Kenya Facts

by countryaah · Published June 3, 2019 · Updated December 12, 2024

Kenya, state of eastern Africa; 580,000 km², 51.4 million residents (2019).Kenya borders east to Somalia, north to Ethiopia and south Sudan, west to Uganda, south to Tanzania and south-east to the Indian Ocean. The capital is Nairobi (3.2 million residents, 2010).

Country facts

Republic of Kenya (English), Jamhuri ya Kenya (Swahili) / Republic of Kenya
Country abbreviation: KE
Area: 580 000 km²
Population (2019): 51.4 million residents
Capital: Nairobi
Main languages: English, Swahili
State: Republic
Head of State and Head of Government: Uhuru Kenyatta (President)
Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 1,710
GNI per capita (2018): US $ 1 620
Currency unit: 1 shilling = 100 cents
Currency code: KES
Country number (telephony): 254
Internet domain name: ke
Time difference compared to Sweden: +2
National Day: December 12 (Independence Day, 1963)

Nature

Land use: forest (3%), agricultural land (8%), other (89%)
Highest mountain: Mount Kenya (5,200 meters above sea level)
Largest lake: Lake Turkana (8,600 km² )

Population

Population density (2019): 89 residents per km²
Natural population growth (2019): 2.3%; birthrate 29 ‰, deathrate 6 ‰
Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (41%), 15-64 (57%), 65- (2%)
Average life expectancy (2019): men 64 years, women 68 years
Infant mortality (2019): 37 per 1,000 live births
Population forecast 2050: 92 million residents
HDI (2017): 0.590 (place 142 of 189)
Urbanization rate (2019): 32%
Most populous cities (2010): Nairobi (3.2 million residents), Mombasa (917,800), Kisumu (275,300)

Business

Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (34%), industry (18%), service (48%)
Exports (2017): US $ 5,792 million
Main export products: tea, cut flowers, coffee
Main exporting countries: Uganda, Pakistan, USA
Imports (2017): US $ 15 990 million
Main import products: machinery, oil, vehicles
Main importing countries: China, India, United Arab Emirates
Railway network (2018): 3,819 km

Geography

Location and Borders

Kenya is located on the eastern coast of Africa, with its coastline stretching along the Indian Ocean to the southeast. It shares borders with five countries: Ethiopia to the north, Somalia to the east, Tanzania to the south, Uganda to the west, and South Sudan to the northwest. The country’s position along the equator gives it a diverse range of geographical features and makes it an important location for both ecological and economic purposes within the East African region.

Kenya covers an area of approximately 580,367 square kilometers (224,081 square miles), making it one of the larger countries in Africa. Its geographic position makes it a critical hub for trade and travel, particularly as a gateway to other parts of East Africa. Nairobi, the capital city, is not only the political and economic center of the country but also a significant hub for regional commerce and international diplomacy.

Physical Features

Kenya’s landscape is diverse and includes a wide range of features, from the fertile highlands to the semi-arid plains and the tropical beaches of the coastline. The Great Rift Valley runs through the center of Kenya from north to south, creating a geological depression that divides the country’s central highlands from the lower plains in the east and west. The Rift Valley is known for its dramatic escarpments, volcanic lakes, and rich biodiversity.

To the west, Kenya is home to a number of mountain ranges, including Mount Kenya, the second-highest mountain in Africa after Mount Kilimanjaro. Mount Kenya rises to 5,199 meters (17,057 feet) and is a significant geographical feature, contributing to the country’s natural beauty and agricultural potential. The lower-lying areas of the country, particularly those to the northeast and southeast, are characterized by arid and semi-arid conditions, home to savannahs and desert landscapes.

In addition to the mountains, Kenya is known for its numerous rivers, lakes, and wetlands, such as Lake Victoria, which forms part of its western border, and Lake Turkana, located in the northern region of the country. Kenya’s national parks and reserves, including the Masai Mara and Amboseli National Park, showcase the country’s rich variety of ecosystems, making it a renowned global wildlife destination.

Climate

Kenya’s climate varies greatly across the country due to its geographical features, particularly the variation in altitude. The coastal regions experience a tropical climate with hot, humid conditions and seasonal rains, particularly between March and May and from October to December. Nairobi, situated in the central highlands, enjoys a more moderate climate, with cooler temperatures throughout the year due to its elevation of 1,795 meters (5,889 feet) above sea level. This temperate climate supports the cultivation of crops such as tea and coffee, making Nairobi an important center for agriculture.

In contrast, the northern and eastern parts of Kenya experience an arid climate, characterized by high temperatures and minimal rainfall. These areas, which are part of the country’s semi-arid zones, support pastoralism, where livestock grazing is the primary livelihood activity. The western region of Kenya, which borders Lake Victoria, experiences more rainfall and has a humid, subtropical climate conducive to farming.

The climate variations within the country contribute to a range of environmental challenges, including droughts, floods, and food insecurity, especially in the arid regions. Climate change has further exacerbated these challenges, particularly in areas already prone to low rainfall and temperature extremes.

Natural Resources

Kenya is rich in natural resources that play an important role in its economy. Agriculture is the largest sector in the country, benefiting from fertile soils, favorable climatic conditions, and the presence of lakes and rivers that support irrigation and water-based industries. Key agricultural products include tea, coffee, flowers, sugarcane, maize, and horticultural products such as vegetables and fruits. Kenya is one of the world’s largest exporters of tea and flowers, with these industries contributing significantly to the country’s foreign exchange earnings.

In addition to agriculture, Kenya is also endowed with mineral resources, including limestone, soda ash, gold, and fluorspar. The country has significant reserves of geothermal energy, especially in the Rift Valley, and is a leader in the production of geothermal power in Africa. Kenya’s coastline along the Indian Ocean also provides access to rich marine resources, including fish and other seafood, supporting the country’s fishing industry.

Kenya faces challenges related to the sustainable management of its natural resources, particularly in terms of water scarcity, land degradation, and deforestation. However, the government has made efforts to implement environmental conservation programs and encourage the development of renewable energy sources, particularly in the fields of solar and wind power.

People

Population and Ethnic Composition

Kenya has a population of approximately 53 million people, making it the 29th most populous country in the world. The population is ethnically diverse, with more than 40 distinct ethnic groups. The largest ethnic group is the Kikuyu, who primarily reside in the central highlands of Kenya. Other significant ethnic groups include the Luhya, Luo, Maasai, Kalenjin, and Meru, each with its own language, customs, and traditions.

The country’s ethnic composition has been shaped by historical migrations, colonial policies, and cultural exchanges between different communities. Despite this ethnic diversity, Kenya is a relatively harmonious society, although there are occasional ethnic tensions, particularly during elections, when political affiliations often align with ethnic groups.

The majority of Kenyans live in rural areas, with urbanization increasing over time. Nairobi, the capital city, is the largest urban center and serves as the country’s economic, political, and cultural hub. Other major cities include Mombasa, Kisumu, Nakuru, and Eldoret, with Mombasa being the country’s primary port city and a gateway for trade along the East African coast.

Language

Kenya has two official languages: Swahili and English. Swahili, a Bantu language with significant Arabic influences, is spoken by the majority of the population as a first or second language and serves as a lingua franca in many regions of the country. English, inherited from the colonial era, is used in government, education, and business and is widely spoken, especially in urban areas.

In addition to Swahili and English, Kenya is home to a wide array of indigenous languages spoken by different ethnic groups. Some of the most widely spoken indigenous languages include Kikuyu, Luo, Luhya, Kalenjin, and Maasai. These languages contribute to Kenya’s cultural diversity and are an integral part of the daily lives of many Kenyans. However, the use of indigenous languages has been declining in favor of Swahili and English, particularly in urban areas.

Religion

Kenya is a predominantly Christian country, with about 85% of the population identifying as Christians, split between Roman Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox denominations. Christianity was introduced to Kenya by European missionaries in the 19th century, and it has since become deeply ingrained in the country’s cultural and social practices. Church attendance is an important part of Kenyan life, particularly in rural areas, where religious institutions also serve as centers for social and community activities.

Islam is the second-largest religion in Kenya, accounting for about 10% of the population. Islam is most widely practiced along the coast and in areas bordering Somalia, and it has a long history in the country, having arrived through trade and early interactions with the Arabian Peninsula. The practice of Islam is an integral part of Kenyan coastal culture, and mosques and Islamic schools play an important role in the lives of many people in these regions.

There are also smaller communities of Hindus, Sikhs, and Bahá’ís, particularly in urban areas. Religion in Kenya is generally seen as a unifying force, though religious tensions occasionally arise, particularly in relation to issues of political power, identity, and access to resources.

Social Structure

Kenya’s social structure is deeply influenced by its ethnic diversity and rural heritage. Family and community are central to Kenyan life, with extended families often living together or close by. In rural areas, the family is seen as the primary unit of economic and social support, and the elderly are highly respected. Traditional roles within families are still important, although urbanization and modernization have brought about changes in social dynamics, particularly in the younger generation.

In urban areas, social structures tend to be more fluid, with an increasing number of young people pursuing education and employment opportunities outside of their home communities. However, traditional gender roles, particularly in rural areas, still play a significant part in shaping social expectations. Women in Kenya, particularly in rural areas, are often expected to fulfill domestic and agricultural duties, though there has been significant progress in improving women’s rights and access to education, healthcare, and political participation.

Economy

Key Industries

Kenya has a diverse economy, with key industries including agriculture, manufacturing, services, and tourism. Agriculture remains the backbone of the economy, contributing to both the country’s GDP and employment. The country is a leading producer and exporter of tea, coffee, and cut flowers, with tea and coffee being particularly important for the national economy. Kenya also produces a variety of other crops, such as maize, sugarcane, horticultural products, and vegetables.

Manufacturing in Kenya is steadily growing, with a focus on food processing, cement production, textiles, chemicals, and construction materials. The country’s manufacturing sector benefits from its abundant agricultural produce, which is processed into products such as packaged foods, beverages, and clothing. Additionally, Kenya has a small but growing tech industry, particularly in mobile technology and digital finance, thanks to innovative platforms like M-Pesa, which has revolutionized mobile money services.

Kenya’s tourism industry is a significant contributor to its economy, attracting visitors from around the world to experience its rich wildlife, national parks, and beautiful coastline. Popular destinations include the Maasai Mara, Amboseli National Park, and the coastal region, particularly Mombasa, known for its historical sites and beaches. Kenya’s wildlife, including the “Big Five” (elephant, lion, buffalo, leopard, and rhinoceros), draws tourists seeking safari experiences, making tourism an essential source of foreign exchange.

Agriculture and Livestock

Agriculture remains a key pillar of Kenya’s economy, especially in rural areas where farming and livestock are central to livelihood. Smallholder farmers dominate the agricultural sector, producing crops such as tea, coffee, maize, and flowers. Large-scale agriculture is practiced in specific regions of the country, particularly for crops like tea and coffee, which are exported globally. The horticultural sector is also booming, with Kenya being one of the largest exporters of cut flowers to Europe.

Livestock farming is important, particularly in the arid and semi-arid regions of the country, where pastoralism has traditionally been practiced. The country is home to a large population of cattle, goats, sheep, and camels, which provide meat, milk, and other products. The agricultural sector faces challenges such as drought, land degradation, and limited access to credit for farmers. However, the government and NGOs are working to improve agricultural practices and provide support for small-scale farmers to increase productivity and food security.

Trade and Foreign Investment

Kenya is an important player in the East African region and has strong trade ties with countries in Africa, Europe, and Asia. The country is a member of the East African Community (EAC), a regional economic bloc, and benefits from trade agreements within the bloc, as well as with countries outside the region. Kenya’s port city of Mombasa serves as a major gateway for trade in the region, particularly for landlocked countries such as Uganda, Rwanda, and South Sudan.

In recent years, Kenya has attracted significant foreign investment, particularly in infrastructure, manufacturing, and the technology sector. The government has undertaken large infrastructure projects, including the construction of new roads, railways (such as the Standard Gauge Railway), and airports, to improve trade connectivity within the region and beyond.

Government

Political System

Kenya is a presidential republic with a multi-party system. The President of Kenya is both the head of state and the head of government, and the position is elected for a five-year term. The president has significant executive powers, including appointing ministers, overseeing national security, and representing the country in international relations. Kenya’s government is based on a system of checks and balances, with an independent judiciary, legislature, and executive.

The country’s legislature is bicameral, consisting of the National Assembly and the Senate. Members of the National Assembly are elected by the people, while Senators represent the counties of Kenya. The legislative body is responsible for making laws and overseeing the activities of the executive branch.

Kenya has a history of political instability and electoral violence, particularly during presidential elections. However, following the 2007-2008 post-election violence, significant reforms were implemented to improve the political process and ensure greater fairness in elections. These reforms included the establishment of a new constitution in 2010, which introduced devolution of powers to county governments and aimed to promote more inclusive governance.

Legal System

Kenya’s legal system is based on English common law, influenced by its history as a British colony. The judiciary is independent and consists of various courts, including the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeal, and High Courts, which handle civil, criminal, and administrative cases. Kenya’s constitution, enacted in 2010, provides for a bill of rights that guarantees freedoms such as speech, assembly, and equality before the law.

The legal system also incorporates elements of Islamic law, particularly in the case of personal status issues such as marriage and inheritance for Muslims. Kenya’s legal framework has evolved to reflect its diverse social and cultural context, though challenges remain related to corruption, the efficiency of the court system, and the protection of human rights.

Foreign Policy

Kenya plays an important role in regional politics and international diplomacy. The country is a member of various international organizations, including the United Nations, the African Union, and the Commonwealth. Kenya has been a key mediator in regional conflicts, particularly in Somalia, where it has contributed troops to the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) in the fight against extremist groups like al-Shabaab.

Kenya maintains strong diplomatic and economic relations with the United States, the European Union, China, and neighboring African countries. The country’s strategic position on the East African coast has made it a vital player in the fight against terrorism, piracy, and regional instability. Kenya’s foreign policy aims to promote peace, security, and economic development both within the region and on the global stage.

Culture

Language and Literature

Kenya is a multilingual country, with over 60 languages spoken across its diverse ethnic groups. Swahili and English are the official languages, with Swahili serving as the national lingua franca that unites people from different ethnic backgrounds. English is widely used in government, business, and education. Each ethnic group in Kenya has its own distinct language, and many Kenyans speak more than one language, especially in urban areas where diverse communities coexist.

Kenyan literature is rich and diverse, often drawing from the country’s cultural heritage, history, and social issues. Writers such as Ngũgĩ wa Thiong’o, whose works explore the impact of colonialism and the struggles for independence, have achieved international recognition. Contemporary Kenyan authors also address topics such as urbanization, gender, and the complexities of post-colonial identity.

Art, Music, and Dance

Kenya has a vibrant cultural scene, with art, music, and dance playing an essential role in the country’s identity. Traditional art forms, such as beadwork, pottery, and wood carving, are practiced by various ethnic communities. These crafts are often used in rituals and as symbols of cultural heritage.

Kenyan music is influenced by both indigenous traditions and Western styles. Traditional music is characterized by rhythmic drumming, singing, and dancing, with different ethnic groups having their unique musical instruments. Contemporary Kenyan music has also become popular worldwide, with genres like Benga, reggae, and hip hop gaining prominence. Artists such as Sauti Soul and Gidi Gidi Maji Maji have helped shape the modern music scene in Kenya, blending African rhythms with global musical influences.

Dance is another vital component of Kenyan culture, with many ethnic groups having their traditional dances. These dances are performed during cultural celebrations, weddings, and other community events. The Maasai, Kikuyu, and Luo people, among others, have distinctive dance forms that reflect their values, history, and social cohesion.

Festivals and Traditions

Kenya celebrates numerous festivals throughout the year, many of which are rooted in religious, cultural, and national traditions. Christmas and Easter are widely celebrated among Christians, with church services, family gatherings, and feasts being key components of the festivities. Eid al-Fitr and Eid al-Adha are important Islamic holidays celebrated by Kenya’s Muslim community, marked by prayers, feasts, and giving to the less fortunate.

In addition to religious holidays, Kenya has a number of national celebrations, including Mashujaa Day (Heroes’ Day) and Jamhuri Day (Independence Day), which commemorate the country’s struggle for independence from British colonial rule. These holidays are marked by parades, speeches, and cultural performances that celebrate Kenyan history and heritage.

Cuisine

Kenyan cuisine is diverse and influenced by the various ethnic communities in the country. The staple food for many Kenyans is maize, which is used to make ugali, a dense, dough-like dish often served with vegetables, meat, or fish. Other common dishes include nyama choma (grilled meat), sukuma (collard greens), and chapati (flatbread). Fish, particularly from Lake Victoria, is also widely consumed, and samosas and mandazi are popular snacks.

Kenyan food reflects both traditional African roots and influences from Indian, Arabic, and Western cuisines, creating a vibrant and varied culinary landscape. Many of these dishes are prepared and shared in communal settings, reflecting the importance of family and community in Kenyan culture.