Micronesia Facts

by countryaah · Published June 3, 2019 · Updated December 12, 2024

Micronesian Federation, State of the Western Pacific; 701 km², 113,000 residents (2019).The Micronesian Federation consists of the island states of Yap, Chuuk (before 1990 Truk), Pohnpei (before 1984 Ponape) and Kosrae in the Carolinas. The Micronesian Federation has more than 600 islands and atolls, spreading 2,900 km from west to east. The Republic borders in the south to Papua New Guinea and Nauru, in the west to Palau, in the north to Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands, and in the east to the Marshall Islands. The Micronesian Federation was formerly the United Nations Protectorate, managed by the United States since 1947, but since 1986 has been a federal republic in free association with the United States. The capital is Palikir on Pohnpei.

Country facts

Federated States of Micronesia / Micronesia Federation
Country abbreviation: FM
Area: 701 km²
Population (2019): 113,000 residents
Capital: Palikir
Main language: English
State: Republic
Head of State and Head of Government: David W. Panuelo (President)
Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 3,058
GNI per capita (2018): US $ 3,580
Currency unit: US $ 1 = 100 cents
Currency code: USD
Country number (telephony): 691
Internet domain name: fm
Time difference compared to Sweden: +9 to +10
National Day: May 10 (Independence Day, 1979)

Nature

Land use: forest (22%), agricultural land (33%), other (45%)
Highest mountain: Dolohmwar (790 m asl)

Population

Population density (2019): 161 residents per km²
Natural population growth (2019): 1.9%; birthrate 24 ‰, death count 5 ‰
Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (32%), 15-64 (64%), 65- (4%)
Life expectancy (2019): men 69 years, women 72 years
Infant mortality (2019): 29 per 1,000 live births
Population forecast 2050: 100,000 residents
HDI (2017): 0.627 (place 131 of 189)
Urbanization rate (2019): 23%
Most popular cities (2012): Weno (12,900 residents), Palikir (7,700)

Business

Industry’s contribution to GDP (2013): agriculture (26%), industry (19%), service (55%)
Export (2013): US $ 88 million
Main export products: fish, craft products, bananas
Main exporting countries: Japan, USA
Imports (2013): US $ 258 million
Main import products: food, machinery, fuel
Main importing countries: USA, Australia, Japan
Railway network: nothing in operation

Geography of Micronesia

Location and Boundaries

The Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) is a sovereign island nation located in the western Pacific Ocean. Micronesia is composed of four states: Yap, Chuuk, Pohnpei, and Kosrae, which span an area of approximately 2,700 kilometers from west to east. Micronesia is part of the broader region known as Oceania and is located just north of the equator. It lies to the east of the Philippines, northeast of Papua New Guinea, and south of Japan, making it a crucial point in the Pacific between Asia and the Americas.

The country is made up of over 600 islands scattered across a vast maritime expanse, forming part of the larger region of Micronesia, which also includes the Marshall Islands, Palau, and the Northern Mariana Islands. Each state has its own set of islands, with Pohnpei being the largest island and home to the nation’s capital, Palikir.

Terrain and Landscape

The terrain of Micronesia is primarily made up of low-lying islands, volcanic and coral atolls, and rugged, forested mountains. The islands of Pohnpei and Kosrae feature volcanic peaks and dense rainforests, while the states of Yap, Chuuk, and the atolls are largely flat, with coral reefs and shallow lagoons. The islands have many beaches with white sands, and crystal-clear waters surround them, making the landscape picturesque and ideal for marine biodiversity.

The islands are rich in natural resources, with fertile volcanic soil supporting agriculture, and the surrounding waters are vital to the country’s economy, particularly for fishing. These islands are vulnerable to climate change, as their low-lying nature makes them susceptible to rising sea levels and extreme weather events.

Rivers, Lakes, and Coral Reefs

Micronesia is not known for its rivers, as most of the islands are small, and freshwater sources are limited. However, several lakes and marshes are found, especially on Pohnpei, which has a number of freshwater ponds and marshes that support local ecosystems. The region is also famous for its coral reefs and extensive lagoons, which provide crucial habitat for marine species and are a vital part of the local economy through fishing and tourism.

Coral reefs are critical to the country’s environment, supporting not only biodiversity but also acting as natural barriers against coastal erosion. The reefs are home to many fish species, sea turtles, and other marine life, and the country’s commitment to marine conservation is central to its environmental policies.

Climate of Micronesia

Tropical Climate

Micronesia experiences a tropical climate with warm temperatures and high humidity year-round. The temperature typically ranges between 27°C and 32°C (81°F to 89°F), with only slight variations between day and night. The consistent warmth is tempered by sea breezes, which provide some relief, particularly along coastal areas.

Being close to the equator, the country experiences minimal seasonal variation in temperature, but the climate can differ slightly from island to island. Pohnpei, for example, has a slightly cooler climate due to its elevation, while the atolls of Yap and Chuuk are typically warmer and more humid. The tropical climate supports the lush vegetation, including rainforests and coconut palms, which are common across the islands.

Rainfall and Cyclones

Micronesia receives abundant rainfall, with the heaviest precipitation occurring from June to October. Pohnpei, in particular, is one of the wettest places on earth, with annual rainfall exceeding 3,000 millimeters (118 inches). The rain is frequent but usually short-lived, often in the form of afternoon showers that refresh the landscape and support the dense tropical vegetation.

The region is also subject to tropical storms and cyclones, particularly during the rainy season. Cyclones can cause significant damage to infrastructure and agriculture, as the islands are often unprotected by natural barriers. While the storms are less frequent than in other parts of the Pacific, they pose a constant threat to the country’s vulnerability due to its low-lying geography.

Seasonal Variations

While Micronesia does not experience distinct seasons like temperate zones, the rainy season from June to October brings heavy rainfall and a heightened risk of cyclones. During the dry season, from December to April, the weather is generally clearer with less frequent rainfall. These periods of lower precipitation allow for outdoor activities, agriculture, and tourism to thrive, but the changing weather patterns reflect the region’s susceptibility to shifting global climate conditions.

People of Micronesia

Population and Demographics

Micronesia has a population of approximately 115,000 people, spread across more than 600 islands. The population density varies greatly from one island to another, with the most populous islands being Pohnpei and Chuuk. Pohnpei, which is home to the capital, Palikir, is the economic and political center of the nation. The country’s demographic distribution is largely rural, with many people living in small villages on the islands, while urbanization is primarily concentrated around the capital.

The population is young, with a significant proportion under the age of 30. However, migration and high unemployment rates in rural areas have contributed to growing migration to urban centers, primarily Palikir and the larger islands. Like many Pacific Island nations, Micronesia faces challenges related to population growth, urbanization, and maintaining traditional lifestyles.

Ethnicity and Languages

The people of Micronesia are ethnically diverse, with the majority belonging to the Micronesian ethnic group. Each state within the Federated States of Micronesia has distinct cultural traditions and ethnic identities. The people of Pohnpei are known for their distinctive culture and language, while the inhabitants of Chuuk, Yap, and Kosrae also have unique traditions and languages. These ethnic groups share a common Pacific Islander ancestry but have developed distinct languages and customs over thousands of years of isolation.

The primary language spoken in the Federated States of Micronesia is English, which serves as the official language and is widely used in government and education. However, each state has its own official language. Chuukese is spoken in Chuuk, Pohnpeian in Pohnpei, Yapese in Yap, and Kosrean in Kosrae. These languages are still actively spoken, though younger generations increasingly speak English and sometimes use a mixture of both languages.

Religion and Beliefs

The majority of the population in Micronesia practices Christianity, with Roman Catholicism and Protestantism being the two main branches. Christianity was introduced by missionaries from Europe and the United States during the 19th century, and it remains the dominant religion across the islands. The Catholic Church has a particularly strong presence in Pohnpei, while various Protestant denominations are common across the other states.

Traditional beliefs and practices are still maintained, especially in rural areas, and many of the islanders continue to practice ancestral rituals and customs alongside their Christian faith. These beliefs often revolve around ancestor worship, respect for the natural world, and the spiritual significance of land and sea. Religion plays a significant role in daily life, with many community events and festivals centered around religious observances.

Economy of Micronesia

Economic Overview

The economy of Micronesia is small and primarily based on agriculture, fishing, tourism, and aid from the United States. The Federated States of Micronesia has limited natural resources, and its economy faces several challenges, including a lack of industrial development, high unemployment, and reliance on foreign aid. The country’s remote location and geographic isolation also make it dependent on imports for most goods, including food, fuel, and manufactured items.

Despite these challenges, the country has seen steady economic growth, driven largely by the fishing industry, tourism, and international aid. The U.S. provides significant financial support to Micronesia through the Compact of Free Association, a long-term agreement that helps fund the nation’s government services, infrastructure, and development projects.

Agriculture and Fishing

Agriculture is important to the local economy, particularly in the rural areas. The most common crops grown include coconuts, breadfruit, bananas, and taro. Agriculture in Micronesia is primarily for subsistence purposes, though some goods are exported to neighboring countries. The country also produces fish for both local consumption and export. Tuna is a particularly important resource, as it is both a food staple and a key export item for the country.

Fishing is a vital industry, particularly for the nation’s coastal communities. The FSM is located within the Pacific tuna fishing grounds, and tuna is a major export product. Micronesia is also a member of regional fisheries organizations that regulate and manage tuna stocks, ensuring the sustainable use of this resource.

Tourism and Services

Tourism is an important but underdeveloped sector in the economy of Micronesia. The islands’ natural beauty, pristine beaches, coral reefs, and historical sites make it an attractive destination for ecotourism, diving, and adventure tourism. Yap, in particular, is famous for its traditional stone money and unique culture, while Pohnpei is known for its ancient ruins, including the mysterious Nan Madol, a UNESCO World Heritage site.

While tourism is growing, it is still not a major contributor to the national economy compared to agriculture or fishing. Challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, limited flights, and small-scale accommodations hinder the sector’s potential. Nevertheless, the government has identified tourism as a key area for future development and has been working to improve the country’s infrastructure and marketing efforts.

Foreign Aid and Financial Support

The Federated States of Micronesia receives substantial financial aid, particularly from the United States, under the Compact of Free Association. The agreement, which provides Micronesia with annual financial assistance, has been vital in supporting the country’s economy. The aid is used to support various sectors, including education, health care, infrastructure, and government services. The compact also gives the U.S. the right to establish military bases on the islands, which provides additional economic benefits through defense-related spending.

Government of Micronesia

Political System and Structure

Micronesia is a federal republic with a presidential system of government. The country operates under a constitution that was adopted in 1979, which established a government based on democratic principles. The President of the Federated States of Micronesia is both the head of state and government and is elected for a four-year term by the national legislature.

The legislative branch of Micronesia consists of a bicameral congress, with the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate has 14 members, each representing a state, while the House of Representatives consists of 24 members who are elected based on population. The judicial system is independent, with the Supreme Court serving as the highest court in the country.

Electoral System and Political Parties

Micronesia has a multi-party system, but the political landscape is relatively non-partisan, and elections are generally based on individual candidates rather than party affiliation. The country’s elections are held every two years for the House of Representatives and every four years for the President and the Senate.

The political system is marked by a significant amount of decentralization, with each of the four states having its own government and legislature. While the central government in Palikir handles national affairs, state governments have substantial autonomy, particularly over local issues such as education, health, and infrastructure.

Foreign Relations and Defense

Micronesia maintains strong ties with the United States, which is its primary source of foreign aid, military support, and economic partnerships. The Compact of Free Association with the U.S. has provided Micronesia with security guarantees and a close relationship with American defense forces. Micronesia is also a member of various regional organizations, including the Pacific Islands Forum and the South Pacific Commission, which facilitate cooperation and coordination among Pacific nations.

Micronesia’s defense is provided by the United States, as the Compact of Free Association includes provisions for U.S. military presence in the country. The military relationship allows for the strategic positioning of U.S. forces in the Pacific, further cementing the importance of Micronesia in regional security matters.

Culture of Micronesia

Traditional Arts and Crafts

Micronesian culture is deeply rooted in the traditions and customs of the islanders, with a rich heritage of oral storytelling, dance, music, and crafts. Traditional crafts include weaving, carving, and pottery, which are often passed down through generations. The islanders are known for their elaborate tattoos, intricate woven mats, and stone carvings, which serve both aesthetic and ceremonial purposes.

Each of the four states in Micronesia has its own unique cultural expressions. For example, the people of Yap are famous for their traditional stone money, which is used as a form of currency and a symbol of social status. The Pohnpeian people are known for their sacred rituals and elaborate dances, which are performed during religious ceremonies and festivals.

Music and Dance

Music is an important part of Micronesian culture, with each island having its own unique styles. Traditional instruments include drums, bamboo flutes, and stringed instruments, which accompany dances and songs. Micronesian music often features harmonic chanting and rhythmic drumming, reflecting the islanders’ connection to nature and their history.

Dances are an integral part of cultural ceremonies and public celebrations, often telling stories of ancestors, gods, and historical events. These dances are performed in brightly colored costumes, and many feature synchronized movements that are performed by groups of dancers. Music and dance play key roles in the social cohesion of Micronesian communities, and they are central to major cultural events such as weddings, funerals, and harvest festivals.

Festivals and Traditions

Micronesian festivals are deeply connected to the community and often involve feasts, dances, and religious ceremonies. Traditional festivals celebrate agricultural cycles, such as the harvest of taro or the fishing season, and provide an opportunity for communities to come together in celebration. On Pohnpei, for example, the “Sakau” festival celebrates the harvest of the kava root, which is used in ceremonial rituals.

Cultural traditions also extend to the family unit, with clan structures remaining significant in the political and social life of the islands. Family is considered the central unit of social life, and extended families often live in close proximity, sharing resources and supporting each other. Micronesians also place great importance on respect for elders and the passing down of cultural knowledge and history through oral storytelling and traditions.

History of Micronesia

Early History and Settlement

Micronesia’s history dates back thousands of years to when the islands were first settled by Austronesian-speaking peoples. These early inhabitants navigated vast stretches of the Pacific Ocean in outrigger canoes, using the stars, ocean currents, and other natural markers to find new lands. These migrations formed the basis for the cultures of the islands, with distinct languages, traditions, and societies emerging across the region.

Archaeological evidence suggests that the islands of Micronesia have been inhabited for over 3,000 years. Early Micronesian societies were sophisticated, with notable achievements such as the construction of large stone platforms, like those found in Nan Madol on Pohnpei, which are believed to be the remnants of ancient ceremonial centers and complex social structures.

European and American Influence

Micronesia was first encountered by Europeans in the 16th century, when Spanish explorers arrived in the region. Over the next few centuries, the islands were explored by other European powers, and the region came under the influence of Spain, Germany, Japan, and finally the United States. The islands were part of German New Guinea in the late 19th century, but following World War I, they came under Japanese control as part of a League of Nations mandate.

During World War II, Micronesia became a strategic battleground between Japan and the United States, particularly during the Battle of Peleliu and the Battle of the Philippine Sea. After Japan’s defeat, Micronesia became a United States trust territory, and the U.S. maintained significant control over the region through the mid-20th century.

Independence and Modern Era

Micronesia became a self-governing nation in 1979, and in 1986 it gained full independence under the Compact of Free Association with the United States. This agreement provided the Federated States of Micronesia with financial aid, defense protection, and the right to freely associate with the U.S. While Micronesia has remained politically stable, it faces challenges related to economic development, environmental sustainability, and its relationships with regional powers.

The country continues to be a key player in the Pacific region, balancing its traditional heritage with the influences of globalization and modernity. As a small island nation, Micronesia is working to preserve its rich cultural traditions while facing the challenges of modern governance and international relations.