Fiji Facts

by countryaah · Published June 3, 2019 · Updated December 12, 2024

Fiji, east in the southwest Pacific; 18,274 km², 883,000 residents (2019).Fiji, located in the border area between Melanesia and Polynesia, consists of more than 800 islands. A hundred of these are inhabited. The four main islands are Viti Levu, Vanua Levu, Taveuni and Kandavu. The capital is Suva (94,000 residents, 2018), located on the island of Viti Levu.

Country facts

Republic of Fiji / Republic of Fiji
Country abbreviation: FJ
Area: 18 274 km²
Population (2019): 883,000 residents
Capital: Suva
Main languages: English, Fiji, Indian languages, mainly Hindi
State: Republic
Head of State: Jioji Konrote (President)
Head of Government: Voreqe Bainimarama
Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 6,202
GNI per capita (2018): US $ 5,860
Currency unit: 1 Fijian dollar = 100 cents
Currency code: FJD
Country number (telephony): 679
Internet domain name: fj
Time difference compared to Sweden: +11
National Day: October 10 (Independence Day, 1970)

Nature

Land use: forest (65%), agricultural land (14%), other (21%)
Highest mountain: Tomaniivi (1,323 m above sea level)

Population

Population density (2019): 48 residents per km²
Natural population growth (2019): 1.0%; birth rate 18 ‰, death rate 8 ‰
Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (29%), 15-64 (65%), 65- (6%)
Average life expectancy (2019): men 67 years, women 70 years
Infant mortality (2019): 14 per 1,000 live births
Population forecast 2050: 900,000 residents
HDI (2017): 0.741 (place 92 of 189)
Urbanization rate (2019): 56%
Most populous cities (2018): Suva (94,000), Nasinu (92,000 residents),

Business

Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (14%), industry (17%), service (69%)
Exports (2017): US $ 908 million
Main export products: sugar, gold
Main exporting countries: USA, Australia, New Zealand
Imports (2017): US $ 1 911 million
Main import products: machinery and transport equipment, petroleum products
Main importing countries: Australia, New Zealand, Singapore
Railway network (2010): 600 km

Geography

Location and Borders

Fiji is an archipelago located in the South Pacific Ocean, about 2,000 kilometers northeast of New Zealand. It is part of Oceania and consists of more than 330 islands, of which around 110 are inhabited. The two main islands are Viti Levu and Vanua Levu, which together make up about 87% of the country’s total land area. Fiji is bordered by the Pacific Ocean to the north and south, with neighboring countries such as Tonga to the east, New Zealand to the southwest, and Vanuatu to the west.

Physical Features

Fiji’s physical landscape is varied and diverse. The islands are of volcanic origin, and many of them are mountainous, with steep hills and valleys, offering dramatic views and unique landscapes. The highest peak, Mount Tomanivi, rises to 1,324 meters (4,344 feet) above sea level on Viti Levu. The islands feature lush rainforests, tropical mangroves, and stunning coral reefs, which contribute to the rich biodiversity of the archipelago.

The coastline is characterized by white sandy beaches, clear lagoons, and dense coral reefs, making it one of the most picturesque and sought-after travel destinations in the Pacific. In addition to the mountainous terrain, the islands are dotted with rivers, waterfalls, and small volcanic lakes, while their extensive coral reefs make them a hub for marine biodiversity.

Climate

Fiji experiences a tropical maritime climate, characterized by warm temperatures year-round. The climate is divided into two main seasons: the wet season and the dry season. The wet season, which lasts from November to April, is characterized by high humidity and heavy rainfall, often accompanied by cyclones or tropical storms. During this period, temperatures generally range from 23°C (73°F) to 31°C (88°F).

The dry season, from May to October, is cooler and drier, with lower humidity and pleasant temperatures, averaging around 22°C (72°F) to 27°C (81°F). Although cyclones and tropical storms can occur during the wet season, Fiji is well-prepared for such natural events, and they do not occur as frequently as in some other parts of the Pacific.

Natural Resources

Fiji has rich natural resources, particularly in terms of forestry, agriculture, and marine life. The islands are abundant in timber, including mahogany, pine, and other hardwoods. The marine environment surrounding the islands supports abundant fish populations, making fishing an essential industry. Agriculture is also important, with sugarcane, copra (dried coconut meat), and tropical fruits like pineapples, bananas, and papayas being cultivated.

Fiji’s natural resources also include significant mineral deposits, although mining remains a relatively small industry in comparison to agriculture and tourism. The country’s rich biodiversity supports a wide variety of wildlife, including rare bird species and endemic plants.

People

Population and Ethnic Composition

Fiji’s population is around 900,000 people, with the majority living on the two main islands, Viti Levu and Vanua Levu. The population is ethnically diverse, primarily composed of two main groups: the iTaukei (indigenous Fijians) and Fijian Indians. The iTaukei make up around 55% of the population, while Fijian Indians, whose ancestors were brought to Fiji during the British colonial era as indentured laborers, account for about 37%. The remaining population consists of various ethnicities, including Chinese, Europeans, and other Pacific Islanders.

The iTaukei people are the traditional landowners and custodians of Fiji’s rich cultural heritage, and their language, iTaukei (Fijian), is one of the official languages of the country, alongside English and Hindi. Fijian Indians primarily speak Hindi or English, while some may also speak Fijian, depending on their background.

Religion

Religion plays a central role in the daily life of Fijians. The majority of the population, around 64%, identify as Christians, with the largest denominations being Methodists, Catholics, and other Protestant groups. The Methodist Church of Fiji and Rotuma is the largest Christian denomination in the country and has a significant influence on social and political life.

Hinduism is practiced by around 27% of the population, mainly among Fijian Indians, and Islam is practiced by about 6% of the population, with the remainder following indigenous beliefs or being non-religious. Religious festivals, such as Christmas, Diwali, and Eid al-Fitr, are celebrated widely across the country, reflecting Fiji’s cultural and religious diversity.

Language

English is the official language of Fiji and is used in government, education, and business. However, iTaukei and Fijian Hindi are also widely spoken. Fijian, an Austronesian language, is the most widely spoken indigenous language in Fiji, used primarily by the iTaukei people. Fijian Hindi, a dialect of Hindi that evolved during the time of Indian indentured laborers in Fiji, is commonly spoken among the Fijian Indian population. Fiji also has a number of other regional dialects, although they are less commonly used.

Social Structure

Fiji’s society is largely communal, and family plays a significant role in the social structure. Extended families often live together or close by, and family members are expected to support each other. Social life revolves around village communities, where traditional customs, including respect for elders and the chiefs, are integral. The concept of “vanua,” which refers to the land, people, and environment, is central to the iTaukei people’s social structure and worldview.

The political structure of the country is also influenced by traditional chiefs, who hold an important role in many communities. These chiefs are responsible for maintaining order, settling disputes, and preserving cultural traditions within their communities.

Economy

Agriculture

Fiji’s economy has traditionally been based on agriculture, particularly the production of sugarcane, which has been a key export for the country for over a century. Sugarcane is grown primarily on Viti Levu, and Fiji’s sugar industry is one of the oldest in the Pacific. Other important agricultural exports include copra, cocoa, and tropical fruits, which are grown in the fertile soil of the islands.

While agriculture remains important, the sector faces challenges such as land tenure issues, the effects of climate change, and fluctuating commodity prices on global markets. Fiji’s government has been working to diversify the agricultural sector by encouraging the production of other crops and improving the efficiency of farming techniques.

Tourism

Tourism is one of Fiji’s largest industries and a critical component of the country’s economy. The islands’ tropical climate, stunning beaches, and rich cultural heritage make it a popular destination for travelers from around the world. Fiji attracts both luxury tourists and budget travelers, and its tourism industry encompasses resorts, eco-tourism, cultural tours, and adventure activities such as diving, snorkeling, and hiking.

The tourism sector is heavily reliant on international flights and cruise ships, with visitors primarily coming from Australia, New Zealand, the United States, and Europe. The government has invested in infrastructure to support the tourism industry, improving transport links, accommodation, and services to cater to the growing number of visitors.

Manufacturing and Industry

In addition to agriculture and tourism, Fiji has a developing manufacturing sector. This includes the processing of agricultural products, such as sugar refining and the production of canned foods, as well as the manufacturing of textiles, clothing, and consumer goods. The country has also seen growth in the construction and real estate sectors, especially in response to the expanding tourism industry.

Fiji has some potential in natural resource extraction, particularly in mining and timber, though the industry remains relatively small compared to agriculture and services. Offshore oil and gas exploration has also been explored, although it has yet to be a major contributor to the economy.

Trade and Economic Challenges

Fiji’s economy is highly dependent on exports, with sugar, garments, fish, and mineral resources being the main products. Trade with Australia, New Zealand, and the United States plays a major role in the economy, as does the foreign aid provided by these countries and international organizations.

Fiji also faces economic challenges, including a small domestic market, vulnerability to natural disasters (especially tropical cyclones), and a reliance on imported goods, particularly oil and machinery. Additionally, the economy is impacted by global commodity price fluctuations, which affect the income generated from exports like sugar and fish. Climate change is a growing concern, as rising sea levels and extreme weather events threaten agriculture and infrastructure.

Government

Political System

Fiji is a parliamentary representative democratic republic, with a president serving as the ceremonial head of state. The president is elected by the Parliament for a term of three years. The Prime Minister is the head of government and is appointed by the president, usually from the party with the majority of seats in Parliament. The Parliament consists of a single house, the House of Representatives, which is elected by the people through a mixed-member proportional representation system.

Fiji’s government has gone through periods of political instability, including military coups in 1987, 2000, and 2006. These coups were often motivated by ethnic tensions between the indigenous Fijian population and the Indo-Fijian community. However, after the 2006 coup, significant political reforms were implemented, leading to greater emphasis on multiculturalism and national unity.

Constitution and Legal System

Fiji’s current constitution, adopted in 2013, establishes the country as a democratic republic and guarantees the protection of human rights, including equality, freedom of speech, and the right to vote. The legal system is based on English common law, and the judiciary is independent of the executive and legislative branches of government.

Independence and International Relations

Fiji gained independence from Britain in 1970, becoming a fully self-governing nation. Since then, the country has sought to develop closer ties with other Pacific island nations, as well as with global powers such as Australia, New Zealand, and the United States. Fiji is a member of several international organizations, including the United Nations, the Commonwealth of Nations, and the Pacific Islands Forum.

Culture

Art and Music

Fijian culture is a mix of indigenous Polynesian and Melanesian influences, as well as Indian and European elements, particularly from British colonialism. Traditional Fijian arts, including wood carving, weaving, and pottery, have been passed down through generations. Music and dance are important aspects of Fijian culture, with traditional songs and dances being performed during ceremonial occasions and festivals.

Fiji has a rich oral storytelling tradition, with myths and legends being shared through songs, dances, and performances. The most famous traditional dance is the meke, a group dance that tells stories through graceful movements and rhythm.

Festivals and Celebrations

Fiji is home to numerous cultural festivals, celebrating everything from religious holidays to indigenous customs. Holi, the Hindu festival of colors, and Diwali, the Hindu festival of lights, are widely celebrated by the Indo-Fijian community. Bula Festival in Nadi is one of the country’s biggest celebrations, showcasing Fijian culture, arts, and music.

The country also celebrates Independence Day on October 10th, commemorating Fiji’s independence from Britain in 1970. Traditional Fijian ceremonies, including kava rituals, are important aspects of these festivals and national celebrations.

Cuisine

Fijian cuisine reflects the diverse cultures that make up the country’s population. Traditional Fijian food includes dishes like kokoda (raw fish marinated in coconut milk and lime), lovo (a feast cooked in an underground oven), and palusami (taro leaves stuffed with coconut cream). Indian and Chinese influences have also contributed to Fiji’s culinary landscape, with popular dishes like roti, curry, and fried rice widely available.

Fijian meals are often communal, with large gatherings around a lovo or a shared feast. Fruits like mangoes, pineapples, and papayas, as well as root vegetables like cassava and taro, are common ingredients in many dishes.

History

Early Settlement

Fiji’s history dates back over 3,000 years, with the first settlers believed to have arrived from Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands. The indigenous Fijians, known as the iTaukei, developed their own distinct culture, language, and traditions. Over time, Fiji’s islands were settled by various Polynesian and Melanesian groups, creating a diverse cultural landscape.

Colonial Period

Fiji was visited by European explorers in the late 18th century, and the islands were later colonized by the British in 1874. Under British rule, Fiji became a major producer of sugar, with large numbers of Indian laborers brought to the islands to work on sugar plantations. This period of colonization profoundly shaped the demographics and economy of Fiji.

Post-Independence and Modern History

Fiji gained independence from Britain on October 10, 1970, and has since experienced periods of political instability, particularly in the form of military coups. These coups were often rooted in ethnic tensions between the indigenous Fijians and the Indo-Fijian population, with political power shifts playing a significant role.

Since the 2006 coup, Fiji has undergone a series of political and constitutional reforms, aimed at fostering national unity and reducing ethnic divisions. Today, Fiji continues to face challenges related to its political stability, economic development, and climate vulnerability, while maintaining its position as a key player in the Pacific region.