Thailand Facts

by countryaah · Published June 3, 2019 · Updated December 12, 2024

Thailand, state of Southeast Asian peninsula; 513 115 km², 69.4 million residents (2018).Thailand encompasses the Chao Phraya River plain, surrounding mountain ranges, the Korat Plateau in the northeast and the northern part of the narrow Malacca peninsula. The country borders west and north to Burma, north and east to Laos and southeast to Cambodia. On the peninsula in the south, Thailand borders Malaysia. Thailand comprises 75 provinces as well as the specially governed district of Bangkok and these form six regions. The capital is Bangkok (5.7 million residents, 2015).

Country facts

Prathet Thai / Kingdom of Thailand
Country abbreviation: TH
Area: 513 115 km²
Population (2019): 69.4 million residents
Capital: Bangkok
Main language: thai
State: Monarchy
Head of State: Maha Vajiralongkorn (King)
Head of Government: Prayuth Chan-ocha
Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 7,274
GNI per capita (2018): US $ 6,610
Currency unit: 1 baht = 100 satang
Currency code: THB
Country number (telephony): 66
Internet domain name: th
Time difference compared to Sweden: +6
National Day: December 5 (King’s Birthday)

Nature

Land use: forest (37%), agricultural land (40%), other (23%)
Highest mountain: Doi Inthanon (2,585 m asl)

Population

Population density (2019): 135 residents per km²
Natural population growth (2019): 0.3%; birth rate 11 ‰, death rate 8 ‰
Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (17%), 15-64 (72%), 65- (11%)
Life expectancy (2019): men 73 years, women 80 years
Infant mortality (2019): 9 per 1,000 live births
Population forecast 2050: 63 million residents
HDI (2017): 0.740 (place 83 of 189)
Urbanization rate (2019): 56%
Most populous city (2015): Bangkok (5.7 million residents)

Business

Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (8%), industry (36%), service (56%)
Export (2017): US $ 235 100 million
Main export products: electrical appliances, circuit boards, computers
Main exporting countries: China, USA, Japan
Import (2017): US $ 203,200
Main import products: oil, iron, steel, chemicals
Main importing countries: China, Japan, USA
Railway network (2017): 4 100 km

Geography of Thailand

Location and Borders

Thailand is located in Southeast Asia, sharing borders with Myanmar (Burma) to the northwest, Laos to the northeast, Cambodia to the southeast, and Malaysia to the south. It is also bordered by the Gulf of Thailand to the south, which provides access to the South China Sea, and the Andaman Sea to the west. Thailand is strategically positioned in the heart of the Indochinese Peninsula, making it an important hub for trade and transportation between Southeast Asia and the rest of the world.

The country covers an area of 513,120 square kilometers (198,120 square miles), making it the 50th largest country in the world. Its diverse geography encompasses coastal plains, tropical rainforests, fertile river valleys, and mountainous regions, contributing to its rich ecological and cultural diversity.

Terrain and Landscape

Thailand’s landscape is diverse, with distinct regions offering a variety of natural features. The northern part of Thailand is dominated by rugged mountains, including the Thai highlands, which are part of the Himalayan range. These mountains provide the country with a source of rivers such as the Chao Phraya, the country’s most significant waterway. The northern region also has dense forests, some of which are part of national parks and wildlife sanctuaries.

Central Thailand is a large, flat valley formed by the Chao Phraya River. This area is the country’s agricultural heartland, where rice cultivation is widespread. The region around the capital, Bangkok, is particularly fertile, allowing for a thriving agricultural economy.

To the east lies the Northeast region (Isan), characterized by dry plateaus and low mountains. This area is less developed than other regions but is home to important cultural and historical sites. In the south, the landscape becomes more tropical, with the presence of islands, dense rainforests, and coastal plains. The southern region is also known for its extensive beaches, which make it a popular destination for tourism.

Water Bodies

Thailand is home to numerous rivers, lakes, and coastal waters. The Chao Phraya River is the most significant, flowing from the northern mountains through the central plains and draining into the Gulf of Thailand. Other important rivers include the Mekong, which forms part of Thailand’s border with Laos, and the Salween River, which runs along the western border with Myanmar.

In addition to these major rivers, Thailand has a number of large lakes and reservoirs, such as Lake Nong Han and the Chao Phraya Dam. The country’s extensive coastline along the Gulf of Thailand and the Andaman Sea provides fertile fishing grounds and supports a significant tourism industry focused on beaches, islands, and marine activities.

Climate of Thailand

Tropical Climate

Thailand experiences a tropical climate, characterized by high temperatures and humidity year-round, with three distinct seasons: the hot season, the rainy season, and the cool season. The overall climate is influenced by the country’s geographical location in Southeast Asia and its proximity to the equator.

Hot Season

The hot season lasts from March to June, with temperatures often exceeding 35°C (95°F), particularly in central and northern Thailand. During this time, the heat is intense, and the weather can be oppressive, especially in the interior regions. The hot season is characterized by little to no rainfall, and the heat can be particularly stifling in urban areas such as Bangkok, where the urban heat island effect exacerbates the temperatures.

Rainy Season

The rainy season runs from May to October, brought on by the southwest monsoon. During this time, Thailand experiences heavy rainfall, particularly in the western and southern regions. The rain is often accompanied by high humidity, and occasional flooding can occur, especially in low-lying areas. The rainy season is crucial for the country’s agriculture, as it replenishes the water supply for crops, including rice, which is a staple of Thai cuisine.

Cool Season

The cool season spans from November to February, with temperatures ranging from 20°C (68°F) to 30°C (86°F). This season is considered the most pleasant, with lower humidity and cooler temperatures, especially in the northern regions and mountainous areas. The cool season is the peak of the tourist season, as both locals and international visitors enjoy the more comfortable climate.

Natural Disasters

Thailand is vulnerable to natural disasters, particularly during the rainy season, when heavy rains and floods can cause widespread damage. The country also experiences occasional tropical storms and cyclones, which can result in flooding and landslides. Droughts are a recurring problem, especially in the northeastern regions, where water shortages can affect agriculture.

People of Thailand

Population and Demographics

Thailand has a population of around 70 million people, making it the 20th most populous country in the world. The population is ethnically diverse, with the majority of the population (around 75%) being ethnic Thai. Other ethnic groups in the country include Chinese, Malay, Lao, and indigenous hill tribes, each with their own distinct languages, cultures, and traditions.

The population is concentrated in urban areas, particularly in Bangkok and other major cities. Approximately 60% of the population lives in urban centers, and the remaining 40% resides in rural areas, with many people still engaged in agriculture. Thailand has a relatively young population, with a median age of about 39 years.

Language

The official language of Thailand is Thai, which is a member of the Kra-Dai language family. Thai is spoken by the vast majority of the population and is used in government, education, and media. Additionally, there are several regional dialects and languages spoken throughout the country, including Northern Thai, Northeastern Thai (Isan), and Southern Thai. In urban areas, particularly in Bangkok, English is widely spoken, especially in business and tourism contexts.

Religion

Buddhism is the predominant religion in Thailand, with over 90% of the population identifying as Theravada Buddhists. Buddhism has a profound influence on the culture, philosophy, and daily life in Thailand, with temples and monasteries being prominent in both rural and urban areas. The King of Thailand is considered the protector of Buddhism, and the royal family plays a central role in supporting Buddhist institutions.

Islam is the second-largest religion in Thailand, particularly in the southern provinces along the Malaysian border, where the Muslim population is concentrated. There are also small Christian and Hindu communities, as well as adherents of indigenous animist beliefs in some rural regions.

Urbanization and Rural Life

Urbanization in Thailand has been rapid, particularly in the last few decades, with the capital, Bangkok, becoming a bustling metropolis with a population of over 8 million. Bangkok is the country’s cultural, economic, and political center, drawing people from rural areas in search of better employment and educational opportunities. Rural areas, particularly in the northeast, remain less developed and are characterized by agricultural economies that rely heavily on rice farming and other crops.

Economy of Thailand

Key Economic Sectors

Thailand has a diverse and dynamic economy, which is considered one of the most advanced in Southeast Asia. The country’s economy is driven by a combination of agriculture, manufacturing, tourism, and services.

Agriculture remains an important sector, with Thailand being one of the world’s largest exporters of rice. Other key agricultural products include cassava, sugarcane, rubber, and seafood. Thailand has a strong industrial base, particularly in electronics, automobiles, textiles, and food processing. The manufacturing sector has seen substantial growth in recent years, with Thailand becoming a major exporter of electronics, cars, and machinery.

Tourism is a critical industry for Thailand, attracting millions of visitors annually. The country’s natural beauty, rich culture, and vibrant cities make it one of the most popular destinations in Asia. Famous destinations like Bangkok, Chiang Mai, Phuket, and the islands in the Andaman Sea draw tourists for their beaches, temples, and historic sites.

Trade and Exports

Thailand is a major trading nation, with exports accounting for a significant portion of its GDP. The country’s export goods include electronics, machinery, automobiles, petroleum products, agricultural products, and processed foods. Thailand’s top trading partners include China, the United States, Japan, and other ASEAN countries. Thailand is also an important hub for regional trade within the ASEAN Economic Community.

The country’s economy is also supported by foreign investment, particularly in the automotive, electronics, and tourism sectors. Over the years, Thailand has positioned itself as a regional manufacturing hub due to its competitive labor costs, infrastructure, and access to raw materials.

Challenges and Development

Despite its economic growth, Thailand faces several challenges, including income inequality, political instability, and environmental degradation. Rural areas, particularly in the northeast, still experience higher levels of poverty and underdevelopment, while urban centers like Bangkok see rising living costs and congestion.

Additionally, Thailand’s political landscape has been unstable in recent years, with frequent changes in government, military coups, and protests affecting the business environment. The country is also grappling with environmental concerns such as air pollution, deforestation, and water scarcity, which can have long-term effects on agriculture and the overall economy.

Government and Politics

Political Structure

Thailand is a constitutional monarchy, with the King serving as the head of state. The monarchy plays an important symbolic and cultural role in the country, and the King is deeply respected. However, Thailand’s political system also includes an elected government, and the country has a parliamentary democracy.

The executive branch is headed by the Prime Minister, who is the head of government. The Prime Minister is elected by the National Assembly, which consists of the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House of Representatives has 500 members, while the Senate is made up of 250 members, many of whom are appointed by the military or the Prime Minister.

Political History

Thailand has a long history of monarchy, with the Chakri Dynasty having ruled the country since 1782. The country was known as Siam until 1939, when it officially became Thailand. Over the years, Thailand has undergone several political transformations, moving from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy and eventually to a parliamentary democracy.

Thailand has experienced periods of political instability, including military coups, civil unrest, and protests. The most recent coup occurred in 2014, when the military took control of the government after years of political infighting and protests. The military government held power until 2019, when democratic elections were held. Despite democratic reforms, the military still maintains significant influence in the country’s politics, and the monarchy continues to hold a special place in Thai society.

Recent Political Developments

In recent years, Thailand has seen increasing public demand for greater democracy and political reforms, particularly among younger generations. Protests calling for changes to the constitution, limits on the monarchy’s powers, and a fairer political system have grown in recent years. However, the government has responded with crackdowns on dissent, raising concerns about the state of democracy and freedom of expression in the country.

Culture of Thailand

Arts and Architecture

Thailand has a rich cultural heritage that reflects its long history and the influence of neighboring countries such as India, China, and Cambodia. Thai art is known for its intricate designs and strong symbolic meanings, often depicted in painting, sculpture, and architecture. Buddhist temples, known as wats, are among the most significant architectural landmarks in Thailand. These temples feature detailed carvings, ornate roofs, and golden statues of the Buddha.

Thai classical dance and music are also important cultural elements, with traditional performances often held at festivals, ceremonies, and royal events. Thai dance is characterized by graceful movements and elaborate costumes, while traditional music uses instruments such as the khim (a hammered dulcimer) and the ranat (a xylophone-like instrument).

Festivals and Traditions

Thailand is home to numerous festivals throughout the year, many of which are tied to the Buddhist calendar or traditional harvest cycles. The most famous Thai festival is Songkran, the Thai New Year celebration, which involves water fights and temple visits. Another important festival is Loy Krathong, where people float decorative lanterns on rivers to honor the Buddha and the spirits of the water.

The Thai monarchy also plays a key role in cultural traditions, with royal celebrations and rituals marking significant events in the lives of the royal family. These events are often grand, with displays of traditional art, dance, and music.

Cuisine

Thai cuisine is renowned worldwide for its bold flavors, which balance sweet, sour, salty, and spicy elements. The cuisine is diverse, with each region offering its own distinct dishes. In the north, dishes like khao soi (a curry noodle soup) are popular, while in the south, seafood and coconut-based curries are common. Central Thailand is known for its spicy and fragrant curries, such as green curry and red curry.

Rice is a staple in Thai meals, often served with a variety of meats, vegetables, and sauces. Street food is also an integral part of Thai culture, with vendors selling snacks such as som tam (spicy papaya salad), pad thai (stir-fried noodles), and satay (grilled skewers of meat).

Religion and Spirituality

Buddhism is the dominant religion in Thailand, and it influences many aspects of life, from daily routines to national holidays. Monks play a key role in Thai society, and the country is home to thousands of temples and monasteries where people go to make merit, meditate, or receive teachings. While Buddhism is the primary religion, Thailand is also home to smaller communities of Muslims, Christians, and Hindus, who coexist peacefully.

History of Thailand

Early Kingdoms and the Rise of Siam

Thailand’s history dates back to the ancient civilizations of Southeast Asia. The region was home to the Khmer Empire and several other kingdoms that influenced Thai culture and religion. The most significant early Thai kingdom was Sukhothai, which flourished in the 13th century. This kingdom is considered the birthplace of Thai civilization, where many aspects of Thai culture, including language and script, were developed.

In the 14th century, the Kingdom of Ayutthaya replaced Sukhothai and grew to become one of Southeast Asia’s most powerful kingdoms. It prospered through trade, military conquest, and cultural exchange with neighboring regions. However, in 1767, Ayutthaya was destroyed by the Burmese, leading to the rise of the Chakri Dynasty in 1782 under King Rama I.

Modern Thailand and Political Change

The Chakri Dynasty ushered in a period of modernization, especially under King Rama IV (King Mongkut) and his son, King Rama V (King Chulalongkorn), who introduced reforms in education, governance, and infrastructure. In 1932, a peaceful revolution led to the establishment of a constitutional monarchy, ending centuries of absolute monarchy.

Thailand underwent several political changes in the 20th century, including military coups and a move toward democracy. The country was known as Siam until 1939, when it officially changed its name to Thailand.

Recent History

In recent decades, Thailand has faced political unrest, including protests, military coups, and significant changes in government. The monarchy remains a central institution in Thai society, though the country’s political landscape continues to evolve, with increasing calls for democratic reforms and greater freedom of expression. Despite these challenges, Thailand remains a stable and thriving nation with a rich cultural heritage and growing global influence.