Botswana Facts

Botswana, state of southern Africa; 581 700 km², 2.2 million residents (2019).Botswana borders northeast to Zimbabwe, south-east and south to South Africa, west and north to Namibia and north to Zambia. The capital is Gaborone (274,400 residents, 2019).

Country facts

• Republic of Botswana / Republic of Botswana
• Country abbreviation: BW
• Area: 581 700 km²
• Population (2019): 2.2 million residents
• Capital: Gaborone
• Main languages: English, Tswana
• State: Republic
• Head of State and Head of Government: Mokgweetsi Masisi (President)
• Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 8,259
• GNI per capita (2018): US $ 7,750
• Currency unit: 1 pula = 100 thebe
• Currency code: BWP
• Country Number (Telephony): 267
• Internet domain name: bw
• Time difference compared to Sweden: +1
• National Day: September 30 (Independence Day, 1966)

Nature

• Land use: forest (19%), agricultural land (3%), other (78%)
• Highest mountain: Otse (1,489 m above sea level)

Population

• Population density (2019): 4 residents per km²
• Natural population growth (2019): 1.2%; birthrate 22 ‰, death count 10 ‰
• Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (32%), 15-64 (73%), 65- (5%)
• Average life expectancy (2019): men 61 years, women 66 years
• Infant mortality (2019): 30 per 1,000 live births
• Population forecast 2050: 3 million residents
• HDI (2017): 0.717 (place 101 of 189)
• Urbanization rate (2019): 70%
• Most popular cities (2019): Gaborone (274,400 residents), Francistown (113,300)

Business

• Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (2%), industry (28%), service (70%)
• Exports (2017): US $ 5,934 million
• Main export products: diamonds, copper, nickel
• Main exporting countries: Belgium, India
• Imports (2017): US $ 5,005 million
• Main import products: food, transport
• Main importing countries: South Africa, Canada, Israel
• Railway network (2014): 900 km

Geography

Topography

Botswana is a landlocked country located in Southern Africa, bordered by Namibia to the west and north, Zambia to the north, Zimbabwe to the northeast, and South Africa to the south and southeast. Covering an area of approximately 581,730 square kilometers, Botswana features a predominantly flat to gently undulating terrain. The Kalahari Desert occupies a significant portion of the country, extending into neighboring Namibia and South Africa, and is characterized by sandy plains, grasslands, and sparse vegetation. The eastern part of Botswana transitions into the savanna regions, which support more diverse flora and fauna compared to the arid west. The Okavango Delta, one of the world’s largest inland deltas, is a unique geographical feature in the northwest. This intricate network of waterways and wetlands creates a lush oasis teeming with wildlife, contrasting sharply with the surrounding desert. Additionally, Botswana is home to several significant river systems, including the Okavango, Chobe, and Limpopo Rivers, which play crucial roles in the country’s ecology and economy.

Regions

Botswana is divided into several distinct geographic regions, each with its own unique characteristics. The Central Kalahari Basin covers much of the interior, featuring vast expanses of sand dunes and dry riverbeds. This region is sparsely populated and supports nomadic pastoralist communities who herd cattle and goats. The Makgadikgadi Pan, located in the northeastern part of the country, is one of the largest salt flats in the world, formed by the evaporation of ancient Lake Makgadikgadi. During the rainy season, this area transforms into a temporary habitat for migratory birds and other wildlife. The Okavango Basin, encompassing the Okavango Delta, is a biodiversity hotspot with abundant water resources, supporting a rich array of plant and animal species. The northern regions near the borders with Zambia and Zimbabwe, including the Chobe National Park, are renowned for their dense wildlife populations and significant elephant herds. The southeastern part of Botswana is characterized by rolling hills and riverine forests, providing a more temperate environment compared to the arid west.

Biodiversity

Despite its arid climate, Botswana boasts remarkable biodiversity, particularly within its protected areas and national parks. The Okavango Delta is a UNESCO World Heritage site and one of the most biodiverse regions in Africa, home to species such as elephants, lions, hippos, crocodiles, and numerous bird species. Chobe National Park, located in the north, is famous for its large elephant populations and is also a sanctuary for lions, leopards, and a variety of antelope species. The Central Kalahari Game Reserve, one of the largest protected areas in the world, supports a range of wildlife adapted to desert conditions, including the meerkat, gemsbok, and various predators. Botswana’s wetlands, such as those in the Makgadikgadi Pan, provide critical habitats for migratory birds, including flamingos, storks, and herons. The country’s commitment to conservation has helped preserve its natural heritage, making Botswana a premier destination for eco-tourism and wildlife enthusiasts.

Climate

Climate Zones

Botswana experiences a semi-arid climate, with variations across different regions. The western and central parts of the country, dominated by the Kalahari Desert, have hot, dry conditions with minimal rainfall. These areas are characterized by high temperatures during the day and cooler nights, with precipitation occurring primarily in the summer months. The eastern regions, including the Okavango Delta and Chobe National Park, have a more humid climate, benefiting from the annual flooding of the Okavango River. This area receives higher rainfall compared to the west, supporting lush vegetation and diverse wildlife. The southeastern part of Botswana experiences a subtropical climate, with warmer temperatures and moderate rainfall, fostering agricultural activities and supporting riverine ecosystems.

Weather Patterns

Botswana’s weather is heavily influenced by the seasonal movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), which brings the majority of the country’s rainfall between November and March. During this rainy season, thunderstorms are common, and the landscape transforms as temporary rivers and wetlands fill with water, attracting migratory birds and supporting animal migrations. The dry season, from April to October, is characterized by clear skies, low humidity, and minimal precipitation. This period is ideal for wildlife viewing, as animals congregate around remaining water sources. The transition periods between wet and dry seasons can bring variable weather, with occasional floods or droughts affecting agricultural productivity and water availability. Additionally, Botswana can experience temperature extremes, particularly in the desert regions, where daytime temperatures can exceed 40°C (104°F) during the hottest months, while nights can be surprisingly cool.

People

Demographics

Botswana has a population of approximately 2.6 million people, making it one of the least densely populated countries in the world. The population is relatively young, with a median age of around 24 years, although it is gradually aging due to improvements in healthcare and declining fertility rates. The majority of the population resides in urban areas, with Gaborone, the capital, being the largest city and a central hub for economic and social activities. Other significant urban centers include Francistown, Maun, and Molepolole. Rural areas, particularly in the western and central parts of the country, are sparsely populated and often inhabited by pastoralist communities who rely on livestock herding for their livelihoods. Population growth has been steady, supported by good health indicators and increasing life expectancy.

Ethnic Composition

Botswana is predominantly inhabited by the Tswana people, who make up about 80% of the population. The Tswana are part of the larger Bantu-speaking ethnic groups found throughout Southern Africa. There are also several minority groups, including the Kalanga, Basarwa (San), and various other indigenous tribes. The Kalanga people are primarily found in the eastern regions, while the Basarwa, also known as the San or Bushmen, are indigenous hunter-gatherers living in the northern parts of the country, particularly in the Central Kalahari Game Reserve. These minority groups maintain distinct cultural practices and languages, contributing to Botswana’s cultural diversity. The country has a relatively homogenous population compared to many other African nations, with minimal ethnic tensions and a strong sense of national identity.

Languages

The official language of Botswana is English, which is used in government, business, and education. However, the most widely spoken language is Setswana, the national language, which serves as a lingua franca among the diverse ethnic groups. Setswana is spoken by the majority of the population and is used in everyday communication, media, and cultural expression. Other indigenous languages are also spoken by minority groups, including Kalanga, Sekgalagadi, and various San languages. While English is the primary language of formal communication, Setswana remains integral to Botswana’s cultural and social life, fostering unity and preserving traditional practices.

Religion

The religious landscape in Botswana is predominantly Christian, with about 79% of the population identifying as Christian. Various denominations are present, including Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, and Pentecostal churches, reflecting the influence of European missionaries during the colonial period. Traditional African religions are also practiced, particularly among the Basarwa and other indigenous communities, often blending with Christianity in syncretic forms. Smaller religious communities include Muslims, Hindus, and adherents of other faiths, largely due to immigration and globalization. Religious practices in Botswana are generally harmonious, contributing to the country’s social cohesion and cultural diversity.

Economy

Major Industries

Botswana has one of the fastest-growing economies in the world, characterized by a stable macroeconomic environment and prudent fiscal policies. The country’s economy is heavily reliant on mining, particularly diamond mining, which accounts for a significant portion of its GDP and export earnings. Botswana is one of the world’s leading producers of diamonds by value, with major mining operations such as Debswana, a joint venture between the government and De Beers. In addition to diamonds, Botswana has rich deposits of other minerals, including copper, nickel, coal, and soda ash. The mining sector drives economic growth, attracts foreign investment, and provides employment opportunities.

Beyond mining, the services sector plays a crucial role in Botswana’s economy, encompassing finance, tourism, and telecommunications. The financial services industry is well-developed, with a robust banking sector that supports domestic and international trade. Tourism is a vital industry, leveraging Botswana’s natural attractions, such as the Okavango Delta and Chobe National Park, to attract international visitors and generate revenue. The government has also invested in improving infrastructure, including transportation and communication networks, to support economic diversification and growth.

Agriculture

Agriculture is an important sector in Botswana, providing employment to a significant portion of the population, particularly in rural areas. The country’s agricultural activities are predominantly pastoral, with cattle farming being the mainstay. Botswana is renowned for its high-quality beef, which is a major export product. In addition to cattle, farmers raise goats, sheep, and poultry. Crop farming is limited by the country’s arid climate, but key crops include sorghum, maize, millet, and peanuts, which are primarily grown for subsistence and local markets. The government has implemented various programs to support agricultural productivity, such as irrigation projects and initiatives to improve livestock health and breeding practices. Efforts to diversify agriculture are ongoing, with a focus on sustainable practices and resilience against climate variability.

Trade

Botswana maintains a strong trade relationship with its regional neighbors and global partners. The country is a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Southern African Customs Union (SACU), which facilitate trade and economic cooperation within the region. Botswana’s major exports include diamonds, beef, copper, and textiles, with diamonds being the most significant export commodity. The primary export markets are the European Union, the United States, China, and neighboring South African markets. Imports are diverse, including machinery, vehicles, petroleum products, and consumer goods, reflecting the country’s need for industrial and technological inputs to support its growing economy.

Botswana has pursued policies to diversify its export base and reduce dependence on diamonds by developing other sectors such as tourism, manufacturing, and financial services. The government has also focused on enhancing trade infrastructure, including ports, roads, and railways, to facilitate the efficient movement of goods. Regional integration efforts through SADC and SACU have provided Botswana with access to larger markets and opportunities for economic collaboration. Additionally, Botswana engages in bilateral trade agreements with various countries to expand its international trade footprint and attract foreign investment.

Economic Development

Botswana’s economic development has been characterized by sustained growth, low levels of corruption, and effective governance, contributing to its reputation as one of Africa’s success stories. The discovery of diamonds in the 1960s transformed the economy, providing the government with the resources to invest in infrastructure, education, and healthcare. The country has achieved high levels of economic stability, with steady GDP growth rates and prudent fiscal management. Botswana’s development strategy emphasizes economic diversification, human capital development, and sustainable resource management.

Investments in education and healthcare have led to improvements in literacy rates, life expectancy, and overall human development indicators. The government has prioritized the expansion of social services, aiming to reduce poverty and inequality. However, challenges remain, including high unemployment rates, particularly among the youth, and economic vulnerability due to reliance on diamond revenues. Efforts to address these issues include promoting entrepreneurship, supporting small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and enhancing skills training to align with the needs of a diversified economy. Additionally, Botswana is committed to sustainable development, balancing economic growth with environmental conservation and social equity.

Government

Political System

Botswana is a stable parliamentary republic with a democratic framework that has sustained over five decades of uninterrupted democratic governance since gaining independence in 1966. The President of Botswana serves as both the head of state and government, elected by popular vote for a five-year term with the possibility of re-election. The political system is characterized by a clear separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The Parliament of Botswana is bicameral, consisting of the National Assembly and the House of Chiefs (Ntlo ya Dikgosi). The National Assembly is the primary legislative body, with members elected through a mixed-member proportional representation system. The House of Chiefs serves as an advisory body, representing traditional leaders and providing input on issues related to customary law and tribal affairs.

Administrative Divisions

Botswana is divided into ten administrative districts, each governed by an elected council responsible for local governance and development. The districts are further subdivided into sub-districts and villages, each with their own local councils or traditional leaders. The capital city, Gaborone, is located in the South-East District and serves as the administrative and economic hub of the country. The decentralized administrative structure allows for regional governance tailored to the specific needs and characteristics of different areas, promoting effective local development and community participation in governance processes.

Foreign Relations

Botswana maintains a strong and active presence in international affairs, emphasizing multilateralism, regional cooperation, and sustainable development. As a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Southern African Customs Union (SACU), Botswana plays a significant role in promoting economic integration and political stability within the Southern African region. The country is also a member of the African Union (AU), the United Nations (UN), the World Trade Organization (WTO), and the Commonwealth of Nations, reflecting its commitment to global governance and international collaboration.

Botswana’s foreign policy prioritizes good governance, human rights, and economic development, both domestically and in its international engagements. The country has established strong bilateral relationships with key partners, including the United Kingdom, the United States, China, and neighboring African nations. Botswana is recognized for its leadership in promoting democracy, combating corruption, and supporting regional peacekeeping initiatives. Additionally, the country advocates for sustainable development, environmental protection, and the responsible management of natural resources on the global stage, aligning its policies with international standards and agreements.

Culture

Arts

Botswana’s cultural landscape is a rich tapestry woven from indigenous traditions, colonial influences, and modern artistic expressions. Traditional arts include intricate beadwork, pottery, basket weaving, and wood carving, often reflecting the cultural heritage and daily life of different ethnic groups. The Setswana people, in particular, are renowned for their vibrant beadwork, used in clothing, jewelry, and ceremonial items. Contemporary Botswana art encompasses a diverse range of mediums, including painting, sculpture, photography, and mixed media, with artists exploring themes of identity, tradition, and modernity. The National Museum and Art Gallery in Gaborone serves as a central hub for showcasing Botswana’s artistic achievements and preserving its cultural heritage.

Music

Music plays a significant role in Botswana’s cultural identity, blending traditional rhythms with modern influences. Traditional music features instruments such as the segaba (a type of stringed instrument), drums, and rattles, accompanied by distinctive vocal styles and dance movements. These traditional forms are integral to ceremonies, celebrations, and storytelling, preserving the oral history and cultural practices of various communities. In contemporary Botswana, genres such as Kwasa Kwasa, hip-hop, gospel, and jazz have gained popularity, reflecting global musical trends while incorporating local elements. Artists like Vee Mampeezy, Mmanthabiseng Molebatsi, and Sasa Klaas have achieved national and international recognition, contributing to the dynamic and evolving music scene in Botswana.

Festivals

Botswana hosts a variety of festivals that celebrate its cultural diversity, heritage, and artistic expressions. One of the most prominent is the Maitisong Festival, an annual event held in Gaborone that showcases a wide range of performances, including music, dance, theater, and visual arts. This festival attracts both local and international artists, fostering cultural exchange and artistic innovation. The Dithubaruba Cultural Festival is another significant event, highlighting traditional music, dance, and crafts of the indigenous communities. Additionally, the Botswana International Film Festival provides a platform for filmmakers to showcase their work, promoting the country’s burgeoning film industry and supporting creative storytelling. These festivals play a crucial role in promoting cultural pride, community engagement, and the preservation of Botswana’s rich cultural heritage.

Cuisine

Botswana’s cuisine is a reflection of its cultural diversity and the availability of local ingredients. Traditional dishes often feature staples such as sorghum, maize, millet, and maize-based porridges, which are commonly served with meat, vegetables, and legumes. One of the most popular dishes is seswaa, a slow-cooked beef or goat stew seasoned with minimal spices, typically served with pap (a type of porridge) or other starches. Morogo (wild spinach) and diphatha (beans) are also common components of traditional meals, providing essential nutrients and flavors. In rural areas, communal dining is an important social practice, where families and communities gather to share meals and reinforce social bonds. Urban areas offer a more diverse culinary scene, incorporating international cuisines and modern cooking techniques, while still maintaining traditional influences. Local beverages include umqombothi, a traditional beer made from maize, and various fruit juices and herbal teas.

History

Pre-Colonial Era

Before the arrival of European explorers, the region now known as Botswana was inhabited by various indigenous groups, including the Tswana, Kalanga, and San (Basarwa) peoples. These communities lived in semi-nomadic societies, relying on cattle herding, hunting, and gathering for their livelihoods. The Tswana people, in particular, established complex social structures and kingdoms, engaging in trade and intertribal alliances. The San people, known for their hunter-gatherer lifestyle, possessed extensive knowledge of the Kalahari Desert’s ecology and maintained rich oral traditions and cultural practices. These early societies were characterized by their adaptability to the environment, intricate social hierarchies, and vibrant cultural expressions.

Colonial Period

The colonial history of Botswana, formerly known as Bechuanaland, began in the late 19th century when British influence expanded into the region. Faced with encroachment from Boer settlers from South Africa and potential annexation by neighboring colonial powers, local Tswana leaders sought British protection. In 1885, the Bechuanaland Protectorate was established, providing a degree of autonomy and preserving traditional governance structures under British oversight. The colonial administration focused on maintaining stability and facilitating trade, particularly in cattle and later diamonds. The discovery of diamonds in the late 19th century significantly impacted the region’s economy and attracted foreign interest. Despite colonial rule, the Tswana people maintained much of their cultural identity and social structures, laying the groundwork for post-independence governance.

Independence and Modern Era

Botswana gained independence from Britain on September 30, 1966, with Seretse Khama becoming the nation’s first President. Under Khama’s leadership, Botswana embarked on a path of democratic governance, economic development, and nation-building. The discovery of significant diamond deposits in the early 1970s transformed Botswana’s economy, providing the resources necessary for infrastructure development, education, and healthcare improvements. Botswana adopted a prudent economic policy, managing its diamond revenues effectively and avoiding the resource curse experienced by many other African nations. The country maintained political stability and continuity, with subsequent presidents building on Khama’s legacy of good governance and economic prudence. Botswana has continued to develop its infrastructure, expand its education and healthcare systems, and promote social and economic progress while navigating challenges such as unemployment, HIV/AIDS, and regional instability.

Contemporary Developments

In recent decades, Botswana has focused on diversifying its economy beyond diamonds, investing in sectors such as tourism, financial services, and agriculture. The country has also prioritized sustainable development and environmental conservation, particularly in managing its natural resources and protecting its unique ecosystems. Botswana has been a leader in regional politics, contributing to peacekeeping missions and advocating for democratic principles within the Southern African region. Socially, the country has made significant strides in improving gender equality, education, and healthcare, although challenges remain in addressing issues like income inequality and unemployment. Botswana continues to uphold its reputation for political stability, economic resilience, and effective governance, positioning itself as a model of development and democracy in Africa.

Botswana Map