Belgium Facts

by countryaah · Published June 3, 2019 · Updated December 12, 2024

Belgium, State of Western Europe; 30 530 km², 11.4 million residents (2019).Belgium is a federal state with three regions and ten provinces. The country borders in the north to the Netherlands, in the east to Germany, in the southeast to Luxembourg and in the south to France and has a west coast to the North Sea. The capital is Brussels (176,500 residents 2017).

Country facts

Royaume de Belgique (French)
Kingdom of Belgium (Dutch) / Kingdom of Belgium
Country abbreviation: BE (B)
Area: 30 530 km²
Population (2019): 11.4 million residents
Capital: Brussels
Main languages: French, Dutch (Flemish)
State: Monarchy
Head of State: Philippe (King)
Head of Government: Sophie Wilmès
Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 46,556
GNI per capita (2018): US $ 45,340
Currency unit: euro
Currency code: EUR
Country number (telephony): 32
Internet domain name: be
Time difference compared to Sweden: 0
National Day: July 21 (Leopold I ascends the Belgian throne, 1831)

Nature

Land use: forest (20%), agricultural land (45%), other (35%)
Highest mountain: Botrange (694 meters above sea level)

Population

Population density (2019): 373 residents per km²
Natural population growth (2019): 0%; birth rate 10 ‰, death rate 10 ‰
Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (17%), 15-64 (64%), 65- (19%)
Life expectancy (2019): men 79 years, women 84 years
Infant mortality (2019): 3 per 1,000 live births
Population forecast 2050: 13 million residents
HDI (2017): 0.916 (place 27 of 189)
Urbanization rate (2019): 98%
Most popular cities (2017): Antwerp (520,500), Ghent (259,100), Charleroi (201,300)

Business

Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (1%), industry (22%), service (77%)
Exports (2017): US $ 300 800 million
Main export products: machines, cut diamonds, chemical products
Main exporting countries: Germany, France, Netherlands
Imports (2017): US $ 300,400 million
Main import products: raw materials. machines, uncut diamonds
Main Importing Countries: The Netherlands, Germany, France
Railway network (2014): 3,600 km

Geography

Location and Borders

Belgium is a small country located in Western Europe, bordered by France to the southwest, Germany to the east, Luxembourg to the southeast, and the Netherlands to the north. It also has a coastline along the North Sea to the northwest. Belgium’s central location within Europe makes it a key geopolitical player in the continent, serving as a hub for trade and politics. The country covers an area of 30,689 square kilometers, which makes it relatively small compared to many of its neighboring nations, but its strategic position and historical significance elevate its importance.

Belgium is divided into three main regions: Flanders in the north, Wallonia in the south, and Brussels, which is the capital region and also the political heart of the European Union. These regions have their own distinct cultures, languages, and political powers, reflecting the diversity of the nation. Brussels, located in the heart of the country, functions as both the capital of Belgium and the de facto capital of the European Union, hosting many European institutions such as the European Commission, the European Parliament, and NATO.

Major Landforms

Belgium’s terrain is diverse, with flat plains in the northern part of the country, rolling hills in the central and southern regions, and higher mountain ranges to the southeast. The country’s geography is shaped by its location on the North European Plain, which extends across much of Belgium and covers its northern and central regions.

The northern part of Belgium is characterized by flat, fertile land used for agriculture, particularly in the provinces of Flanders. The southern part, in Wallonia, features more rugged and hilly terrain, part of the Ardennes region, which stretches into Luxembourg and France. The Ardennes is a heavily forested area known for its scenic beauty and diverse wildlife, with its highest peak, the Signal de Botrange, reaching 694 meters above sea level.

Belgium also has several rivers that traverse the country, including the Meuse and the Scheldt. The Meuse River, originating in France and flowing through Belgium and the Netherlands, is one of the most important waterways in the country, facilitating trade and commerce. The Scheldt River, which flows through Belgium and into the North Sea, passes through the port city of Antwerp, one of the busiest ports in Europe.

Rivers and Lakes

Belgium’s river systems play a significant role in its economy, particularly in facilitating transportation and trade. The Meuse River flows from France, enters Belgium in the southern part of the country, and continues into the Netherlands. It is a vital waterway for shipping, particularly for industries in the southern region of Wallonia.

The Scheldt River, which originates in northern France, flows through Belgium’s Flanders region before entering the North Sea through the Belgian port of Antwerp. Antwerp’s port is one of Europe’s largest, making the Scheldt one of the most important rivers for economic activity in the region.

Belgium has a number of lakes, many of which are located in the central and southern parts of the country. Lake Genval, for example, is located just outside Brussels and is known for its recreational activities. However, Belgium’s lakes are generally smaller and less significant compared to the country’s river systems.

Climate

Moderate Maritime Climate

Belgium experiences a temperate maritime climate, influenced by its proximity to the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The country has mild, moderate weather conditions with relatively cool winters and mild summers. This climate is characterized by moderate precipitation throughout the year, with no extreme temperature fluctuations.

The coast of Belgium, including cities like Ostend and Zeebrugge, experiences cooler winters and warmer summers compared to the inland regions, due to the moderating effect of the North Sea. The western part of the country, particularly the region of Flanders, tends to be wetter, with higher rainfall levels than the southern Ardennes region. On average, Belgium receives around 200 to 250 days of precipitation each year, making it a relatively wet country.

Seasonal Variation

Winter in Belgium is typically cold but not severe, with average temperatures in January hovering around 3°C. Snowfall is common but not abundant, and when it does snow, it often melts quickly due to the moderating effects of the nearby sea. Summers are relatively mild, with average temperatures in July around 15°C to 20°C, although they can occasionally rise above 25°C during heatwaves. The country experiences longer daylight hours during summer due to its northern location, but the sun is often obscured by cloud cover during much of the year.

The autumn and spring months are transitional, with mild temperatures and varying levels of rainfall. During spring, flowers bloom across the country, particularly in regions like the Flemish countryside, contributing to Belgium’s natural beauty. Belgium’s climate supports its famous gardens, parks, and agricultural sectors, including crops like wheat, barley, and potatoes.

People

Demographics

Belgium has a population of approximately 11.5 million people, making it one of the most densely populated countries in Europe. The country is characterized by its ethnic and linguistic diversity, with three major linguistic communities: Dutch-speaking Flemings in the north, French-speaking Walloons in the south, and a smaller German-speaking community in the east. The capital, Brussels, is bilingual, with both French and Dutch widely spoken.

The population is largely urbanized, with the majority of people living in cities such as Brussels, Antwerp, and Ghent. Brussels, the capital, serves as the political, economic, and cultural hub of the country. It is home to numerous international organizations and institutions, including the European Union and NATO, which significantly shape its social and economic environment.

Belgium’s population includes a significant number of immigrants, particularly from neighboring countries such as France, the Netherlands, and Germany, as well as from former colonies like the Democratic Republic of the Congo. This multicultural aspect contributes to the diversity of Belgium’s society, making it one of the most cosmopolitan nations in Europe.

Language and Religion

Belgium’s linguistic landscape is complex. Dutch (Flemish) is spoken by approximately 60% of the population, primarily in the northern region of Flanders. French is spoken by about 40% of the population, particularly in Wallonia and Brussels, while a small German-speaking community resides in the eastern part of the country, near the German border. The Belgian constitution guarantees linguistic rights to these communities, and all three languages are officially recognized in government and public life.

Belgium is a predominantly Christian country, with Roman Catholicism being the largest religion. However, the country is secular in its governance, and the influence of religion on public life has decreased over the past century. Protestantism and Islam are also practiced by smaller segments of the population. Belgium has a rich tradition of religious diversity and tolerance, with a range of religious practices and beliefs coexisting peacefully.

Economy

Economic Overview

Belgium has a highly developed and diversified economy, making it one of the wealthiest nations in Europe. The country is known for its strong industrial base, advanced infrastructure, and international trade. Belgium is a member of the European Union, and its economy benefits significantly from being part of the EU’s single market.

Belgium’s economy is largely service-oriented, with the services sector accounting for over 70% of the GDP. Key sectors include finance, insurance, trade, logistics, and information technology. The country’s highly educated workforce and stable political environment make it attractive to international companies looking to set up operations in Europe.

Manufacturing also plays an important role in the economy, particularly in industries such as chemicals, pharmaceuticals, machinery, and food processing. Major Belgian companies like Anheuser-Busch InBev (the world’s largest beer company), Solvay (a leading chemicals producer), and Umicore (a leader in materials technology) are prominent on the global stage.

Belgium’s economy is heavily dependent on exports, with key trading partners including Germany, France, the Netherlands, and the United States. The country’s central location in Europe and its advanced infrastructure, including one of the largest ports in Europe in Antwerp, facilitate its role as a key international trade hub.

Agriculture and Industry

Although agriculture is no longer a dominant sector in the economy, it still contributes to Belgium’s economic output. The country’s agricultural industry produces a wide range of crops, including potatoes, vegetables, and cereals, as well as livestock products such as beef, pork, and poultry. The Flanders region is the primary agricultural producer, benefiting from its flat terrain and fertile soil.

Belgium is also an industrial powerhouse, with significant activity in sectors such as chemical manufacturing, engineering, and steel production. The country’s automotive industry is also important, with companies like Volvo and Audi operating production facilities in Belgium. Additionally, Belgium has a rich history of innovation in the textile and diamond industries, with Antwerp being a global center for diamond trading.

Government

Political Structure

Belgium is a federal parliamentary democracy, with a constitutional monarchy. The Belgian king serves as the head of state, though his role is largely ceremonial. The country’s political system is based on a separation of powers, with executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government.

The executive branch is headed by the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the King after elections and is the leader of the largest party in the Belgian parliament. The Belgian parliament consists of two chambers: the Chamber of Representatives (lower house) and the Senate (upper house). Both chambers are responsible for passing laws, although the Chamber of Representatives has more legislative power.

Belgium is divided into three main regions: Flanders, Wallonia, and Brussels, each of which has its own government and parliament with considerable autonomy. The federal government handles national matters, while regional governments are responsible for issues such as education, health, and transportation.

Political History

Belgium’s political history is marked by its evolution from a monarchy to a modern, democratic state. The country gained independence from the Netherlands in 1830 and adopted a constitutional monarchy. Over the years, Belgium’s political landscape evolved to reflect its diverse linguistic and cultural makeup, with tensions between the Flemish-speaking and French-speaking communities playing a major role in shaping the political system.

In the 20th century, Belgium experienced significant political changes, particularly after World War II. The country developed a welfare state and became a founding member of NATO and the European Union. The rise of regional identities in the 1960s and 1970s led to constitutional reforms that established Belgium as a federal state, granting more autonomy to the Flemish and Walloon regions. The country has continued to experience political fragmentation, with regional parties playing an increasingly important role in national politics.

Culture

Art and Music

Belgium has a rich cultural heritage, with contributions to visual arts, music, literature, and cinema. Belgian art dates back to the Middle Ages, with notable painters like Jan van Eyck and Pieter Bruegel the Elder. The country also produced prominent artists during the Renaissance and Baroque periods, and more recently, in the modern era, artists like René Magritte have gained international acclaim.

Belgium has a strong musical tradition as well, with classical music being a significant part of the country’s cultural life. The country is also known for its jazz and electronic music scenes, and it has produced internationally recognized artists in both genres.

Festivals and Cuisine

Belgium is famous for its vibrant festivals, including the famous Carnival of Binche, which is recognized by UNESCO. The country also celebrates its rich cultural heritage with festivals like the Ghent Festival, a ten-day event featuring music, theater, and dance.

Belgian cuisine is renowned for its quality and diversity, with the country known for its chocolate, waffles, and beer. Belgian chocolate is considered some of the best in the world, and the country has a long tradition of chocolate-making. Belgian beer is also world-famous, with hundreds of different varieties and styles, including Trappist ales brewed by monks.

History

Early History and Independence

Belgium’s history dates back to Roman times, when the area was part of the Roman Empire. During the Middle Ages, the region was known for its thriving cities and rich cultural heritage, particularly in art and trade. In the 16th century, Belgium became part of the Spanish Empire before being transferred to Austrian control in the 18th century.

The Belgian Revolution of 1830 led to the country’s independence from the Netherlands, and it became a constitutional monarchy under King Leopold I. The country’s early years were marked by political and economic development, including the establishment of a strong industrial base.

20th Century and Modern Times

Belgium was a key battleground during both World Wars, suffering significant destruction during the conflicts. After World War II, the country became a founding member of NATO and the European Economic Community (the precursor to the European Union). In the post-war period, Belgium saw significant economic growth, but it also faced political challenges related to regionalism, which ultimately led to the establishment of a federal state in the late 20th century. Today, Belgium is a prosperous and diverse nation, with a stable political system and a prominent role in international organizations like the European Union and NATO.