Haiti Facts

by countryaah · Published June 3, 2019 · Updated December 12, 2024

Haiti, State of the Caribbean; 27,750 km², 11.1 million residents (2019).Haiti covers the western part of the island of Hispaniola (also called Haiti) in the Greater Antilles. The capital is Port-au-Prince (928,000 residents, 2012).

Country facts

Republic of Haiti / Republic of Haiti
Country abbreviation: HT
Area: 27 750 km²
Population (2019): 11.1 million residents
Capital: Port-au-Prince
Main languages: French, Haitian
State: Republic
Head of State: Jovenel Moïse (President)
Head of Government: Jospeh Jouthe
Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 868
GNI per capita (2018): US $ 800
Currency unit: 1 gourde = 100 centimes
Currency code: HTG
Country number (telephony): 509
Internet Domain Name: ht
Time difference compared to Sweden: −6
National Day: January 1 (Independence Day, 1804)

Nature

Land use: forest (5%), agricultural land (33%), other (72%)
Highest mountain: La Selle (2,674 m asl)

Population

Population density (2019): 400 residents per km²
Natural population growth (2019): 1.6%; birthrate 25 ‰, death count 9 ‰
Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (34%), 15-64 (61%), 65- (5%)
Average life expectancy (2019): men 61 years, women 66 years
Infant mortality (2019): 59 per 1,000 live births
Population forecast 2050: 15 million residents
HDI (2017): 0.498 (place 168 of 189)
Urbanization rate (2019): 55%
Most populous city (2012): Port-au-Prince (928,000 residents)

Business

Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (22%), industry (20%), service (58%)
Exports (2017): US $ 980 million
Main export products: clothing, manufacturing
Main exporting countries: USA, Dominican Republic
Imports (2017): US $ 3,618 million
Main import products: food, oil products, machinery
Main importing countries: USA, China, Netherlands
Railway network: no railway network

Geography

Location and Borders

Haiti is located on the island of Hispaniola in the Caribbean Sea, which it shares with the Dominican Republic. Haiti occupies the western third of the island, while the Dominican Republic occupies the remaining two-thirds. The island of Hispaniola is situated between Cuba to the west and Puerto Rico to the east, making it a key geographic point in the Caribbean region. Haiti is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the north and the Caribbean Sea to the south. To the west, Haiti shares a land border with Cuba, and to the east, it shares its border with the Dominican Republic.

Haiti is a relatively small country, with an area of about 27,750 square kilometers, making it one of the smaller nations in the Caribbean. Its location places it within the hurricane belt, making it prone to severe storms, particularly during the hurricane season from June to November. The country’s geographical features, including rugged mountains and coastal plains, play a significant role in its culture and economy, with its rural areas typically located in the mountains and urban centers along the coastline.

Major Landforms

Haiti’s geography is characterized by mountainous terrain, with the central and northern regions being especially rugged. The country is part of the Caribbean’s mountainous belt, and the highest peak is Pic la Selle, which rises to 2,680 meters (8,793 feet) above sea level. This mountain range extends across the country and contributes to Haiti’s dramatic landscapes, which include deep valleys, hills, and ridges.

In addition to the mountains, Haiti has several rivers and a number of plains, particularly in the western and southern parts of the country. The Artibonite River, Haiti’s longest river, flows from the central plateau to the north, playing an essential role in the country’s agriculture. The country’s geography also includes coastal plains, particularly along the north and south coasts, which are vital for the nation’s economic activities, including agriculture and fishing.

Haiti’s terrain, while beautiful, also poses challenges for infrastructure development and accessibility. Many rural areas are difficult to reach due to the mountainous landscape, and this has contributed to challenges in terms of transportation, economic development, and the provision of services. These natural barriers have influenced settlement patterns, with the population largely concentrated in urban areas, particularly the capital city, Port-au-Prince.

Rivers and Lakes

Haiti is home to several important rivers, many of which originate from the mountains and flow through the valleys into the sea. The Artibonite River is the most significant river in Haiti, flowing from the central plateau to the Atlantic Ocean. It is critical for irrigation, agriculture, and transportation, and it serves as a primary water source for many Haitians.

Other significant rivers in Haiti include the Grande Rivière de Nippes, which flows through the southern part of the country, and the Rivière de Jacmel, which flows near the southeastern coast. These rivers provide water for agriculture and support local communities, though they are often subject to flooding, particularly during the rainy season.

In addition to rivers, Haiti has several lakes, including Lake Péligre, which is an important freshwater lake formed by a large dam. It plays a role in both irrigation and the production of hydroelectric power, which is an essential resource for the country. Lakes like these are vital to Haiti’s economy, providing water for drinking, agriculture, and industry.

Climate

Tropical Climate Zone

Haiti has a tropical climate, with distinct wet and dry seasons. The climate is influenced by the country’s proximity to the Caribbean and its mountainous terrain. The coastal areas experience warm temperatures year-round, while the highlands enjoy a cooler, more temperate climate. The average temperature in coastal areas is about 25°C to 30°C (77°F to 86°F), while temperatures in the mountains can be cooler, ranging from 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F).

The wet season in Haiti generally lasts from May to October, with the heaviest rains occurring in the months of August and September. During this time, the country experiences frequent thunderstorms, heavy rainfall, and the risk of hurricanes. Haiti’s mountainous terrain makes it prone to landslides and flooding during the rainy season, which can cause significant damage to infrastructure and agriculture.

The dry season, from November to April, is characterized by lower rainfall and hotter conditions. During this time, the country is more vulnerable to droughts, which can severely affect water supply and agricultural productivity, particularly in rural areas. The combination of flooding during the wet season and droughts in the dry season creates a challenging climate for agriculture and economic stability.

Seasonal Variation

Haiti experiences two distinct seasons: the wet season, which lasts from May to October, and the dry season, from November to April. The wet season is crucial for replenishing the country’s water resources and supporting agriculture, particularly the cultivation of crops like rice, corn, and beans. However, heavy rainfall during this period can lead to flooding, which disrupts transportation and damages crops and infrastructure.

During the dry season, the absence of rainfall places stress on the country’s water resources. The prolonged dry period often results in water shortages, which can limit agricultural production, reduce food security, and increase the likelihood of wildfires. The dry season also leads to an increased risk of tropical storms and hurricanes, which can cause devastation to the already fragile infrastructure and agriculture.

People

Demographics

Haiti has a population of approximately 11 million people, making it the most populous country in the Caribbean. The population is predominantly of African descent, with a history tied to the transatlantic slave trade. The majority of Haitians are descendants of enslaved Africans brought to the island during the colonial period, and they have preserved a rich cultural heritage that combines African, French, and indigenous Taíno influences.

Haiti’s population is youthful, with a large proportion of people under the age of 30. However, the country faces significant challenges related to urbanization, with a large portion of the population living in poverty and relying on subsistence farming. The population is highly concentrated in the capital, Port-au-Prince, which is the largest urban center in the country. Other major cities include Cap-Haïtien in the north and Les Cayes in the south, though much of the population resides in rural areas.

Haiti has a relatively low population density compared to other Caribbean nations, but its population is distributed unevenly, with the rural population living primarily in the central and northern regions. The country’s high population growth rate, coupled with limited economic opportunities, has led to significant challenges in terms of infrastructure, education, healthcare, and employment.

Language and Religion

The official languages of Haiti are Haitian Creole (Kreyòl Ayisyen) and French. Haitian Creole, which is spoken by the vast majority of the population, is a blend of French, African languages, and elements of the indigenous Taíno language. It is the language of everyday communication for most Haitians, while French is used in government, education, and formal contexts.

Haitian Creole is an essential part of the national identity, and its development has been closely tied to Haiti’s history of slavery and independence. Despite being a French-based creole, it has its own grammar and vocabulary, which makes it distinct from standard French. Haitian Creole has been a symbol of resistance and cultural pride, and its use has become more widespread, especially in the wake of efforts to promote literacy in the language.

Religion in Haiti is predominantly Christian, with Roman Catholicism being the largest religious group. However, Protestantism, particularly evangelical Christianity, has grown significantly in recent decades. Haitian Vodou, an Afro-Caribbean religion, also plays a central role in Haitian culture. Although Vodou is often misunderstood and misrepresented, it remains a key aspect of Haitian spirituality, particularly in rural areas where traditional beliefs are still practiced.

Economy

Economic Overview

Haiti has a mixed economy, but it faces numerous challenges that hinder growth and development. The country’s economy is primarily based on agriculture, with crops such as sugar, coffee, rice, corn, and beans playing a major role in the agricultural sector. However, many of the country’s agricultural industries face significant challenges, including the effects of natural disasters, lack of infrastructure, and inadequate access to markets.

Haiti also has a small but growing manufacturing sector, primarily focused on textiles, which benefits from trade agreements such as the Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI) that allows for preferential access to U.S. markets. Other industries in the country include cement production, handicrafts, and food processing. Despite these efforts to diversify the economy, Haiti remains one of the poorest countries in the Western Hemisphere, with a large portion of the population living below the poverty line.

The services sector in Haiti is underdeveloped, and much of the population is employed in informal work, including street vending and subsistence farming. Tourism also plays a role in the country’s economy, with visitors drawn to Haiti’s cultural heritage, historical sites, and natural beauty. However, political instability, infrastructure challenges, and security concerns have limited the growth of the tourism industry.

Challenges and Opportunities

Haiti faces significant economic challenges, including political instability, poverty, and weak infrastructure. The country’s economy has been further strained by the impact of natural disasters, such as the devastating earthquake in 2010, which caused extensive damage to infrastructure, homes, and businesses. Chronic unemployment, limited access to education and healthcare, and widespread inequality are major factors that hinder Haiti’s development.

Despite these challenges, Haiti has opportunities for growth in several key sectors. Agriculture remains an area of significant potential, as the country’s fertile soil and favorable climate offer opportunities for increased food production. The textile and manufacturing sectors have also shown promise, and there is potential for further growth in areas such as renewable energy, ecotourism, and digital industries.

International aid and investment have played a role in the country’s recovery and development efforts, particularly in the aftermath of natural disasters. While challenges remain, there are signs of progress, particularly in the areas of infrastructure improvement, education, and healthcare.

Government

Political Structure

Haiti is a republic with a presidential system of government. The president serves as both the head of state and head of government, with significant executive powers. The president is elected for a five-year term and can serve two consecutive terms, although this is subject to political dynamics and legal challenges. The president is responsible for overseeing the executive branch, making appointments, and directing government policy.

The legislative branch of Haiti consists of a bicameral parliament, which includes the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. The Chamber of Deputies is composed of 119 members who serve four-year terms, while the Senate consists of 30 members who serve six-year terms. The parliament plays a critical role in passing laws, approving the budget, and holding the government accountable.

Haiti’s judicial system is based on civil law, and the judiciary is independent of the executive and legislative branches. However, the judiciary has faced criticism for inefficiency and corruption, which has undermined the country’s ability to uphold the rule of law and ensure justice for its citizens.

Political History

Haiti has a long and complex political history marked by periods of dictatorship, military rule, and political instability. Haiti was the first nation in the Americas to gain independence, achieving freedom from France in 1804 after a successful slave revolt. However, the country has struggled with political instability since its founding, with frequent changes in government, military coups, and periods of authoritarian rule.

In the 20th century, Haiti experienced several dictatorships, including the infamous regime of François “Papa Doc” Duvalier and his son Jean-Claude “Baby Doc” Duvalier. The Duvalier family ruled Haiti with an iron fist, using violence, repression, and corruption to maintain control. The end of the Duvalier regime in 1986 marked the beginning of a period of democratic reforms, but political instability persisted.

In recent years, Haiti has faced challenges related to political corruption, governance, and social unrest. The country’s fragile democratic institutions have been tested by political divisions, and the population has struggled to address the country’s profound economic and social issues. Despite these difficulties, efforts at political reform continue, with international organizations and the Haitian people working to promote stability, governance, and economic development.

Culture

Art and Music

Haitian culture is rich and diverse, shaped by the country’s history of slavery, colonialism, and independence. Haitian art is widely recognized for its vibrant colors, bold imagery, and portrayal of Haitian history, folklore, and spirituality. Haitian paintings often depict scenes of everyday life, religious figures, and historical events, with artists using a variety of mediums, including oil paints, watercolors, and mixed media.

Haitian music is an essential aspect of the nation’s cultural expression, with genres such as kompa, rara, and mizik rasin playing prominent roles in the country’s music scene. Kompa, a popular dance music style, blends Afro-Haitian rhythms with Western influences, while rara is a form of traditional Haitian music often played during religious festivals and celebrations. Mizik rasin, or “roots music,” blends traditional Haitian sounds with reggae, jazz, and other international influences, reflecting the dynamic and evolving cultural landscape of Haiti.

Festivals and Cuisine

Haiti is known for its vibrant festivals, many of which are rooted in the country’s religious and cultural traditions. The most significant festival is Carnival, which takes place in the weeks leading up to Lent. Carnival is marked by parades, music, dancing, costumes, and street parties, with celebrations held in cities and towns across the country. Other important festivals include Fête de la Musique, celebrating Haitian music, and the Day of the Dead, which blends Catholic and Vodou traditions.

Haitian cuisine is a fusion of African, French, and indigenous influences. Rice and beans are staples of the diet, often served with meats such as chicken, goat, or pork. Popular dishes include griot (fried pork), marinated fish, and haitian soup joumou, a pumpkin soup traditionally eaten on New Year’s Day to celebrate Haiti’s independence. The food is flavored with a variety of spices, such as garlic, thyme, and scotch bonnet peppers, giving Haitian cuisine a unique and bold flavor profile.

Literature and Cinema

Haitian literature has a strong oral tradition, with storytelling playing an essential role in the culture. Written literature in Haiti gained prominence in the 19th century, with authors such as Jacques Roumain and Edwidge Danticat offering insight into the struggles of the Haitian people. Roumain’s novel Gouverneurs de la Rosée (Masters of the Dew) is considered one of Haiti’s literary classics, while Danticat’s Breath, Eyes, Memory explores themes of identity, trauma, and the immigrant experience.

Haitian cinema is relatively young but has gained recognition in the global film community. Haitian filmmakers explore themes of identity, political struggle, and the experiences of the Haitian diaspora. Haitian films such as The Agronomist and I Am Not Your Negro offer powerful reflections on the country’s history and social issues. Despite challenges related to funding and infrastructure, Haitian cinema continues to grow, serving as an important medium for expressing the nation’s history and contemporary struggles.