Palau Facts

by countryaah · Published June 3, 2019 · Updated December 12, 2024

Palau, State of Micronesia, Western Pacific; 488 km², 18,000 residents (2019).Palau comprises eight larger and just over 250 smaller islands. The main islands are Koror and Babelthuap. The capital is Ngerulmud on the island of Babelthuap.

Country facts

Belau (Palau)
Republic of Palau (English) /
Republic of Palau
Country abbreviation: PW
Area: 488 km²
Population (2019): 18,000 residents
Capital: Ngerulmud
Main languages: palau, english
State: Republic
Head of State and Head of Government: Tommy Remengesau (President)
Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 17,318
GNI per capita (2018): US $ 16,910
Currency unit: US $ 1 = 100 cents
Currency code: USD
Country code (telephony): 680
Internet domain name: pw
Time difference compared to Sweden: +8
National Day: July 9 (Constitution adopted, 1979)
Independence Day: October 1, 1994

Nature

Land use: no information available
Highest mountain: Ngerchelchuus (242 m asl)

Population

Population density (2019): 37 residents per km²
Natural population growth (2019): 0.5%; birth rate 14 ‰, death rate 9 ‰
Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (20%), 15-64 (73%), 65- (7%)
Average life expectancy (2019): men 68 years, women 78 years
Infant mortality (2019): 17 per 1,000 live births
Population forecast 2050: 30,000 residents
HDI (2017): 0.798 (place 60 of 189)
Urbanization rate (2019): 80%
Most populous city (2016): Koror (9,800 residents)

Business

Industry’s contribution to GDP (2016): agriculture (3%), industry (19%), service (78%)
Exports (2016): USD 118 million
Main export products: seafood, tuna
Main exporting countries: USA, Japan, Singapore
Imports (2016): US $ 179 million
Main import products: machinery, fuel, food
Main importing countries: USA, Japan, Singapore

Communications

Railway network: nothing in operation
Road network (2010): 61 km
Internet users per 100 residents: no information available

Geography of Palau

Location and Borders

Palau is a small island nation located in the western Pacific Ocean, approximately 500 miles (800 kilometers) east of the Philippines and northeast of Indonesia. It lies within the region known as Micronesia, a group of island nations that includes the Federated States of Micronesia, the Marshall Islands, and others. Palau consists of over 340 islands, many of which are small and uninhabited, scattered over a vast expanse of ocean. The largest and most populous island is Babeldaob, which serves as the economic and administrative center of the country. Palau’s location places it in a strategically important position for international shipping routes across the Pacific.

The country has no land borders with other nations, and its closest neighboring countries are the Philippines to the west, Indonesia to the south, and the Federated States of Micronesia to the north. Palau is surrounded by vast stretches of ocean, and this isolation has allowed the islands to develop unique ecosystems and cultures.

Terrain and Landscape

Palau’s landscape is primarily characterized by rugged terrain, with steep hills, volcanic mountains, and limestone plateaus. The islands of Palau are mostly volcanic in origin, with a mix of coral reefs, lagoons, and forests. Babeldaob, the largest island, features mountain ranges in the center that rise steeply above the surrounding plains, making it the only island in Palau with significant upland areas. The smaller islands, such as Koror, are largely flat and low-lying, with rich coral reefs that are a major attraction for tourists.

The coastline is dotted with natural harbors, sheltered bays, and pristine beaches, and the region’s waters are famous for their clear blue seas, coral reefs, and vibrant marine life. Palau is part of the Coral Triangle, an area with the highest biodiversity of coral reef species in the world, making the country’s underwater ecosystems critical to its ecological and tourism sectors.

Palau’s national parks and protected marine areas are important for preserving the natural beauty and biodiversity of the islands, which include diverse species of plants, animals, and marine life. These areas help to ensure the health of the surrounding environment, particularly the coral reefs that surround the islands.

Natural Resources

The islands of Palau have relatively few natural resources in terms of minerals or fossil fuels, but the nation benefits from an abundance of marine resources. The country’s fisheries, particularly tuna and other tropical fish species, are an essential part of its economy. Palau’s marine biodiversity, including coral reefs and tropical fish, supports both local food sources and a growing tourism industry.

Agriculture in Palau is limited to crops suited to the tropical climate, including coconuts, bananas, taro, yams, and papaya, along with livestock such as chickens and pigs. Agriculture plays a secondary role in the economy, as most food is imported. Palau’s waters provide important resources for both subsistence and commercial fishing, which also supports the nation’s economy.

Palau has limited mineral resources, though there are some deposits of guano and other forms of phosphate, which are mined in small quantities. The country relies heavily on imports for much of its industrial and consumer needs.

Climate of Palau

General Climate Zones

Palau has a tropical climate, with relatively high humidity and temperatures throughout the year. The country experiences a wet season and a dry season, with temperatures generally ranging from 77°F (25°C) to 88°F (31°C). The wet season typically lasts from May to November, with the peak of rainfall occurring in the months of July and August. During this time, Palau can experience frequent rainfall, thunderstorms, and the occasional typhoon, though typhoons are relatively rare compared to other Pacific island nations.

The dry season, which runs from December to April, is generally characterized by less rainfall and cooler, more comfortable weather. This is also the most popular time for tourists to visit Palau, as the dry weather allows for outdoor activities such as diving, hiking, and exploring the islands’ pristine beaches and coral reefs.

Palau is located outside the typical typhoon belt, and although it does experience occasional storms, the country is less vulnerable to major cyclones than other parts of the Pacific. The island nation also faces challenges due to climate change, particularly rising sea levels and the effects of ocean acidification, which pose a threat to the marine ecosystems that are essential to Palau’s economy and cultural identity.

Temperature and Weather Patterns

Palau’s temperature remains relatively stable throughout the year, with only slight variations between the seasons. The average daily temperature ranges from 80°F (27°C) to 85°F (29°C), making the weather warm and tropical. Despite the warmth, the trade winds that blow across the islands provide some relief, helping to moderate the heat and humidity, especially in the coastal areas.

Rainfall in Palau is relatively consistent, with the wet season receiving the most rainfall. This period is essential for replenishing freshwater resources, which are important for agriculture and daily life. In contrast, the dry season offers clear skies and moderate humidity, making it ideal for outdoor activities and tourism.

Environmental Issues

Palau faces several environmental challenges, primarily related to climate change and the preservation of its unique ecosystems. Rising sea levels pose a particular threat to the low-lying islands, especially those around the capital, Koror. The country is also vulnerable to the impacts of ocean acidification, which can affect its coral reefs and marine life, a crucial aspect of the national economy.

Deforestation is another issue in Palau, as the demand for land for agriculture and development continues to increase. Despite these challenges, Palau has made significant efforts to protect its natural environment, creating national parks and marine sanctuaries to preserve biodiversity and reduce human impact on the ecosystems.

People of Palau

Ethnic Composition

The population of Palau is relatively small, numbering around 18,000 people. The majority of the population is of Palauan descent, an indigenous Micronesian group that has inhabited the islands for thousands of years. The Palauan people are Polynesian in origin but have been influenced by various cultures over the centuries, including those from Southeast Asia, China, and Europe.

Palau is also home to small communities of other ethnic groups, including Filipinos, Chinese, and Americans. The Chinese community, particularly, has a significant presence in the business and retail sectors, while the Filipino community contributes to the labor force, especially in construction, hospitality, and domestic services. The American presence is largely due to the U.S. military, which maintains a compact with Palau for defense purposes, providing jobs and economic support.

Language and Religion

The official languages of Palau are Palauan and English. Palauan is the primary language spoken by the majority of the population, and it reflects the nation’s cultural identity and heritage. English is widely used in government, business, and education, and it serves as a second language for many Palauans. Other languages, such as Filipino and Chinese, are also spoken within their respective communities.

Palau has a predominantly Christian population, with Roman Catholicism being the largest denomination. Protestant Christianity, particularly in the form of the United Church of Christ, also has a significant presence. The arrival of Christianity during the late 19th and early 20th centuries has shaped Palauan culture and traditions, though elements of traditional belief and practice continue to play an important role in the daily lives of many Palauans.

Religion in Palau is deeply integrated into community life, with churches often being the center of social activity. Traditional Palauan religious practices, including ancestral worship and ceremonial rituals, are still observed in some areas, though they have been blended with Christian practices over time.

Population and Demographics

Palau has a relatively small and stable population, with most residents living on the larger islands of Babeldaob and Koror. The population is relatively young, with a median age of around 30 years. This youthfulness is reflective of the high birth rate and low mortality rate. However, the population is aging due to low immigration rates, as the country has a relatively small labor force and limited opportunities for newcomers.

Urbanization is primarily concentrated in Koror, the commercial and administrative center, where the majority of the population resides. Koror is the economic hub of the nation and offers modern amenities such as shopping centers, restaurants, and educational institutions. Rural areas are less densely populated, with small villages scattered across the islands, many of which are based around traditional family structures.

Economy of Palau

Agriculture and Natural Resources

Palau’s economy is primarily based on services, particularly tourism, but agriculture plays an important role in local life. The country’s tropical climate supports the cultivation of fruits, vegetables, and coconuts, though commercial agriculture is relatively limited. Traditional crops such as taro, sweet potatoes, bananas, and papaya are grown by local farmers, with small-scale farming contributing to food security.

The fishing industry is another key component of Palau’s economy. The nation’s waters are home to abundant fish, including tuna and other species that are important for both local consumption and export. Fishing, particularly tuna fishing, is an important part of the livelihood for many families. Despite its size, Palau has been active in managing its marine resources through sustainable practices and has set up marine protected areas to preserve its biodiversity.

Natural resources, while not extensive, include minerals like limestone and gravel, though extraction remains small-scale. The country’s significant marine resources and strategic location have made it a key player in regional fisheries management and conservation efforts.

Services and Tourism

Tourism is the largest sector of Palau’s economy, accounting for a significant portion of its GDP. The country’s pristine beaches, clear waters, coral reefs, and rich marine life make it an attractive destination for eco-tourism, diving, and adventure tourism. Palau’s famous Rock Islands, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, and Jellyfish Lake, which is home to millions of stingless jellyfish, are among the country’s major tourist attractions.

In addition to natural attractions, Palau has developed a reputation for offering unique cultural experiences, with visitors able to learn about traditional Palauan life, including local crafts, ceremonies, and customs. The government has focused on preserving the country’s natural resources, which is crucial for the long-term sustainability of the tourism sector. Palau has developed strict environmental regulations to protect its delicate ecosystems, including coral reefs and marine life, ensuring that tourism remains a sustainable and important economic driver.

Economic Challenges and Opportunities

Despite its small size, Palau’s economy faces several challenges. The country is highly dependent on imports, particularly for food, fuel, and consumer goods, which places a strain on the national budget. Although tourism provides the majority of revenue, it is vulnerable to fluctuations in global travel trends and environmental challenges, such as coral bleaching or the impacts of climate change.

Palau also faces economic difficulties related to its small population and limited workforce, leading to a reliance on expatriates, especially from the Philippines and other Pacific nations, to fill labor gaps in sectors such as construction, hospitality, and healthcare.

Opportunities for growth lie in expanding the eco-tourism sector, developing renewable energy resources such as solar and wind, and diversifying the economy through industries like information technology and financial services. The government has focused on building infrastructure, improving education and healthcare, and promoting sustainable practices to ensure long-term economic stability and growth.

Government of Palau

Political Structure

Palau is a democratic republic with a presidential system of government. The president is both the head of state and head of government and is elected for a four-year term, with the possibility of re-election. The president has significant executive powers, including the ability to appoint ministers and direct government policy. The vice president assists in executive duties and assumes the presidency if the president is unable to fulfill their role.

The legislative branch of Palau is a bicameral legislature, known as the Olbiil Era Kelulau, which consists of the Senate and the House of Delegates. The Senate is made up of nine members elected from across the islands, while the House of Delegates consists of 16 members elected from local districts. These bodies are responsible for passing laws, approving the budget, and providing oversight to the executive branch.

The judicial branch in Palau is independent, with the Supreme Court serving as the highest judicial body in the country. The court system is based on the legal traditions of the United States, reflecting Palau’s compact of free association with the U.S.

Political History

Palau’s political history is shaped by its colonial past and relationship with the United States. The islands were originally part of the Spanish Empire, later coming under German control in the late 19th century. After World War I, Palau became part of the Japanese Mandate, before being taken over by the United States after World War II.

In 1978, Palau adopted a constitution and became a self-governing entity, and in 1994, Palau became an independent nation under a Compact of Free Association with the United States. The compact grants Palau military protection from the U.S. and economic aid, while Palau retains sovereignty over its domestic affairs. This unique relationship with the U.S. has played an important role in Palau’s political and economic development.

Palau’s government is stable, but the country faces challenges related to its small size, limited resources, and reliance on external aid. Nonetheless, Palau has made significant strides in maintaining its independence and preserving its cultural and environmental heritage while navigating the complexities of global geopolitics.

Culture of Palau

Traditional Arts and Crafts

Palauan culture is deeply rooted in its history and the natural environment. Traditional arts and crafts are an important expression of the Palauan way of life. These crafts include weaving, carving, and tattooing, with each reflecting the island’s connection to the sea and its environment. Palauan weaving is renowned for its intricate patterns, often used in clothing, mats, and baskets. These traditional techniques have been passed down through generations and remain a vital part of daily life.

Wood carving is another key form of artistic expression in Palau. Traditional carvings can be found in Palauan homes and public spaces, often depicting animals, plants, and spiritual symbols. These artworks are not only decorative but also carry cultural significance, representing the connection between the people and their environment.

Music and Dance

Palauan music is characterized by its use of traditional instruments, such as the ukelele and stick drums, and its emphasis on harmony and rhythm. Songs and dances are performed during cultural events, rituals, and celebrations, and they often convey stories of Palauan history, nature, and mythology. Traditional dances, such as the medeu, are performed during festivals and gatherings, often accompanied by chanting or singing.

In modern Palau, traditional music and dance are often integrated into social events, with both old and new forms of music being enjoyed by the community. Western influences, particularly American pop and rock music, have become popular among the younger generations, but the preservation of traditional music remains an important part of the nation’s cultural identity.

Cuisine and Traditions

Palauan cuisine is based on local ingredients, including seafood, tropical fruits, vegetables, and rice. Fish, particularly tuna, is a key part of the diet, along with other seafood such as crabs, lobsters, and sea cucumbers. Palauans also enjoy dishes made from taro, yam, and breadfruit, which are staple foods in the islands.

Traditional meals are often prepared in uchol, or earth ovens, where food is slow-cooked using hot stones. These meals are commonly served during communal gatherings and cultural celebrations, reflecting the close-knit nature of Palauan society.

Palauan cultural traditions emphasize respect for nature and the environment, as well as the importance of community and family. Social gatherings, religious ceremonies, and festivals are central to Palauan life, and they often focus on honoring ancestors and preserving the island’s traditions and values.

Festivals and Holidays

Palau celebrates a variety of cultural and national festivals throughout the year. The most significant celebration is the Belau National Festival, which showcases traditional Palauan music, dance, arts, and crafts. This festival is an important time for Palauans to come together, celebrate their culture, and share their traditions with visitors.

Other important holidays include Independence Day on October 1, which marks Palau’s independence from the United States under the Compact of Free Association. Christmas and New Year’s are widely celebrated, reflecting Palau’s Christian heritage. Traditional Palauan festivals often feature feasts, dancing, and rituals that honor the island’s history and natural environment.

History of Palau

Early History and Settlement

Palau has a long history of human settlement, dating back at least 3,000 years. The first inhabitants of Palau are believed to have arrived from Southeast Asia and Oceania, developing their own distinctive language, culture, and social structure. The ancient Palauans were skilled fishermen and navigators, and they developed complex systems of governance and customs centered around clan-based societies.

The islands of Palau were never part of large, centralized empires, but instead were organized into smaller chiefdoms, each with its own ruler. The Palauan people developed a rich oral tradition, and their culture was deeply connected to their environment, particularly the sea.

Colonial Era

During the 19th century, Palau came under the control of various colonial powers. The Spanish Empire first claimed the islands in the 16th century, and Palau remained part of Spain’s Pacific holdings until the end of the 19th century. After Spain lost the Spanish-American War in 1898, Germany took control of Palau and the other islands in the region.

Following World War I, Palau became part of the Japanese Mandate under the League of Nations. During this period, Palau underwent significant modernization and infrastructure development, but the people also faced harsh treatment, especially during World War II, when Palau became a battleground in the Pacific theater. The islands were occupied by Japanese forces, and the U.S. military took control of Palau in 1944 after a fierce battle.

Post-War Period and Independence

After World War II, Palau became part of the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, administered by the United States. In the following decades, Palauans pushed for greater autonomy, culminating in the drafting of a constitution and the establishment of self-governance in 1979. Palau’s political status remained a subject of debate, and in 1994, Palau officially became a sovereign nation, entering into a Compact of Free Association with the United States.

The Compact of Free Association provides Palau with financial assistance and U.S. defense protection, while Palau retains its independence. This unique relationship has shaped the country’s political and economic development, and Palau has worked to establish itself as an independent nation while maintaining close ties with the United States.

Modern History

Today, Palau is a stable and democratic republic, with a growing economy centered around tourism, fishing, and government services. The country continues to face challenges such as limited resources, dependence on foreign aid, and the impacts of climate change, but it has made significant progress in preserving its culture and natural environment. Palau’s political system is based on principles of democracy, with a strong emphasis on traditional values and community involvement.