Albania Facts

by countryaah · Published June 3, 2019 · Updated December 12, 2024

Albania, state on the western part of the Balkan Peninsula in southeastern Europe; 29,000 km², 2.9 million residents (2019).Albania borders in the north to Kosovo, in the northwest to Montenegro, in the east to northern Macedonia, in the south to Greece, in the southwest to the Ionian Sea and in the west to the Adriatic. The capital is Tirana (587 100 residents, 2012).

Country facts

Republika e Shiqërisë / Republic of Albania
Country abbreviation: AL
Area: 29 000 km²
Population (2019): 2.9 million residents
Capital: Tirana
Main language: Albanian
State: Republic
Head of State: Ilir Meta (President)
Head of Government: Edi Rama
Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 5,254
GNI per capita (2018): US $ 4,860
Currency unit: 1 game = 100 qindarka
Currency code: ALL
Country number (telephony): 355
Internet Domain Name: al
Time difference compared to Sweden: 0
National Day: November 28 (Independence Day, 1912)

Nature

Land use: forest (38%), agricultural land (26%), other (36%)
Highest mountain: Korab (2,764 m asl)

Population

Population density (2019): 100 residents per km²
Natural population growth (2019): 0.2%; birth rate 10 ‰, death rate 8 ‰
Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (17%), 15-64 (69%), 65- (14%)
Life expectancy (2019): men 77 years, women 81 years
Infant mortality (2019): 9 per 1,000 live births
Population forecast 2050: 2 million residents
HDI (2017): 0.785 (place 68 of 188)
Urbanization rate (2019): 43%
Most populous cities (2012): Tirana (587 100 residents), Durrës (168 200), Vlorë (124 400)

Business

Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (22%), industry (24%), service (54%)
Exports (2017): US $ 901 million
Main export products: textiles, asphalt, metals
Main exporting countries: Italy, Kosovo, Spain
Imports (2017): US $ 4 103 million
Main import products: vehicles, food, textiles
Main importing countries: Italy, Turkey, Greece
Railway network (2015): 677 km

Albania, a vibrant nation nestled in the heart of the Balkans, is a country of remarkable diversity and rich cultural heritage. Bordered by Montenegro to the northwest, Kosovo to the northeast, North Macedonia to the east, and Greece to the south, Albania extends its picturesque landscapes to the Adriatic and Ionian Seas in the west and southwest, respectively. This comprehensive exploration delves into Albania’s geography, climate, people, economy, government, culture, and history, providing an in-depth understanding of a nation that harmoniously blends ancient traditions with modern aspirations.

Geography

Location and Borders

Albania is strategically located on the Balkan Peninsula in Southeast Europe. It occupies a unique position that bridges Western Europe with the Mediterranean and Eastern Europe. The country spans approximately 28,748 square kilometers (11,100 square miles), featuring a diverse array of landscapes that include rugged mountains, fertile plains, and stunning coastlines. Albania shares its borders with Montenegro to the northwest, extending from the Adriatic Sea to the northern reaches of the Albanian Alps. To the northeast lies Kosovo, a region with strong historical and cultural ties to Albania. North Macedonia borders Albania to the east, while Greece lies to the south, with the Ionian Sea forming a natural boundary to the west.

Topography and Natural Features

Albania’s topography is characterized by its mountainous terrain, which accounts for about 70% of the country’s area. The Albanian Alps, also known as the Prokletije, dominate the northern landscape, offering some of the most dramatic and rugged scenery in Europe. These mountains are not only a haven for hikers and nature enthusiasts but also play a crucial role in the country’s climate and hydrology. The central region of Albania is marked by rolling hills and fertile valleys, which are pivotal for agriculture and settlement.

The coastal regions along the Adriatic and Ionian Seas boast beautiful beaches, crystal-clear waters, and picturesque bays. The Albanian Riviera, in particular, is renowned for its stunning seaside landscapes and vibrant tourism industry. Inland, Albania is dotted with numerous rivers and lakes, including the Shkumbin River and Lake Ohrid, which is one of the deepest and oldest lakes in Europe. The country also features several karst landscapes, characterized by limestone formations, caves, and underground rivers, adding to its geological diversity.

Flora and Fauna

Albania’s diverse ecosystems support a rich variety of flora and fauna. The country is home to approximately 5,500 species of plants, making it one of the most biodiverse countries in Europe relative to its size. The mountainous regions are dominated by deciduous and coniferous forests, with species such as oak, beech, pine, and fir being prevalent. These forests provide habitats for a wide range of wildlife, including bears, wolves, lynxes, and the rare Balkan lynx.

Albania’s rivers and lakes are teeming with aquatic life, including various species of fish like trout, carp, and eels. The coastal areas support marine biodiversity, with the Adriatic and Ionian Seas hosting numerous species of fish, mollusks, and crustaceans. Birdlife is particularly abundant, with Albania serving as a crucial stopover point for migratory birds traveling between Europe and Africa. The country’s commitment to preserving its natural heritage is evident in its extensive network of national parks and protected areas, which safeguard critical habitats and endangered species.

Climate

General Climate Overview

Albania experiences a Mediterranean climate along its coastal areas, characterized by mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. In contrast, the inland regions, particularly the mountainous areas, have a more continental climate with colder winters and warmer summers. This climatic diversity is a direct result of Albania’s varied topography, which influences temperature patterns and precipitation distribution across the country.

Seasonal Variations

Spring: Spring in Albania is a season of renewal, marked by gradually warming temperatures and blossoming flora. The countryside transforms into a vibrant tapestry of colors as wildflowers bloom and trees regain their foliage. This season is ideal for outdoor activities, such as hiking and exploring the country’s natural beauty, as the weather becomes increasingly pleasant.

Summer: Summers in Albania are typically hot and dry, especially along the coastal regions. Average temperatures can range from 25°C to 35°C (77°F to 95°F) in July and August, creating perfect conditions for beach tourism and water sports. Inland areas may experience slightly cooler temperatures, making them attractive destinations for those seeking respite from the coastal heat. The extended daylight hours during summer also contribute to a lively social scene and numerous cultural events.

Autumn: Autumn brings cooler temperatures and a gradual return of rainfall. The changing colors of the leaves add to the scenic beauty of Albania’s landscapes. This season is characterized by a serene atmosphere, with reduced tourist activity and an emphasis on local harvests. The weather remains mild, making it a favorable time for agricultural activities and exploring historical sites without the summer crowds.

Winter: Winters in Albania vary significantly between regions. Coastal areas experience relatively mild winters, with temperatures rarely dropping below freezing, while the mountainous regions can see heavy snowfall and temperatures plummet below 0°C (32°F). The winter season is crucial for Albania’s ski resorts, such as those in the Dajti and Korab mountains, which attract both local and international tourists. Despite the colder weather, coastal cities remain accessible and maintain a level of activity throughout the winter months.

Extreme Weather and Natural Hazards

Albania is occasionally subjected to extreme weather events, including heavy rainfall, flooding, and storms, particularly in the autumn and spring months. The country’s mountainous terrain can exacerbate these conditions, leading to landslides and flash floods in vulnerable areas. Additionally, Albania is seismically active, lying in a region prone to earthquakes. While significant seismic events are relatively rare, they pose a risk to infrastructure and require ongoing preparedness and resilience planning. Climate change is also impacting Albania, with rising temperatures and changing precipitation patterns potentially altering the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events in the future.

People

Demographics

Albania has a population of approximately 2.8 million people, with the majority residing in urban areas. The capital city, Tirana, is the largest urban center, home to over half of the country’s population. Other significant cities include Durrës, Vlorë, Elbasan, and Shkodër. The population density varies, with the densely populated coastal regions and the capital contrasting with the sparsely inhabited mountainous areas. Albania’s demographic profile reflects a relatively young population, although like many European countries, it is experiencing gradual aging due to declining birth rates and increasing life expectancy.

Language and Ethnicity

The official language of Albania is Albanian, which has two main dialects: Tosk, spoken in the south, and Gheg, spoken in the north. Albanian is an Indo-European language with its own unique branch, making it linguistically distinct from its neighboring languages. In addition to Albanian, minority languages such as Greek, Macedonian, and Romani are spoken by various ethnic communities within the country. Ethnically, Albania is predominantly homogeneous, with Albanians constituting the vast majority. Minor ethnic groups include Greeks, Macedonians, Roma, and Montenegrins, each contributing to the cultural mosaic of the nation.

Education and Literacy

Education is highly valued in Albanian society, with a well-established education system that includes primary, secondary, and tertiary levels. The literacy rate in Albania is impressively high, nearing 97%, which reflects the country’s commitment to education and human capital development. The education system has undergone significant reforms since the fall of communism, aiming to align with European standards and improve the quality of instruction. Universities such as the University of Tirana and the Polytechnic University of Tirana are prominent institutions that offer a wide range of academic programs and contribute to research and innovation. Additionally, Albania places emphasis on vocational training and lifelong learning to equip its workforce with the necessary skills for a modern economy.

Health and Welfare

Albania’s healthcare system is a mix of public and private services, with universal healthcare coverage provided through a social insurance scheme. The country has made substantial progress in improving healthcare infrastructure and access to medical services since the 1990s. Public hospitals and clinics are available throughout the country, complemented by a growing private healthcare sector that offers specialized services. Albania faces challenges such as healthcare disparities between urban and rural areas, limited resources, and the need for ongoing modernization of medical facilities. The government continues to prioritize healthcare reforms to enhance the quality and accessibility of services, aiming to improve overall public health and well-being.

Economy

Economic Overview

Albania’s economy has undergone significant transformation since the transition from a centrally planned economy to a market-oriented system in the early 1990s. Today, Albania is classified as an upper-middle-income country, with steady economic growth driven by various sectors such as services, industry, and agriculture. The country’s strategic location along the Adriatic and Ionian Seas enhances its role in regional trade and logistics, while ongoing infrastructure projects aim to further integrate Albania into the global economy. Despite progress, Albania faces challenges including high unemployment rates, regional economic disparities, and the need for continued structural reforms to foster sustainable growth.

Key Sectors

Agriculture

Agriculture remains a vital component of Albania’s economy, employing a significant portion of the population, particularly in rural areas. The sector is characterized by small-scale farming, with key products including fruits, vegetables, olives, and grapes. Albania’s fertile soil and favorable climate conditions support diverse agricultural activities, contributing to both domestic consumption and export markets. Efforts to modernize agriculture through improved irrigation, access to credit, and adoption of sustainable farming practices are ongoing, aimed at increasing productivity and ensuring food security.

Industry

The industrial sector in Albania has diversified over the past few decades, encompassing industries such as textiles, footwear, food processing, and construction materials. Manufacturing contributes to the country’s GDP and provides employment opportunities, particularly for women in the textile and garment industries. Albania has also seen growth in the energy sector, with investments in hydroelectric power and renewable energy sources. The development of infrastructure, including roads, ports, and energy facilities, supports industrial expansion and enhances the competitiveness of Albanian products in international markets.

Services

The services sector is the largest contributor to Albania’s GDP, accounting for over 60% of economic output. Key areas within the services sector include tourism, banking, telecommunications, and retail. Tourism, in particular, has experienced rapid growth, driven by Albania’s natural beauty, historical sites, and emerging reputation as a tourist destination. The country’s banking and financial services have also expanded, with increased foreign investment and the establishment of modern financial institutions. The growth of the digital economy and information technology services presents additional opportunities for economic diversification and innovation.

Trade and Commerce

Albania’s trade landscape is marked by its integration into the global economy and its strategic partnerships within the European Union (EU) and neighboring countries. The country exports a variety of goods, including textiles, footwear, mineral products, and agricultural products, while importing machinery, chemicals, fuels, and consumer goods. Albania has actively pursued trade agreements and economic partnerships to enhance its market access and promote exports. The country’s aspirations to join the EU have further driven trade reforms and alignment with European standards, facilitating smoother commercial exchanges and attracting foreign investment.

Economic Challenges and Opportunities

Despite notable progress, Albania faces several economic challenges that need to be addressed to ensure sustained growth and development. High unemployment rates, particularly among youth, pose significant social and economic concerns. Corruption and bureaucratic inefficiencies continue to hinder business operations and foreign investment. Additionally, the country must address infrastructure deficits and improve the business environment to foster entrepreneurship and innovation.

However, Albania also holds considerable opportunities for economic advancement. The burgeoning tourism sector offers potential for increased revenue and job creation, particularly if the country continues to invest in marketing and infrastructure development. Renewable energy presents a promising avenue for sustainable growth, given Albania’s abundant hydroelectric and wind resources. Furthermore, digital transformation and the expansion of the information technology sector can drive modernization and competitiveness in the global marketplace. By addressing existing challenges and capitalizing on these opportunities, Albania can pave the way for a resilient and prosperous economy.

Government

Political System

Albania is a parliamentary republic with a multi-party system, characterized by democratic governance and the separation of powers. The political landscape is defined by a balance between executive, legislative, and judicial branches, ensuring checks and balances within the government structure. The country has made significant strides in strengthening its democratic institutions since the fall of communism, fostering greater political stability and accountability.

Legislative Structure

The legislative authority in Albania is vested in the Parliament, known as the Kuvendi. The Kuvendi is a unicameral body composed of 140 members elected through a proportional representation system for four-year terms. The Parliament is responsible for enacting laws, approving the national budget, and overseeing the executive branch. It plays a crucial role in shaping national policies, representing the interests of the populace, and ensuring governmental transparency and accountability.

Executive Branch

The executive branch is led by the President and the Prime Minister. The President of Albania is the head of state, elected by the Parliament for a five-year term, and serves as a ceremonial figurehead with limited executive powers. The Prime Minister, appointed by the President and approved by the Parliament, is the head of government and wields significant executive authority. The Prime Minister oversees the cabinet, implements laws, and directs national policy. The government is responsible for the administration of public services, economic management, and the implementation of legislative initiatives.

Judicial System

Albania’s judicial system is designed to uphold the rule of law and ensure justice through an independent judiciary. The system comprises several levels of courts, including local courts, appellate courts, and the Supreme Court of Albania, which is the highest judicial authority. Additionally, there is a Constitutional Court responsible for safeguarding the constitution and reviewing the constitutionality of laws and government actions. Efforts to reform the judiciary have focused on enhancing independence, reducing corruption, and improving efficiency to build public trust in the legal system.

International Relations

Albania maintains active diplomatic relations with countries around the world and is a member of numerous international organizations, including the United Nations (UN), North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and the World Trade Organization (WTO). The country is also a candidate for European Union (EU) membership, with ongoing accession negotiations aimed at aligning Albanian laws and standards with those of the EU. Albania’s foreign policy emphasizes regional cooperation, economic integration, and the promotion of democratic values and human rights. The country plays a pivotal role in the Western Balkans, advocating for stability, development, and reconciliation in the region.

Culture

Language and Literature

The Albanian language is a cornerstone of national identity, with its unique linguistic heritage reflecting the country’s historical and cultural evolution. Albanian literature boasts a rich tradition that spans centuries, encompassing epic poetry, folk tales, and modern literary works. Prominent Albanian writers such as Ismail Kadare have gained international recognition, contributing to the global literary landscape with their exploration of themes like history, identity, and social change. Contemporary literature continues to thrive, with emerging authors addressing contemporary issues and preserving the cultural narrative of Albania.

Arts and Music

Albanian arts and music are vibrant expressions of the country’s cultural diversity and historical influences. Traditional music, characterized by its use of folk instruments like the çifteli and lahuta, plays a significant role in cultural celebrations and community gatherings. Regional musical styles vary, reflecting the distinct cultural practices of different areas. In the realm of visual arts, Albanian artists blend traditional motifs with modern techniques, creating works that resonate both locally and internationally. The performing arts scene, including theater, dance, and cinema, is dynamic and continues to evolve, showcasing the creativity and talent of Albanian artists.

Traditional Crafts and Handicrafts

Albania’s rich tradition of craftsmanship is evident in its diverse array of traditional crafts and handicrafts. Artisans engage in woodworking, pottery, embroidery, and metalwork, preserving age-old techniques while incorporating contemporary designs. These crafts are not only cultural expressions but also contribute to the local economy through tourism and artisanal markets. Traditional Albanian costumes, with their intricate embroidery and vibrant colors, are a notable example of the country’s rich artisanal heritage, often showcased during cultural festivals and celebrations.

Cuisine

Albanian cuisine reflects the country’s geographical diversity and historical influences, blending Mediterranean flavors with Balkan and Ottoman culinary traditions. The diet is rich in fresh vegetables, fruits, grains, and dairy products, with seafood being prominent in coastal areas. Signature dishes include byrek (savory pastries), tave kosi (baked lamb with yogurt), and fërgesë (a stew of peppers, tomatoes, and cheese). Olive oil, locally produced and widely used, is a staple ingredient that enhances the flavors of Albanian dishes. The cuisine emphasizes simplicity and the use of high-quality, locally sourced ingredients, celebrating the natural bounty of the land and sea.

Festivals and Celebrations

Albania’s cultural calendar is filled with festivals and celebrations that highlight the country’s traditions, history, and communal spirit. Events such as the National Folk Festival in Gjirokastër showcase traditional music, dance, and costumes, attracting visitors from around the world. The Summer Day festival (Dita e Verës) celebrates the arrival of spring with feasts, dances, and cultural performances. Additionally, religious festivals, including Christmas, Easter, and various saints’ days, play a significant role in community life, reflecting the country’s diverse religious heritage. These festivals serve as important occasions for cultural exchange, social bonding, and the preservation of national identity.

Sports and Recreation

Sports and recreational activities are integral to Albanian culture, promoting physical well-being and community engagement. Football is the most popular sport, with a passionate fan base and several competitive clubs participating in national and international leagues. Other popular sports include basketball, volleyball, and athletics. Traditional sports, such as wrestling and folk dancing, also hold cultural significance and are often featured in festivals and local competitions. The country’s natural landscapes provide ample opportunities for outdoor activities like hiking, skiing, and water sports, encouraging an active and healthy lifestyle among Albanians.

History

Early History and Antiquity

Albania’s history is deeply rooted in ancient civilizations, with evidence of human settlement dating back to the Paleolithic era. The region was inhabited by Illyrian tribes, whose cultural and political structures laid the foundation for the Albanian nation. The Illyrians were known for their skill in metallurgy, agriculture, and trade, establishing connections with neighboring civilizations across the Adriatic Sea. During antiquity, the area that is now Albania became part of the Roman Empire, and later the Byzantine Empire, contributing to the region’s architectural and cultural heritage.

Middle Ages

The Middle Ages in Albania were marked by the emergence of feudal states and the influence of various empires. Following the decline of the Byzantine Empire, the region saw the rise of local principalities and the establishment of the Principality of Arbër. The arrival of the Ottoman Turks in the late 14th century brought significant changes, as Albania became part of the Ottoman Empire. This period was characterized by the introduction of Islam, the construction of mosques and other Ottoman architecture, and the integration of Albania into the broader Ottoman economic and administrative systems.

Ottoman Rule

Ottoman rule had a profound impact on Albania’s social, cultural, and political landscape. The centuries-long Ottoman presence introduced new religious and cultural practices, leading to a diverse religious composition that includes Muslims, Orthodox Christians, and Catholics. Despite the dominance of the Ottoman Empire, Albania maintained a distinct cultural identity, with the Albanian language and traditions persisting through periods of foreign rule. The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the rise of nationalist movements as Albanians sought to assert their independence and cultural autonomy, culminating in the declaration of independence in 1912.

Independence and Modern History

Albania declared its independence from the Ottoman Empire on November 28, 1912, amidst the turmoil of the Balkan Wars. The early years of independence were marked by political instability, territorial disputes, and external influences from neighboring countries. During World War I, Albania struggled to maintain its sovereignty, leading to a period of occupation and political fragmentation. The interwar period saw the establishment of a monarchy under King Zog I, but political unrest and economic challenges persisted.

World War II brought further upheaval, with Albania initially occupied by Italy and later by Germany. After the war, the country emerged as a socialist state under the leadership of Enver Hoxha. Hoxha’s regime was characterized by strict authoritarianism, isolation from the international community, and the implementation of extensive state-controlled policies. The communist era left a lasting legacy on Albania’s infrastructure, education system, and societal structures.

Post-Communist Era and Contemporary Albania

The fall of communism in the early 1990s marked a pivotal turning point in Albania’s history. Transitioning to a democratic political system and a market-oriented economy, the country faced significant challenges, including economic restructuring, political instability, and the need to establish effective governance institutions. Albania embarked on a path of integration with European and global institutions, seeking membership in the European Union and NATO.

In recent years, Albania has made substantial progress in political and economic reforms, improving its infrastructure, attracting foreign investment, and enhancing its human capital. The country continues to work towards EU accession, aligning its legal and regulatory frameworks with European standards. Contemporary Albania is characterized by a dynamic society that embraces modernization while preserving its rich cultural heritage. The nation faces ongoing challenges such as combating corruption, reducing unemployment, and fostering sustainable development, but remains resilient and committed to building a prosperous future.