Mexico Facts

by countryaah · Published June 3, 2019 · Updated December 12, 2024

Mexico, state of southern North America; 2 million km², 126.2 million residents (2019). Mexico has land borders with the US in the north and Guatemala and Belize in the south as well as the coast towards the Gulf of Mexico in the east, the Caribbean in the south-east and the Pacific in the west. The country is divided by the northern tropic into two roughly equal parts. The capital is Mexico City (8.4 million residents, 2019).

Country facts

Estados Unidos Mexicanos / Mexico United States
Country abbreviation: MX
Area: 2 million km²
Population (2019): 126.2 million residents
Capital: Mexico City
Main language: Spanish
State: Republic
Head of State and Head of Government: Andrés Manuel López Obrador (President)
Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 9,698
GNI per capita (2018): US $ 9 180
Currency unit: 1 nuevo peso = 100 centavos
Currency code: MXN
Country number (telephony): 52
Internet domain name: mx
Time difference compared to Sweden: −7 to −9
National Day: September 16 (Beginning of the Independence Camp, 1810)
Independence Day: March 28, 1821

Nature

Land use: forest (25%), agricultural land (14%), other (61%)
Highest mountain: Citlaltépetl (5,699 m above sea level)

Population

Population density (2019): 63 residents per km²
Natural population growth (2019): 1.3%; birth rate 17 ‰, death figure 6 ‰
Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (27%), 15-64 (66%), 65- (7%)
Life expectancy (2019): men 72 years, women 78 years
Infant mortality (2019): 13 per 1,000 live births
Population forecast (2050): 148 million residents
HDI (2017): 0.774 (place 74 of 189)
Urbanization rate (2019): 73%
Most populous cities (2014): Mexico City (8.6 million residents), Puebla (1.5 million), Guadalajara (1.5 million)

Business

Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (4%), industry (32%), service (64%)
Exports (2017): US $ 409,800 million
Main export products: manufacturing, oil, silver
Main exporting countries: USA, Canada, Spain
Imports (2017): US $ 420,800 million
Main import products: machinery, equipment and materials for industry, vehicles
Main importing countries: USA, China, Japan
Railway network (2017): 20 800 km

Geography of Mexico

Location and Boundaries

Mexico is located in the southern part of North America, bordered to the north by the United States, to the south and west by the Pacific Ocean, to the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea, and to the east by the Gulf of Mexico. It is one of the largest countries in Latin America, covering approximately 1.96 million square kilometers. Mexico is strategically placed as a bridge between North and Central America, making it a significant player in both regional and international affairs.

The country’s geography is diverse, ranging from arid deserts in the north to tropical rainforests in the south. Mexico also boasts mountain ranges, including the Sierra Madre Occidental and Sierra Madre Oriental, volcanic peaks such as Pico de Orizaba (the highest point in Mexico), and vast plateaus that make up much of the central part of the country. Mexico’s long coastlines along both the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico contribute to its rich marine biodiversity.

Terrain and Landscape

Mexico’s terrain is highly varied, with deserts, mountains, plateaus, and lowland areas. The country is divided into several distinct geographical regions, each contributing to the diversity of its ecosystems. The north, home to Mexico’s arid and semi-arid regions, includes the vast Sonoran and Chihuahuan deserts, while the south is marked by tropical rainforests and fertile valleys.

The central highlands, where Mexico City is located, are home to some of the country’s most populous regions. The land here is rich in volcanic soil, ideal for agriculture, and the mountains that surround the valley create a unique climatic condition. The Yucatán Peninsula, in the east, is flat and covered with limestone, and it is home to extensive underground rivers and cenotes, which are natural sinkholes.

Rivers and Lakes

Mexico is home to numerous rivers, most of which flow from the mountains in the interior of the country towards the coast. The Rio Grande forms a natural boundary with the United States in the north, while the Rio Lerma, Rio Balsas, and Rio Grijalva are among the significant rivers in the country. The Rio Usumacinta, which flows between Mexico and Guatemala, is one of the longest rivers in the region.

In addition to rivers, Mexico has many lakes, some of which are important for agriculture and local communities. Lake Chapala, located in central Mexico, is the largest lake in the country. It serves as a vital water resource, although it has been affected by droughts and overuse in recent decades. Other notable lakes include Lake Xochimilco, located in Mexico City, which is part of an ancient system of canals and agricultural zones that have been recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage site.

Climate of Mexico

General Climate Overview

Mexico experiences a wide range of climates due to its diverse geography. The country’s climates range from arid and semi-arid in the north to tropical in the south. The central region, home to Mexico City, has a temperate climate due to its high altitude. This variety in climate zones allows for a rich diversity of ecosystems and agriculture, making Mexico one of the most ecologically diverse countries in the world.

In the north, temperatures can reach extreme highs during the summer, with deserts and mountainous regions experiencing harsh heat and low rainfall. In the southern part of the country, especially in tropical areas like the Yucatán Peninsula, the climate is hot and humid, with rainfall throughout the year, particularly in the summer.

Rainy and Dry Seasons

Mexico experiences a distinct rainy season from May to October, which coincides with the country’s summer months. During this time, the country’s tropical and temperate regions receive heavy rains, which help sustain the agriculture and biodiversity of the country. The rainy season is especially pronounced in the southern and coastal areas, such as the Pacific coast and the Gulf of Mexico.

The dry season, from November to April, is marked by cooler temperatures in the highlands and warmer, drier conditions in the north. The dry season is ideal for tourists, particularly in coastal regions like the Riviera Maya and Baja California. However, water shortages can occur in arid regions during this time.

Hurricanes and Tropical Storms

Mexico is prone to tropical storms and hurricanes, particularly along its eastern coastline. The Yucatán Peninsula, the Gulf Coast, and the Pacific Coast are frequently affected by hurricanes during the hurricane season from June to November. These storms can cause significant damage to infrastructure, homes, and agriculture, and the government has implemented measures for disaster preparedness and response.

People of Mexico

Population and Demographics

With a population of approximately 126 million people, Mexico is the most populous Spanish-speaking country in the world and one of the largest in terms of population globally. The country has a diverse demographic, with a mix of Indigenous peoples, European descent, and other ethnic groups. The population is young, with a median age of about 29 years, and the population growth rate has slowed in recent decades due to economic factors and family planning efforts.

Most of Mexico’s population is concentrated in urban areas, with Mexico City, Guadalajara, and Monterrey being the largest cities. Mexico City, the capital, is one of the largest cities in the world, home to over 20 million people in its metropolitan area. The country’s rural areas are still home to a large number of Indigenous peoples, with many groups living in remote areas and preserving their traditional languages and cultures.

Ethnicity and Languages

Mexico has a rich ethnic diversity, with Mestizos (people of mixed European and Indigenous heritage) making up the majority of the population. Other significant groups include Indigenous peoples, Afro-Mexicans, and people of European, Asian, and Middle Eastern descent. Indigenous peoples in Mexico are diverse, with over 60 recognized groups, each with its own language, customs, and traditions. Some of the largest Indigenous groups in Mexico include the Nahua, Maya, Zapotec, and Mixtec.

Spanish is the dominant language spoken in Mexico, but there are also 68 national languages recognized by the government, including many Indigenous languages such as Nahuatl, Maya, and Mixtec. Despite the recognition of these languages, many Indigenous languages are at risk of extinction due to the dominance of Spanish in education, media, and government.

Religion and Beliefs

The majority of Mexicans are Roman Catholic, with about 80% of the population identifying as Catholic. Catholicism has had a profound influence on Mexican culture, particularly in terms of festivals, traditions, and public life. Major Catholic celebrations such as Christmas, Easter, and the Day of the Dead (Día de los Muertos) are widely observed across the country.

In addition to Catholicism, there are significant Protestant, Evangelical Christian, and Indigenous religious communities in Mexico. Traditional beliefs, such as the veneration of ancestors and the spiritual connection to nature, continue to play a role in the lives of many Indigenous communities. Mexico’s religious diversity contributes to a rich tapestry of cultural practices, which blend pre-Hispanic, African, and European traditions.

Economy of Mexico

Economic Overview

Mexico is the 15th largest economy in the world by nominal GDP and the largest economy in Latin America. The country has a mixed economy that includes agriculture, industry, and services. Mexico is a major player in international trade, particularly with the United States, and it is a member of various trade agreements, including the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), formerly known as NAFTA.

The Mexican economy has grown steadily over the past few decades, and the country has become one of the most diversified economies in Latin America. While oil and manufacturing have traditionally been the backbone of the economy, the services sector, particularly tourism, is increasingly important.

Agriculture and Industry

Agriculture remains a significant part of Mexico’s economy, with the country being a major producer of crops such as corn, wheat, coffee, and avocados. Mexico is the world’s largest exporter of avocados, and the agricultural sector provides employment to millions of people, particularly in rural areas.

The manufacturing sector in Mexico is robust, with key industries including automobiles, electronics, textiles, and food processing. Mexico is a major exporter of vehicles and automotive parts, and the automotive industry has attracted substantial foreign investment. Other industrial sectors, such as petrochemicals, steel production, and cement, also play a key role in the economy.

Tourism Industry

Tourism is one of Mexico’s most important economic sectors, contributing billions of dollars to the national economy each year. The country’s diverse landscapes, rich cultural heritage, and historical sites attract millions of tourists annually. Popular tourist destinations include Mexico City, Cancun, Los Cabos, and the Yucatán Peninsula, which are known for their beaches, resorts, and ancient ruins such as Chichen Itza and Teotihuacan.

Tourism supports a wide range of industries, including hospitality, transportation, and retail, and provides jobs for millions of Mexicans. The country is also recognized as a global hub for cultural tourism, with a rich heritage in arts, cuisine, and festivals, making it a destination for both leisure and cultural exploration.

Oil and Energy

Mexico has significant reserves of oil, and oil exports are a major source of revenue for the country. The state-owned oil company, PEMEX, has long been a central part of the Mexican economy. In recent years, Mexico has undergone energy reforms, opening up its oil and gas sector to private investment, which has led to increased foreign interest in the industry.

Mexico is also working to diversify its energy mix, with investments in renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, and geothermal energy. The country has vast potential in these areas, particularly in the northern and southern regions, where wind and solar resources are abundant.

Government of Mexico

Political System and Structure

Mexico is a federal republic with a presidential system of government. The President of Mexico is both the head of state and the head of government and is elected for a six-year term, without the possibility of re-election. The country’s legislative branch consists of a bicameral congress, which includes the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies.

Mexico’s political system is based on a constitution adopted in 1917, which established democratic principles, such as the separation of powers, universal suffrage, and civil rights. The judicial system is independent, with the Supreme Court of Justice as the highest court in the country.

Political Parties and Elections

Mexico has a multi-party system, with several political parties competing for power at the national and state levels. The two main parties in Mexico are the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), which held power for most of the 20th century, and the National Action Party (PAN). More recently, the left-wing National Regeneration Movement (MORENA) has emerged as a major political force, with Andrés Manuel López Obrador, the current president, representing this party.

Elections in Mexico are generally free and fair, although issues such as political corruption and violence related to drug cartels have sometimes undermined the integrity of the electoral process. Voter turnout is generally high, and the country has a vibrant political culture, with political discourse and activism being a key part of daily life.

Culture of Mexico

Art, Music, and Literature

Mexico has a rich cultural heritage that blends Indigenous, European, and African influences. Mexican art, particularly muralism, has gained international recognition, with artists like Diego Rivera, David Siqueiros, and José Clemente Orozco playing pivotal roles in the development of Mexican visual arts. Mexican art is deeply tied to the country’s history, with themes of social justice, indigenous rights, and political movements.

Traditional Mexican music includes mariachi, ranchera, and norteña, which have become iconic worldwide. The influence of Indigenous, African, and Spanish music can be heard in the rhythms and instruments used in these genres. Mexican dance forms such as the folkloric ballet and the jarabe tapatío (Mexican hat dance) are performed in cultural festivals and celebrations.

Festivals and Traditions

Mexico is known for its vibrant festivals and cultural traditions, which reflect the country’s diverse heritage. The Day of the Dead (Día de los Muertos) is one of the most important cultural holidays, where families honor their deceased relatives with altars, offerings, and festivities. Other major celebrations include Cinco de Mayo, Independence Day (September 16), and various regional festivals that celebrate local saints, foods, and music.

Mexican cuisine is another integral aspect of the country’s cultural identity. Dishes such as tacos, enchiladas, tamales, and mole are staples of Mexican food, which is known for its bold flavors, diverse ingredients, and use of chilies. Mexican cuisine was recognized by UNESCO as an Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity in 2010.

History of Mexico

Pre-Colonial Civilizations

Mexico has a rich pre-Columbian history, with ancient civilizations such as the Olmec, Maya, Zapotec, and Aztec shaping the cultural and historical landscape of the region. The Maya built impressive cities like Chichen Itza, while the Aztecs constructed the great metropolis of Tenochtitlan, which was later destroyed by Spanish conquistadors. These civilizations developed advanced systems of mathematics, astronomy, and writing, leaving behind a lasting legacy that continues to influence Mexican culture today.

Spanish Colonization and Independence

In 1519, Hernán Cortés and the Spanish conquistadors arrived in Mexico, marking the beginning of Spanish colonization. Over the next three centuries, Mexico was governed as part of New Spain. The Spanish imposed their language, religion, and culture, leading to the eventual blending of Indigenous and European customs. The colonial period was marked by exploitation of indigenous peoples and the establishment of a racial hierarchy, with Europeans at the top and Indigenous peoples and Africans at the bottom.

Mexico gained independence from Spain on September 16, 1810, following a series of revolts led by figures such as Miguel Hidalgo and José María Morelos. The war for independence lasted until 1821, and Mexico became a republic shortly thereafter.

20th Century and Modern Mexico

The 20th century saw significant changes in Mexico’s political and social landscape. The Mexican Revolution (1910-1920) was a crucial event in the country’s history, as it addressed issues such as land reform, labor rights, and political corruption. The revolution led to the establishment of a more inclusive political system and a period of state-led modernization.

In recent decades, Mexico has transformed into a global economic power, with a growing manufacturing sector, expanding tourism industry, and increasing political stability. Despite challenges such as drug cartel violence and economic inequality, Mexico continues to play a leading role in Latin America, balancing its historical roots with its aspirations for a modern, globalized future.