Greece Facts

by countryaah · Published June 3, 2019 · Updated December 12, 2024

Greece, state of south-eastern Europe; 131,960 km², 10.7 million residents (2019).Greece encompasses the southernmost part of the Balkan Peninsula, the Ionian Islands (along the west coast), Crete and all major Aegean islands except the Turkish island of Imroz. The country borders in the north to Albania, northern Macedonia and Bulgaria and in the east to Turkey. The capital is Athens (753,500 residents, 2010).

Country facts

Ellenikí Dimokratía / Republic of Greece
Country abbreviation: GR (EL)
Area: 131 960 km²
Population (2019): 10.7 million residents
Capital: Athens
Main language: Greek
State: Republic
Head of State: Ekaterini Sakellaropoulou (President)
Head of Government: Kyriakos Mitsotakis
Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 20,324
GNI per capita (2018): US $ 19,600
Currency unit: euro
Currency code: EUR
Country number (telephony): 30
Internet domain name: gr
Time difference compared to Sweden: +1
National Day: March 25 (Independence Day, the revolt against the Turks begins, 1821)
Independence Day: February 3, 1830

Nature

Land use: forest (30%), agricultural land (64%), other (6%)
Highest mountain: Olympos (2 917 m asl)

Population

Population density (2019): 81 residents per km²
Natural population growth (2019): −0.4%; birth rate 8 ‰, death rate 12 ‰
Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (14%), 15-64 (64%), 65- (22%)
Average life expectancy (2019): men 78 years, women 83 years
Infant mortality (2019): 4 per 1,000 live births
Population forecast 2050: 9 million residents
HDI (2017): 0.870 (place 31 of 189)
Urbanization rate (2019): 79%
Most populous cities (2010): Athens (753,500 residents), Thessaloniki (346,300), Piraeus (178,600)

Business

Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (4%), industry (17%), service (79%)
Exports (2017): US $ 31 540 million
Main export products: food, industrial products, oil products
Main exporting countries: Italy, Germany, Turkey
Imports (2017): US $ 52,270 million
Main import products: workshop products, means of transport, oil
Main importing countries: Germany, Italy, Russian Federation
Railway network (2014): 2,500 km

Geography

Location and Borders

Greece is a country located in southeastern Europe, at the crossroads of Europe, Asia, and Africa. It is bordered by Albania to the northwest, North Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. To the south, Greece is surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea, with the Aegean Sea to the east and the Ionian Sea to the west. Greece has an extensive coastline of about 13,676 kilometers, one of the longest in the world, and includes more than 6,000 islands, of which around 227 are inhabited. The country’s location has made it a significant player in regional and world history, bridging various cultures and influencing the development of European civilization.

The mainland is dominated by a rugged, mountainous landscape, which occupies about three-quarters of the country’s total area. The Greek mainland is bordered by the Pindus mountain range, which extends from the north to the central part of the country. Greece’s borders with neighboring countries are primarily marked by mountains, valleys, and rivers, such as the Axios River that forms part of the border with North Macedonia. To the south, Greece’s access to the sea provides it with access to key trade routes and has historically contributed to the development of Greece as a maritime power.

Major Landforms

The Greek landscape is famous for its diverse topography, featuring a variety of geographical features such as mountains, plains, rivers, and islands. The Pindus mountain range is one of the most significant landforms in Greece, running from the northwest to the central part of the country. It is the backbone of Greece, dividing the mainland into two major regions: Thessaly to the east and Epirus to the west. Mount Olympus, the highest peak in Greece at 2,917 meters (9,570 feet), is located in the northeastern part of the Pindus range and is famous as the mythical home of the ancient Greek gods.

The country also has vast plains, particularly in Thessaly and Macedonia. These plains are essential for Greece’s agriculture, particularly for the cultivation of crops like cotton, tobacco, olives, and grains. Greece’s islands, scattered across the Aegean and Ionian Seas, range in size from large islands such as Crete to tiny, uninhabited islets. These islands feature stunning coastlines, rugged cliffs, and deep blue waters, which are central to Greece’s tourism industry.

In addition to mountains and plains, Greece has a significant number of rivers, such as the Evros River in the north, which forms part of the border with Turkey, and the Acheloos River in the west. Greece’s rivers are crucial for water supply, irrigation, and transportation. Some islands, particularly Crete, have fertile valleys, and many of the country’s coastal areas are protected by bays and natural harbors, making Greece one of the Mediterranean’s most prominent maritime countries.

Rivers and Lakes

While Greece is a predominantly mountainous country, it also has several important rivers and lakes that play significant roles in the country’s agriculture, water supply, and ecology. One of the most significant rivers is the Evros River, which flows from Bulgaria into Greece and forms part of the country’s border with Turkey. It is an essential water source for the region, supporting both agriculture and the ecosystem.

Another important river is the Acheloos River, which flows from the Pindus mountains into the Ionian Sea. The Acheloos is vital for irrigation in the western part of the country, particularly in the plains of Thessaly. Other significant rivers in Greece include the Aliakmon, the Arachthos, and the Nestos, all of which are used for irrigation, hydropower, and recreation.

Despite its predominantly dry climate, Greece also has several important lakes, including Lake Prespa, which is shared with Albania and North Macedonia, and Lake Trichonida, located in central Greece. These lakes provide important freshwater resources for the country and are home to various species of wildlife, contributing to Greece’s biodiversity.

Climate

Mediterranean Climate Zones

Greece has a Mediterranean climate, characterized by hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. The climate varies slightly depending on the region, but generally, the coastal areas and islands experience a more moderate climate, while the inland areas, especially the mountainous regions, can have harsher conditions.

The coastal areas of Greece, including cities such as Athens and Thessaloniki, experience long, hot summers, with average temperatures often exceeding 30°C (86°F) in July and August. These areas are popular for tourism, particularly during the summer months, as their mild winters and abundant sunshine attract millions of visitors each year. Winters along the coast are typically mild, with temperatures rarely falling below 5°C (41°F), making these areas ideal for year-round living.

In contrast, the mountainous areas of northern and central Greece experience more severe winters, with significant snowfall in areas like Mount Olympus, Mount Pindus, and the northern plains. These regions experience temperatures well below freezing during winter, making them popular for winter sports, such as skiing and snowboarding. The higher altitudes also lead to cooler temperatures in the summer, providing a respite from the heat in the lower-lying areas.

Seasonal Variation

Greece has distinct seasonal variations, with the country’s agricultural activities being closely tied to the cycles of rainfall and temperature. The wet season typically lasts from November to March, when rainfall is more frequent, particularly in the western part of the country. The wet season is crucial for replenishing the water supply and supporting agriculture, particularly the cultivation of grains, olives, and vegetables.

The dry season, from May to October, is marked by very little rainfall and high temperatures. During this period, the country experiences its peak tourist season, with visitors flocking to the islands and coastal cities to enjoy the warm, sunny weather. The dry season is particularly important for the production of fruits like citrus, grapes, and melons, as well as for the tourism and hospitality sectors, which form an important part of the Greek economy.

The seasonal variations in climate also have an impact on Greece’s natural landscapes. For example, the dry summer months often lead to the spread of wildfires in some regions, especially in the southern and central parts of the country, where vegetation is more susceptible to heat and drought. However, the seasonal rainfall helps to rejuvenate the land, fostering lush growth in the spring and winter.

People

Demographics

Greece has a population of approximately 10.4 million people. The majority of the population is ethnic Greek, with Greek being the dominant language and culture. However, Greece also has smaller populations of ethnic minorities, including Albanians, Armenians, Turks, and Macedonians. The country has seen significant immigration over the past few decades, particularly from Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and Africa, contributing to its multicultural society.

The population is highly urbanized, with the majority of people living in cities. The capital, Athens, is the largest city in Greece, with a population of over 3 million people in the metropolitan area. Other major cities include Thessaloniki, Patras, and Heraklion. Greece’s rural areas are less populated, though many people in the countryside continue to live traditional agricultural lifestyles, particularly in the islands and mountain villages.

Greece has a relatively aging population, with a low birth rate and a high life expectancy. Like many European countries, Greece faces demographic challenges, including an aging workforce and high rates of emigration among young people seeking employment opportunities abroad. However, the country remains an important cultural and historical center in Europe, with its rich heritage and traditions continuing to attract people from around the world.

Language and Religion

The official language of Greece is Greek, which has a rich history and is one of the oldest languages in Europe. Modern Greek, the language spoken today, has evolved from Ancient Greek, which was used in the classical period. Greek is the primary language spoken in government, education, and business, and it is the mother tongue of nearly all Greek citizens. However, due to Greece’s history of foreign occupation and its global connections, many Greeks speak other languages, particularly English, German, and French, especially in the tourism industry.

The predominant religion in Greece is Eastern Orthodox Christianity, with the Greek Orthodox Church being the largest religious institution in the country. The Greek Orthodox Church has a significant influence on Greek culture and traditions, and religious holidays such as Easter and Christmas are widely celebrated with public ceremonies, feasts, and family gatherings. The country is also home to small communities of Roman Catholics, Jews, and Muslims, particularly in urban areas and regions near the borders with Turkey and Albania.

Religion and Society

Greek society is deeply rooted in its religious traditions, with the Orthodox Church playing a central role in both spiritual and social life. Religious rituals and festivals, including the celebration of saints’ feast days and church services, are a significant part of Greek cultural identity. The country’s major religious holiday is Easter, which is celebrated with a range of customs, such as feasts, processions, and special church services. Holy Week leading up to Easter is marked by intense religious observance, culminating in midnight services and communal meals.

Despite the prominence of religion, Greece is a secular state, and there has been a gradual separation between church and state since the 19th century. Nonetheless, the influence of the Orthodox Church remains significant, particularly in rural areas, where religious observance is more common.

Economy

Economic Overview

Greece’s economy is diverse, with key sectors including tourism, shipping, agriculture, and industry. Tourism is one of Greece’s most important economic sectors, contributing significantly to the national GDP. The country’s rich history, cultural heritage, and beautiful landscapes make it a popular destination for international tourists. Iconic attractions such as the Acropolis, the Parthenon, and the islands of the Aegean Sea draw millions of visitors every year, supporting local economies and creating jobs in the hospitality and service industries.

Agriculture remains important, particularly in rural areas, though it now contributes a smaller portion to Greece’s overall GDP. The country is known for producing olives, olive oil, citrus fruits, grapes, and tobacco, as well as having a thriving wine industry. Greece’s agricultural exports are highly regarded, especially its olive oil, which is among the best in the world.

The shipping industry is another key sector in Greece’s economy, with the country possessing one of the largest merchant fleets in the world. Greek shipping companies play a central role in global maritime trade, transporting goods across the Mediterranean and beyond. The country also has a significant manufacturing sector, particularly in food processing, textiles, and chemicals, though it remains relatively small compared to other European nations.

Challenges and Opportunities

Greece’s economy has faced significant challenges in recent years, particularly during the global financial crisis of 2007-2008, which led to a severe debt crisis and years of economic austerity. Unemployment rates, particularly among youth, remain high, and the country struggles with public debt and economic inequality. However, Greece has made strides in recovering from the crisis, thanks to a series of reforms, privatizations, and the stabilization of the banking sector.

The country has opportunities for growth in several sectors, particularly in renewable energy, technology, and sustainable tourism. Greece’s solar and wind energy potential is among the highest in Europe, and the country is increasingly investing in green technologies and infrastructure. Additionally, the ongoing demand for tourism, combined with efforts to promote eco-tourism and sustainable practices, offers significant potential for job creation and economic growth.

Government

Political Structure

Greece is a parliamentary republic with a multi-party system. The President of the Hellenic Republic serves as the head of state, a largely ceremonial role with limited executive powers. The president is elected by the Greek parliament for a five-year term. The head of government is the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the president and is usually the leader of the majority party in the Hellenic Parliament, the country’s legislative body.

The Greek Parliament, or Vouli ton Ellinon, is a unicameral legislature with 300 members who are elected every four years through a system of proportional representation. The parliament is responsible for passing laws, approving the national budget, and overseeing the executive branch of government. Political parties in Greece range from left-wing to right-wing, with the two major parties being the New Democracy Party and the Coalition of the Radical Left (SYRIZA).

Political History

Greece’s political history has been marked by periods of prosperity, instability, and conflict. After gaining independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1830, Greece became a constitutional monarchy under King Otto. The country went through several political changes during the 19th and 20th centuries, including the establishment of a republic, periods of military dictatorship, and the restoration of democracy after the fall of the junta in 1974. Greece joined the European Union in 1981 and has been a member of the Eurozone since 2001.

In recent years, Greece has faced significant challenges due to the financial crisis and austerity measures imposed by international creditors. Political tensions, social unrest, and disagreements over economic reforms have marked the country’s political landscape, but Greece continues to play a key role in European and global affairs.