Laos Facts

by countryaah · Published June 3, 2019 · Updated December 12, 2024

Laos, State of Southeast Asian Peninsula; 236,800 km², 7.1 million residents (2019).The Mekong, the peninsula’s largest river, forms most of Laos border with Thailand in the west, as does the border with Burma (Myanmar) in the northwest, while the highest parts of the Annamitic mountains make up most of the long border with Vietnam in the east. In the south, Laos has a short border with Cambodia and in the north a short border with China. The country is divided into 16 provinces and a prefecture, namely the metropolitan area of Vientiane with 620,200 residents (2015).

Country facts

Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao / Democratic People’s Republic of Laos
Country abbreviation: LA
Area: 236 800 km²
Population (2019): 7.1 million residents
Capital: Vientiane
Main language: lao
State: Republic
Head of State: Bounnhang Vorachit (President)
Head of Government: Thongloun Sisoulith
Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 2,568
GNI per capita (2018): US $ 2,460
Coin unit: 1 new chip = 100 at
Currency code: LAK
Country Dialing (Telephony): 856
Internet Domain Name: la
Time difference compared to Sweden: +6
National Day: December 2 (Proclamation of the People’s Republic, 1975)
Independence Day: July 21, 1954

Nature

Land use: forest (40%), agricultural land (4%), other (56%)
Highest mountain: Bia (2,820 m above sea level)
Longest river: Mekong (4,500 km)

Population

Population density (2019): 30 residents per km²
Natural population growth (2019): 1.6%; birth rate 24 ‰, death rate 8 ‰
Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (33%), 15-64 (63%), 65- (4%)
Life expectancy (2019): men 64 years, women 67 years
Infant mortality (2019): 40 per 1,000 live births
Population forecast 2050: 10 million residents
HDI (2017): 0.601 (place 139 of 189)
Urbanization rate (2019): 35%
Most populous city (2015): Vientiane (620,200 residents)

Business

Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (21%), industry (33%), service (46%)
Exports (2017): US $ 3 654 million
Main export products: wood products, coffee, electricity
Main exporting countries: Thailand, China, Vietnam
Imports (2017): US $ 4,976 million
Main import products: machinery, vehicles, fuel
Main importing countries: Thailand, China, Vietnam
Railway network: nothing in operation

Geography

Location and Borders

Laos is a landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by China to the north, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the southeast, Thailand to the west, and Myanmar to the northwest. Covering an area of approximately 237,955 square kilometers (91,875 square miles), Laos is one of the smaller countries in the region but is strategically located in the heart of mainland Southeast Asia. Its landlocked position has historically posed challenges for trade and communication, although Laos is situated along important regional routes, with close proximity to some of Southeast Asia’s most significant economic players, such as Thailand and China.

Laos’s borders with several neighboring countries, including the long border it shares with Vietnam, have shaped its historical and political relations, particularly in the context of regional conflicts, trade, and cultural exchanges. The country’s location also places it in a key position for the transportation of goods and people, though its mountainous terrain and the lack of coastal access have hindered its development compared to its more urbanized neighbors.

Physical Features

Laos is a predominantly mountainous country, with the Annamite Range running along the eastern edge of the country, separating it from Vietnam. The country is also home to a series of plateaus, valleys, and lowland areas, particularly in the central and southern regions. The Mekong River, one of Southeast Asia’s major rivers, forms a large portion of Laos’s western border with Thailand and serves as a crucial waterway for transportation, trade, and agriculture. The river is vital for the country’s economy, providing water for irrigation and hydroelectric power generation.

The country’s mountainous areas are sparsely populated, while the majority of the population lives in the lowland river valleys where the soil is more fertile, particularly in the region around the Mekong River. The northern part of Laos is more rugged and home to some of the country’s most remote areas, while the south is characterized by fertile plains and numerous rivers. Laos is also known for its natural beauty, including pristine forests, waterfalls, and limestone karsts, particularly in the southern and central regions.

Climate

Laos experiences a tropical monsoon climate, characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons. The wet season, which lasts from May to October, is influenced by the monsoon winds that bring heavy rainfall, especially to the eastern and southern parts of the country. During this time, the central and northern regions of Laos experience high humidity and frequent thunderstorms, while the lowland areas along the Mekong River face increased flooding and transportation difficulties due to rising water levels.

The dry season lasts from November to April, when temperatures rise significantly, particularly in the southern and central regions. The northern part of the country, due to its higher elevation, experiences cooler temperatures during the dry season, while the lowlands can become extremely hot. The dry season is typically the best time for travel and agricultural activity, with reduced rainfall and clearer skies. The temperature can vary greatly between the mountains and lowland areas, with temperatures in the mountains often dropping below freezing during the winter months.

The country’s tropical climate supports a wide range of flora and fauna, making Laos one of the most biodiverse countries in Southeast Asia, though deforestation and environmental degradation are growing concerns. Climate change, combined with deforestation and land-use changes, poses a challenge to Laos’s environmental sustainability, impacting agriculture, water resources, and the livelihoods of rural communities.

Natural Resources

Laos is rich in natural resources, with significant reserves of timber, minerals, and water. The country has vast forests, which provide timber for both domestic use and export. Timber extraction, however, has contributed to deforestation, which is a major environmental issue in the country. Laos also has substantial reserves of minerals, including gold, copper, and bauxite, with mining becoming an increasingly important sector in the country’s economy.

Hydropower is one of Laos’s most important natural resources, with the country having considerable potential for hydroelectric power generation. The Mekong River and its tributaries provide ample opportunities for the development of hydroelectric dams, and Laos is often referred to as the “Battery of Southeast Asia” due to its potential to produce electricity. The country has become a significant exporter of hydropower to its neighboring countries, particularly Thailand, though the environmental and social impacts of large-scale dam projects have raised concerns.

Agriculture remains central to Laos’s economy, with rice being the primary staple crop, along with maize, cassava, and a variety of fruits and vegetables. Livestock farming, including cattle and poultry, also contributes to the rural economy. However, Laos’s economy remains heavily reliant on natural resource extraction, with concerns about the environmental sustainability of such practices.

People

Population and Ethnic Composition

Laos has a population of approximately 7.3 million people. The country is ethnically diverse, with over 40 different ethnic groups, grouped into four main linguistic families: Lao, Mon-Khmer, Sino-Tibetan, and Tai-Kadai. The Lao ethnic group, which constitutes around 55% of the population, is the largest and is primarily concentrated in the lowland areas along the Mekong River. They are the dominant group in the country’s political, economic, and cultural spheres.

The remaining population includes a variety of indigenous groups, such as the Hmong, Khmu, and Tai, among others. Many of these groups live in the mountainous regions and maintain traditional lifestyles, relying on subsistence farming and hunting. The ethnic diversity of Laos is one of its defining characteristics, and each group has its own distinct language, customs, and traditions.

Ethnic minorities are concentrated in the highland areas, while the lowlands and major cities, such as Vientiane, the capital, and Luang Prabang, are predominantly populated by the Lao ethnic group. Many of these minority groups face challenges such as limited access to education, healthcare, and infrastructure, with the government focusing on programs aimed at reducing regional disparities and promoting integration.

Language

The official language of Laos is Lao, which belongs to the Tai-Kadai language family and is spoken by the majority ethnic group in the country. Lao is the language of government, education, and daily communication, and it is also the medium of instruction in schools and universities. The language is written in the Lao script, which is derived from the Khmer alphabet and is closely related to the Thai script.

In addition to Lao, there are numerous minority languages spoken throughout the country. These include languages from the Mon-Khmer and Sino-Tibetan language families, with Hmong, Khmu, and various other ethnic languages spoken by the diverse population. Many ethnic groups continue to use their traditional languages in daily life, particularly in rural and isolated areas, although Lao serves as a common language for communication between different groups.

English is increasingly spoken, particularly among younger generations and in urban areas, due to the country’s growing engagement with international trade and development. French, once the colonial language, is also still used by some older generations, although its influence has diminished since Laos gained independence in 1954.

Religion

Laos is a predominantly Buddhist country, with over 60% of the population adhering to Theravada Buddhism. Buddhism plays an essential role in Laos’s cultural and social life, shaping the country’s festivals, ceremonies, and daily routines. Buddhist monks are highly respected, and monasteries are central to community life, especially in rural areas. The Lao government officially supports Buddhism, and the religion is a crucial aspect of the nation’s identity.

In addition to Buddhism, there are small communities of Christians, Muslims, and animists in Laos. Christianity is mainly practiced by ethnic minorities, such as the Hmong and other groups in the northern regions. Islam is practiced by a small number of ethnic Malay and Cham people, mostly in the southern areas of the country. Animism, the belief in spirits and natural forces, is still prevalent among various ethnic groups, particularly in the mountainous regions, where traditional practices are combined with Buddhist beliefs.

Laos is officially secular, and religious freedom is guaranteed by the constitution, although there are restrictions on the practice of religion, particularly with regard to proselytization. The government has historically been cautious about religious groups that it views as a potential threat to national unity, and religious organizations are required to register with the government.

Economy

Key Industries

Laos has a mixed economy, with agriculture, mining, and hydropower being the primary sectors. The country is one of the poorest in Southeast Asia, with a GDP of approximately $19 billion, and it heavily relies on foreign aid and remittances. Agriculture remains central to the livelihoods of the majority of the population, with rice cultivation being the main agricultural activity. However, the country is transitioning towards a more diversified economy, with growth in industries such as mining, hydropower, and manufacturing.

Mining is an important industry in Laos, with the country being rich in natural resources such as gold, copper, and tin. The mining sector has seen significant growth in recent years, driven by both foreign investment and the development of large-scale projects. However, the country faces challenges related to environmental sustainability and the proper management of these resources.

Hydropower is one of Laos’s most promising industries, as the country has abundant water resources from its rivers. The government has invested heavily in developing hydropower projects, particularly along the Mekong River and its tributaries. Laos has become a net exporter of electricity, supplying neighboring countries such as Thailand, Vietnam, and Cambodia.

Agriculture and Livestock

Agriculture is the backbone of Laos’s economy, employing about 70% of the population. Rice is the staple crop, and the country is self-sufficient in rice production, with much of the crop grown in the fertile plains along the Mekong River. The country also produces other crops, including corn, cassava, vegetables, and fruits, with much of the agricultural output used for domestic consumption.

In addition to crop farming, livestock farming is an important part of the rural economy. Cattle, buffalo, pigs, and poultry are raised for food, with livestock farming providing a supplementary source of income for rural families. The country also produces traditional goods such as silk and handicrafts, which are important for the local economy and export market.

Laos faces challenges in modernizing its agricultural sector, as smallholder farmers often lack access to modern farming equipment, technology, and markets. The government has worked to promote rural development programs, focusing on agricultural productivity and improving the infrastructure needed to support farming communities.

Economic Challenges

Despite the country’s economic growth in recent years, Laos faces several significant challenges. Poverty remains widespread, particularly in rural areas, where most of the population depends on subsistence farming. The country’s infrastructure is underdeveloped, and access to healthcare, education, and other services is limited, particularly in remote areas.

Laos’s reliance on natural resource extraction, particularly hydropower and mining, has led to concerns about the environmental impact of these industries. Deforestation, water pollution, and land degradation are major environmental challenges, particularly in the wake of large-scale hydropower and mining projects.

Another key challenge is the country’s heavy dependence on foreign aid and remittances. Laos’s economic growth is closely tied to external investment, particularly from China and Thailand, which have been significant partners in infrastructure development and trade. The government has worked to promote industrial diversification, but the country remains vulnerable to external shocks, such as fluctuations in global commodity prices.

Government

Political System

Laos is a one-party socialist republic, with the Lao People’s Revolutionary Party (LPRP) holding a dominant position in the political system. The country has been governed by the LPRP since 1975, when it came to power after a communist revolution. The president of Laos serves as the head of state, while the prime minister is the head of government. The political system is tightly controlled by the party, and opposition parties are not permitted.

The government is highly centralized, with decision-making authority concentrated in the hands of the LPRP. The National Assembly, which is composed of 149 members, is the country’s legislative body, but it is largely seen as a rubber-stamp institution that supports the policies of the ruling party. The president and prime minister are elected by the National Assembly, and the LPRP plays a central role in appointing government officials at all levels.

Laos’s political system is often criticized for its lack of political pluralism, restrictions on free speech, and limited civil liberties. The government has been accused of repressing dissent and limiting the freedom of expression, particularly in the media and political activism. However, the LPRP maintains strong support in the country, particularly through its control over the economy, military, and key state institutions.

Legal System

The legal system of Laos is based on a combination of civil law, customary law, and socialist law. The judiciary is nominally independent, but in practice, the system is heavily influenced by the ruling party. The highest court in Laos is the People’s Supreme Court, which is responsible for interpreting and enforcing laws, but lower courts often function under the direction of the LPRP.

Laos’s legal framework has undergone significant reforms since the country adopted a new constitution in 1991, but challenges remain in terms of access to justice, transparency, and the protection of individual rights. Corruption within the legal system is a significant concern, particularly in rural areas where informal justice practices and customary law often take precedence over formal legal processes.

Foreign Policy

Laos’s foreign policy is shaped by its relationships with neighboring countries, particularly China, Vietnam, and Thailand. The country is a member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and the Greater Mekong Subregion Economic Cooperation Program, both of which provide opportunities for regional cooperation and trade.

China is one of Laos’s most important strategic and economic partners, with the two countries sharing a strong bilateral relationship, particularly in infrastructure development and trade. Laos has benefited from Chinese investment in large-scale projects, particularly in the areas of transportation and energy. However, Laos’s reliance on Chinese investment has raised concerns about debt sustainability and the country’s growing economic dependence on its powerful neighbor.

Vietnam, another key partner, shares historical and ideological ties with Laos, and the two countries have close political and economic relations. Thailand is an important trade partner, particularly for goods passing through Laos to Thailand’s ports.

Laos is also active in regional diplomacy, particularly in addressing issues related to water resources and cross-border trade in the Mekong River basin. However, its limited political freedoms and lack of transparency in governance have sometimes hindered its ability to influence international relations effectively.