Namibia Facts

Namibia, state of southwestern Africa; 824,000 km², 2.4 million residents (2019).Namibia borders in the east to Botswana, in the south-east and south to South Africa, in the north to Angola and to the west coast to the Atlantic. The narrow Caprivi strip between Angola and Botswana extends Namibia to the Zambezi River and provides a short border to Zambia. The capital is Windhoek (325,800 residents, 2012).

Country facts

• Republic of Namibia / Republic of Namibia
• Country abbreviation: NA
• Area: 824 000 km²
• Population (2019): 2.4 million residents
• Capital: Windhoek
• Main languages: English, (ov) ambo
• State: Republic
• Head of State and Head of Government: Hage Geingob (President)
• Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 5,932
• GNI per capita (2018): US $ 5,250
• Currency unit: 1 Namibian dollar = 100 cents
• Currency code: NAD
• Country number (telephony): 264
• Internet Domain Name: na
• Time difference compared to Sweden: 0
• National Day: March 21 (Independence Day, 1990)

Nature

• Land use: forest (22%), agricultural land (1%), other (77%)
• Highest mountain: Brandberg (2,574 meters above sea level)

Population

• Population density (2019): 3 residents per km²
• Natural population growth (2019): 2.1%; birthrate 29 ‰, death count 8 ‰
• Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (37%), 15-64 (59%), 65- (4%)
• Life expectancy (2019): men 60 years, women 66 years
• Infant mortality (2019): 34 per 1,000 live births
• Population forecast 2050: 4 million residents
• HDI (2017): 0.647 (place 129 of 189)
• Urbanization rate (2019): 48%
• Most populous city (2012): Windhoek (325,800 residents)

Business

• Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (7%), industry (26%), service (67%)
• Exports (2017): US $ 3,995 million
• Main export products: diamonds, copper, gold
• Main exporting countries: South Africa, Botswana, Switzerland
• Imports (2017): US $ 5,384 million
• Main import products: food, oil products, machinery
• Main importing countries: South Africa
• Railway network (2014): 2 600 km

Geography of Namibia

Location

Namibia is located in the southern part of Africa, bordered by Angola to the north, Zambia to the northeast, Botswana to the east, and South Africa to the south. The western border of Namibia is formed by the Atlantic Ocean, making it one of the few African nations with a coastline. The country stretches approximately 1,300 kilometers (810 miles) from north to south and is known for its stunning natural landscapes, ranging from deserts to mountainous regions.

Topography

Namibia’s topography is incredibly diverse, with vast deserts, rugged mountains, and flat plains. The central and western parts of Namibia are dominated by the Namib Desert, one of the oldest deserts in the world. This desert is famous for its towering sand dunes, some of which are the tallest in the world, reaching heights of over 300 meters (984 feet). The Namib Desert is home to unique wildlife and is an iconic feature of the country’s landscape.

To the east, the topography changes to a more rugged terrain, where the Great Escarpment forms a natural boundary between the central plateau and the coastal plains. The highest point in Namibia is the Brandberg Mountain, which rises to 2,573 meters (8,409 feet) above sea level. The central plateau is home to fertile land, while the northern regions feature a mix of savannah and grassland. In the far northeast, the Zambezi River (formerly the Caprivi Strip) flows into the country, creating a wetland area that contrasts with much of the country’s dry environment.

Rivers and Water Bodies

Despite its generally arid climate, Namibia has several important rivers, most of which are crucial for agriculture, wildlife, and water supply. The Zambezi River forms part of Namibia’s northern border, and its tributaries provide water to the country’s north-eastern regions. The Okavango River is another significant water source, providing life to the Okavango Delta, one of the largest inland deltas in the world, though much of it lies in neighboring Botswana.

In central Namibia, the Orange River forms a natural boundary with South Africa. While it provides important water resources for agriculture, much of the river’s flow is irregular due to the country’s dry conditions. The country also has several ephemeral rivers, such as the Kuiseb and the Fish River, which only flow during the rainy season.

Natural Resources

Namibia is rich in natural resources, with abundant mineral deposits, particularly uranium, diamonds, and copper. The country’s diamond mines are some of the richest in the world, and Namibia is a leading producer of uranium. The country also has large deposits of zinc, gold, and lead. Agriculture plays a key role in Namibia’s economy, and the fertile areas in the central and northern parts of the country support the cultivation of crops like maize, millet, and wheat.

Climate of Namibia

Arid and Semi-Arid Climate

Namibia’s climate is predominantly arid to semi-arid, with significant regional variations. The coastal areas, influenced by the cold Benguela Current, experience a mild and dry climate with temperatures rarely exceeding 25°C (77°F). The coastal areas, such as Swakopmund and Walvis Bay, have foggy mornings and cooler temperatures throughout the year, which contrasts with the intense heat experienced further inland.

Inland areas experience more extreme temperatures, with hot summers and cooler winters. The central plateau and desert regions have a semi-arid climate, while the northern and eastern parts of the country, particularly along the Zambezi River, receive more rainfall. These areas have a more humid, tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons. Rainfall is highly variable, with most of the country receiving little precipitation, making Namibia one of the driest countries in sub-Saharan Africa.

Rainfall and Seasons

Rainfall in Namibia is erratic, with most of the country receiving annual precipitation of less than 250 millimeters (10 inches). The central and southern regions are particularly dry, while the northern and northeastern parts receive more rain, especially during the summer months from December to April. The country’s dry season lasts from May to October, with cooler temperatures in the evenings and early mornings. The rainy season can be unpredictable, with some years experiencing heavier rainfall than others, often leading to flooding in the northern regions.

Namibia’s climate is heavily influenced by the El Niño and La Niña weather patterns, which can exacerbate periods of drought or cause unusually heavy rainfall. Climate change is increasingly impacting the country, leading to more frequent droughts and shifting rainfall patterns, which have serious implications for agriculture and water resources.

People of Namibia

Population

Namibia has a population of approximately 2.5 million people, making it one of the least densely populated countries in the world. The country has a relatively small population in comparison to its large land area, with most people living in urban areas along the country’s borders or in the central regions. The capital and largest city, Windhoek, is the political and economic center of the country, housing a significant proportion of the population.

Ethnic Composition

Namibia is home to a diverse mix of ethnic groups. The largest ethnic group in Namibia is the Ovambo people, who make up around 50% of the population and live predominantly in the northern regions of the country. Other significant ethnic groups include the Kavango, Herero, Nama, Damara, and San people. Each ethnic group has its own unique language, culture, and traditions.

The indigenous San people, also known as Bushmen, have historically been marginalized, though they are recognized as the first inhabitants of Namibia. The Herero people are known for their distinct cultural practices, including traditional clothing and cattle herding, while the Nama and Damara people are primarily pastoralists and farmers.

Language

The official language of Namibia is English, which is used in government, education, and business. However, many Namibians speak multiple languages, and the country is home to several indigenous languages. Afrikaans, a remnant of Namibia’s colonial history under South Africa, is widely spoken as a second language, especially in urban areas. Other major languages include Oshiwambo, Kavango, Herero, and Nama. German, a legacy of German colonial rule, is also spoken by a small segment of the population, particularly in towns like Swakopmund.

Religion

Namibia is a religiously diverse country, with Christianity being the dominant religion. The majority of Namibians are Protestants, including members of various denominations such as Lutheran, Anglican, and Pentecostal. The Catholic Church also has a significant presence in the country. Indigenous religious beliefs and practices are still followed by some groups, and there is a small Muslim community, primarily made up of immigrants and their descendants.

Religious holidays, such as Christmas, Easter, and religious festivals specific to local communities, are widely observed across the country. The integration of Christianity with indigenous beliefs is a common feature in many Namibian communities, particularly in rural areas.

Economy of Namibia

Key Industries

Namibia’s economy is one of the most developed in sub-Saharan Africa, driven by its rich natural resources and export-oriented industries. The country’s mining sector is a cornerstone of its economy, with diamonds, uranium, and gold being the primary exports. Namibia is one of the top producers of high-quality diamonds, and its uranium mines make it one of the largest suppliers of uranium globally. The country’s rich mineral resources have attracted significant foreign investment, particularly from countries like China, South Africa, and Canada.

The agricultural sector is also important to Namibia’s economy, especially livestock farming and crop production. Cattle farming is particularly prominent, with the country’s beef and dairy industries being a significant source of export income. Namibia’s farming sector is also known for its large-scale game farming and hunting, which contribute to the country’s tourism sector.

Tourism

Tourism is a growing sector in Namibia, with its unique landscapes and wildlife attracting visitors from all over the world. The country is known for its national parks and conservation areas, such as Etosha National Park, home to a wide variety of wildlife including elephants, lions, and rhinos. The Namib Desert, with its iconic sand dunes at Sossusvlei, and the Skeleton Coast are also major tourist destinations.

Eco-tourism plays an important role in Namibia’s tourism sector, with several private game reserves and conservation projects promoting sustainable tourism. The country’s vast wilderness areas, wildlife, and adventure tourism opportunities, such as safaris, hiking, and camping, make it a top destination for nature lovers.

Trade and International Relations

Namibia is heavily reliant on trade, particularly with South Africa, its largest trading partner, and other countries in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The country exports minerals, agricultural products, and fish, while importing manufactured goods, fuel, and machinery. Namibia is a member of several regional and international organizations, including the SADC, the African Union (AU), and the World Trade Organization (WTO), and it has close ties with neighboring countries, especially in terms of trade and regional security.

Economic Challenges

Despite its natural wealth, Namibia faces several economic challenges, particularly high levels of poverty and inequality. The country has a relatively high unemployment rate, with many young people struggling to find work. The economy is heavily dependent on mineral exports, making it vulnerable to global commodity price fluctuations. The agricultural sector also faces challenges such as droughts, land degradation, and limited access to modern farming techniques.

Income inequality is a significant issue, with wealth concentrated in urban areas and among a small portion of the population. Land ownership remains a controversial topic, with a legacy of colonial and apartheid-era land dispossession that has yet to be fully addressed.

Government of Namibia

Political System

Namibia is a democratic republic with a multi-party system, and it operates under a constitution that was adopted in 1990, following independence from South Africa. The country’s political structure includes a President, who is both the head of state and head of government, and a bicameral legislature consisting of the National Assembly and the National Council. The President is elected for a five-year term and can serve two terms in office.

Executive Branch

The President of Namibia holds significant executive powers, overseeing the day-to-day operations of the government. The President is responsible for appointing the Cabinet, which includes ministers who head various government departments such as finance, health, and education. The President also plays a key role in foreign policy and national security. The Cabinet is tasked with implementing government policies and addressing the country’s developmental challenges.

Legislative Branch

Namibia’s legislature is bicameral, consisting of the National Assembly and the National Council. The National Assembly has 104 members, elected for five-year terms through a mixed-member proportional representation system. It is responsible for passing laws, approving the budget, and holding the executive accountable. The National Council consists of 42 members, who represent the 14 regions of Namibia. It serves as an advisory body, reviewing and suggesting amendments to legislation passed by the National Assembly.

Judiciary

Namibia’s judiciary is independent, and the country operates under a legal system based on Roman-Dutch law. The highest court in Namibia is the Supreme Court, which is responsible for hearing appeals and constitutional matters. Below the Supreme Court, there are lower courts such as the High Court and Magistrate’s Courts, which handle civil, criminal, and administrative cases. The judiciary plays a critical role in maintaining the rule of law, protecting human rights, and ensuring justice in the country.

Culture of Namibia

Traditional Culture

Namibian culture is diverse, shaped by the various ethnic groups that inhabit the country. The indigenous cultures of Namibia are rich in oral traditions, music, dance, and art. The Himba people, for example, are known for their distinctive appearance, with women painting their bodies with red ochre and creating intricate jewelry. The Herero people have a rich cultural heritage centered around cattle herding and farming, while the San people, one of the oldest ethnic groups in southern Africa, have a deep connection to the land and nature.

Arts and Crafts

Namibian art is a reflection of its diverse cultures and landscapes. Traditional crafts such as beadwork, pottery, and wood carving are common in many ethnic communities. The Namibian art scene also includes modern art, and the country’s galleries showcase a range of contemporary works. Many artists draw inspiration from the country’s natural beauty and wildlife, with landscapes, animals, and traditional symbols being popular themes.

Music and Dance

Music is an integral part of Namibian culture, and each ethnic group has its own traditional music styles, instruments, and dances. The country is known for its drumming traditions, with rhythmic music playing a central role in social events and ceremonies. Popular modern music genres in Namibia include kwaito, pop, and rock, and the country has a growing music industry that produces both traditional and contemporary music.

Cuisine

Namibian cuisine is influenced by the diverse ethnic groups in the country and the availability of local ingredients. Meat, particularly beef, goat, and game meat, plays a central role in Namibian dishes. Popular dishes include biltong (dried cured meat), kapana (street food-style grilled meat), and potjiekos (a stew made with meat and vegetables). Traditional bread, such as mahangu bread (made from millet), and stews are common staples. The cuisine varies between regions, with coastal areas known for seafood and inland areas offering more game meat and vegetables.

History of Namibia

Pre-Colonial Period

Namibia has a long history of human settlement, with the indigenous peoples, including the Khoisan, Bantu, and later groups such as the Herero, Ovambo, and Nama, inhabiting the area for thousands of years. These groups developed rich cultures, societies, and trading networks, often interacting with neighboring regions. The Khoisan people, particularly the San, are considered the earliest inhabitants of Namibia.

Colonial and Apartheid Era

In the late 19th century, Namibia was colonized by Germany and became part of German South West Africa. Under German rule, the indigenous population was subjected to forced labor and brutal repression. The Herero and Nama people led a rebellion against German forces between 1904 and 1907, resulting in a genocide that killed tens of thousands of people. After World War I, the League of Nations granted South Africa a mandate over Namibia, and the country became a de facto South African colony under apartheid, with severe racial segregation and discrimination.

Independence

Namibia’s struggle for independence was marked by armed resistance, particularly led by the South West Africa People’s Organization (SWAPO), which waged a guerrilla war against South African forces. After years of conflict and negotiations, Namibia gained independence on March 21, 1990, following the withdrawal of South African forces. Sam Nujoma, the leader of SWAPO, became the country’s first president. Namibia’s independence was a significant milestone in the broader context of African decolonization and the end of apartheid in Southern Africa.

Modern History

Since gaining independence, Namibia has worked to build a stable democracy and economy. The country has made progress in reducing poverty, improving infrastructure, and maintaining political stability. However, challenges such as unemployment, income inequality, and environmental degradation persist. Namibia remains an important player in regional affairs and continues to foster strong relations with neighboring countries and the international community. The country has also made strides in conservation and eco-tourism, balancing economic development with the protection of its unique natural heritage.

Namibia Map