears appeals from lower courts. The judiciary is independent, and its role is to interpret and apply the law impartially.

San Marino’s legal system is designed to ensure justice for all its citizens, and it is supplemented by traditional mechanisms of dispute resolution, especially within local communities. Laws in San Marino are enacted by the Grand and General Council, and the country has a modern legal framework that covers areas such as property rights, taxation, business regulation, and criminal law.

Culture of San Marino

Arts and Music

San Marino has a rich cultural heritage, with deep historical roots that reflect both its independence and its connection to Italy. The country is known for its well-preserved medieval architecture, which includes its iconic fortresses, churches, and city walls. Art and culture in San Marino are deeply connected to the island’s history, with frescoes, paintings, and sculptures often depicting the country’s past and the traditions of its people.

Music plays an important role in cultural life, with various festivals and performances taking place throughout the year. San Marino has a rich tradition of choral music, and its annual festivals, such as the San Marino Music Festival, celebrate classical and folk music. The country’s national anthem, “Inno Nazionale,” is an important part of public events, and traditional Samoran dance and folk music are still performed during festivals and community gatherings.

Festivals and Traditions

San Marino celebrates a variety of cultural festivals throughout the year, which are a mix of religious, historical, and community traditions. One of the most significant events is the Festa di San Marino, held on September 3rd to celebrate the country’s patron saint and the foundation of the republic. The festival features a variety of cultural performances, including music, dance, and reenactments of historical events.

The historical re-enactments of medieval events are a unique part of San Marino’s cultural traditions, with festivals such as the Palio di San Marino (San Marino Palio) showcasing historical processions, medieval games, and jousting tournaments. These events attract tourists and locals alike, offering a glimpse into the country’s long history.

Cuisine

San Marino’s cuisine is influenced by both its Italian roots and its unique local traditions. Typical dishes include pasta, olive oil, cheese, and fresh vegetables, with an emphasis on simple, wholesome ingredients. One of the most famous dishes is “Torta Tre Monti,” a dessert made from layers of chocolate, hazelnuts, and wafer, named after the three peaks of Mount Titano. The country’s wines, such as Sangiovese and Trebbiano, are also highly regarded, reflecting the fertile land and favorable climate for grape cultivation.

San Marino’s cuisine also includes dishes like “piadina” (Italian flatbread), various meat stews, and “cappelletti” (stuffed pasta), which are commonly served during festive occasions. Meals are typically enjoyed in a communal setting, emphasizing the importance of family and social bonds in the culture of San Marino.

San Marino Map