History of Ashland County, Wisconsin

Ashland County, located in the northwestern part of Wisconsin, has a rich and diverse history that spans from its Native American origins to its modern-day role as a hub for tourism, agriculture, and industry. Established in 1860, Ashland County was initially a remote, forested area that attracted settlers during the mid-1800s, especially following the logging boom. The county’s history is deeply tied to the indigenous Ojibwe (Chippewa) peoples, European-American settlement, the timber industry, and the arrival of the railroad. Today, Ashland is known for its natural beauty, with expansive forests, Lake Superior shoreline, and historic sites that offer visitors a glimpse into the county’s past.

Origins of Ashland County

Early Inhabitants and Indigenous History

Before European settlers arrived in the region, Ashland County was inhabited by Native American tribes, most notably the Ojibwe (also known as the Chippewa). The Ojibwe people had lived in the Great Lakes region for centuries, thriving in the forests, rivers, and lakes. They relied on fishing, hunting, and gathering wild rice, along with trade networks that spanned vast distances across North America.

The Ojibwe played a crucial role in the fur trade, interacting with French, British, and later American traders. Ashland County, named after the city of Ashland, Ohio, was part of the extensive land claimed by the Ojibwe and their allies. The region became a critical trading area, especially after European settlers began to arrive in the early 19th century.

European Settlement and the Logging Era

The 19th century saw the arrival of European settlers, primarily from the eastern United States, along with waves of immigrants from Scandinavia, Germany, and other European countries. This period of settlement was fueled by the timber boom, as Ashland County was heavily forested and became a prime location for logging operations. The forests of Ashland County, particularly white pine, attracted lumberjacks and loggers, who played a significant role in the region’s early economy.

In the 1850s, settlers began establishing farms and businesses, while logging camps and sawmills sprang up along rivers like the Bad River. This era brought about the rapid clearing of forests, which had significant environmental and cultural consequences, including displacement of the Native American populations from their ancestral lands. The Ojibwe were relocated to reservations during this period, including the Bad River Reservation, which continues to play a role in Ashland County’s history today.

The Founding of Ashland County (1860)

Ashland County was officially founded in 1860, carved out of territory that had been part of Chippewa and La Pointe counties. The city of Ashland was established as the county seat, located along the shore of Lake Superior. This area, once a bustling timber hub, saw the construction of important infrastructure, including railroads, which helped facilitate further settlement and the growth of commerce.

The 1870s saw the completion of the railroad line connecting Ashland to Chicago and the rest of the United States. This connection made Ashland County an important stop for goods traveling to and from the Midwest, particularly timber and agricultural products. The city of Ashland became a major center for the lumber industry, and the surrounding land continued to be developed, although much of the once abundant forests were quickly depleted.

The Mining Boom and Economic Shifts

After the timber boom, Ashland County turned its attention to the extraction of natural resources, particularly iron ore. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, several mining operations were established, tapping into the rich mineral deposits of the region. This brought a second wave of industrial growth, with iron ore mining becoming one of the most important industries in the region.

The presence of iron ore led to the establishment of mining towns, such as Mellen, which saw rapid growth during the late 1800s. However, the decline of iron ore mining in the early 20th century led to a shift toward agriculture, tourism, and light industry as the primary economic drivers in Ashland County.

The Great Depression and Post-War Growth

Like many other rural areas in the United States, Ashland County was hit hard by the Great Depression of the 1930s. The timber and mining industries suffered, and agricultural production declined. In the 1940s, as the country emerged from the Great Depression, the post-World War II economy saw new growth in tourism. The region’s natural beauty and proximity to Lake Superior made it an ideal location for outdoor recreation, particularly fishing, boating, and hiking. This period marked a shift away from extractive industries and toward recreation and tourism, which continue to be integral parts of Ashland County’s economy today.

Modern Day Ashland County

Today, Ashland County is known for its picturesque landscapes, including the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore, Chequamegon National Forest, and the rugged shoreline of Lake Superior. The county is home to a number of state parks, trails, and outdoor recreational activities that draw tourists from all over the country. The Ojibwe heritage remains an important part of the county’s identity, with the Bad River Band of the Lake Superior Chippewa maintaining a strong presence in the region.

Ashland itself has developed into a vibrant community that combines its historical roots with modern-day amenities, including educational institutions, healthcare, and a diverse array of businesses. The county remains a hub for tourism, agriculture, and the arts, while also preserving its natural beauty and historical significance.

Key Historical Events

Logging and the Rise of Ashland as a Lumber Hub (Mid-1800s to 1900)

The arrival of European settlers in Ashland County during the 1850s and 1860s coincided with the height of the timber industry in the Midwest. Ashland became a major hub for logging operations, with loggers harvesting vast quantities of white pine, cedar, and other timber species. By the 1880s, Ashland had become one of the largest lumber ports on Lake Superior, with lumber shipments traveling via rail and water to markets across the United States and beyond.

The legacy of the logging era is still visible in Ashland County, with remnants of old logging camps, sawmills, and lumber baron mansions scattered throughout the region.

The Iron Ore Boom and Decline (Late 1800s to Early 1900s)

The late 19th century saw the rise of the iron ore industry in Ashland County, which added a new dimension to the area’s economy. The discovery of iron ore led to the creation of several mining operations, particularly in the town of Mellen, which became a center for mining activity. The industry boomed during the late 1800s but began to decline after the turn of the century, as mining operations faced declining ore quality and competition from more efficient operations in other parts of the United States. By the early 20th century, Ashland had shifted away from mining and returned to its roots in agriculture and tourism.

The Role of Ashland During the Great Depression (1930s)

Ashland County, like much of rural America, was hard-hit by the Great Depression. The collapse of both the timber and mining industries resulted in widespread economic hardship. Farmers struggled with falling crop prices, while many of the area’s businesses were forced to close. Despite these challenges, the area’s proximity to Lake Superior and its natural beauty helped lay the foundation for a future of outdoor tourism and recreation, which would become the county’s key economic driver in the post-World War II era.

Post-War Economic Growth and Tourism (1940s to Present)

In the decades following World War II, Ashland County saw a shift toward tourism and recreation as its primary economic driver. The county’s beautiful lakeshore, natural parks, and proximity to the Apostle Islands attracted visitors seeking outdoor adventure. New roads, infrastructure, and tourism facilities helped make Ashland County a popular destination for vacationers, especially those interested in fishing, boating, hiking, and camping.

In the 1970s, the creation of the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore and the establishment of several state parks helped cement Ashland’s role as a tourism hub. In recent years, the county has also capitalized on its artistic heritage, hosting events like the Ashland Bay Days festival and promoting its local arts community.

Historical Sites in Ashland County

1. The Ashland Depot Museum

Overview:
The Ashland Depot Museum is housed in a historic train depot, which was once the center of commerce and transportation in Ashland County. Built in 1892, the depot is a reminder of the importance of the railroad to the county’s development, particularly during the logging and iron ore mining booms. Today, the museum showcases artifacts from Ashland’s past, including displays about the timber industry, early transportation, and the growth of the city.

Location:
1200 Main Street West, Ashland, WI.

Ticket Price:
Free, donations appreciated.

Parking Information:
Free parking available on-site.

2. The Apostle Islands National Lakeshore

Overview:
The Apostle Islands National Lakeshore is one of Wisconsin’s most iconic natural sites. Located just offshore of Ashland, this group of 21 islands offers visitors an opportunity to explore pristine wilderness areas, historic lighthouses, and untouched beaches. The lakeshore has deep historical significance for both the Ojibwe people and early European settlers. It is a popular destination for boating, hiking, and camping.

Location:
Accessible by ferry from Bayfield, WI, or by private boat.

Ticket Price:
Entrance to the Apostle Islands is free, but some activities like the ferry ride and lighthouse tours may have a fee.

Parking Information:
Parking is available in Bayfield, with shuttle services to the islands.

3. The Chequamegon National Forest

Overview:
The Chequamegon National Forest is a vast, 1.5 million-acre forest that spans much of Ashland County. The forest is home to miles of trails for hiking, biking, and cross-country skiing, as well as a rich array of wildlife and plant species. The forest is also an important part of Ashland County’s history, with remnants of logging camps, early settler homesteads, and Native American sites scattered throughout the land.

Location:
Located throughout Ashland County.

Ticket Price:
Free to explore, though some activities may require a small fee (camping, trail access).

Parking Information:
Parking available at various trailheads and recreation areas.

Ashland County Facts

Geography and Climate

Ashland County is located in northwestern Wisconsin, bordered by Lake Superior to the north. The county is characterized by dense forests, rolling hills, and numerous rivers and lakes. The climate is continental, with cold winters and warm, humid summers. Snowfall is common during the winter months, making the area a popular destination for winter sports such as skiing and snowmobiling.

Key Facts

• Year Founded: 1860
• County Seat: Ashland
• Population: Approximately 16,000 (2020 Census)
• Population Density: 24 people per square mile
• Largest Cities:
  • Ashland
  • Mellen
• Major Highways:
  • U.S. Highway 2
  • U.S. Highway 63
  • Wisconsin Highway 13
• Adjacent Counties:
  • Bayfield County (north)
  • Iron County (south)
  • Price County (southeast)
  • Sawyer County (southwest)
  • Douglas County (west)