Switzerland Facts

by countryaah · Published June 3, 2019 · Updated December 12, 2024

Switzerland, Central European State;41 290 km², 8.5 million residents (2019).Switzerland, mainly occupied by the Alps, borders Germany and France in the north, Austria and Liechtenstein in the east, Italy in the south and France in the west. The capital is Bern (128,800 residents, 2014).

Country facts

Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft (German)
Confederation Suisse (French)
Confederazione Svizzera (Italian) /
Swiss Confederation
Country abbreviation: CH
Area: 41 290 km²
Population (2019): 8.5 million residents
Capital: Bern
Main languages: German, French, Italian
State: Republic
Head of state and head of government: the title of president rotates within the government
Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 82,839
GNI per capita (2018): US $ 83,580
Currency unit: 1 Swiss franc = 100 centimes (French), Rappen (German)
Currency code: CHF
Country number (telephony): 41
Internet domain name: ch
Time difference compared to Sweden: 0
National Day: August 1 (Formation of the Swedish Confederation, 1291)

Nature

Land use: forest (32%), agricultural land (11%), other (57%)
Highest mountain: Dufour peak (4,634 m asl)
Largest lake: Lake Geneva (582 km² )

Population

Population density (2019): 206 residents per km²
Natural population growth (2019): 0.2%; birth rate 10 ‰, death rate 8 ‰
Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (15%), 15-64 (67%), 65- (18%)
Average life expectancy (2019): men 81 years, women 85 years
Infant mortality (2019): 3 per 1,000 live births
Population forecast 2050: 10 million residents
HDI (2017): 0.944 (place 2 of 189)
Urbanization rate (2019): 85%
Most populous cities (2014): Zurich (384,800 residents), Geneva (191,600), Basel (167,400)

Business

Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (1%), industry (26%), service (74%)
Exports (2017): US $ 313,500 million
Main export products: machinery, chemical products, watches
Main exporting countries: Germany, USA, China
Imports (2017): US $ 264,500 million
Main import products: machinery, chemical raw materials, means of transport
Main importing countries: Germany, USA, Italy
Railway network (2015): 5,700 km

Geography of Switzerland

Location and Size

Switzerland is a landlocked country located in the heart of Europe. It is bordered by Germany to the north, France to the west, Italy to the south, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. The country covers an area of approximately 41,290 square kilometers (15,940 square miles), making it one of the smaller nations in Europe. Switzerland’s geographical location at the crossroads of several major European cultures contributes to its unique blend of languages, traditions, and influences from neighboring countries.

Topography

Switzerland is known for its stunningly diverse topography. The country is famously dominated by the Alps, which cover about 60% of its land area. These mountains, including some of the most famous peaks in the world such as the Matterhorn and the Jungfrau, define much of Switzerland’s landscape and are a central feature of Swiss identity. The Alps create a rugged, mountainous terrain with steep slopes, deep valleys, and numerous glaciers, making Switzerland a prime destination for skiing, mountaineering, and hiking.

The central part of Switzerland is known as the Swiss Plateau, a region of rolling hills and flatlands located between the Alps and the Jura Mountains to the northwest. This area is the economic and cultural heart of Switzerland, home to most of its cities, including Zurich, Geneva, and Bern. In the eastern and western parts of the country, the Jura Mountains form a smaller range, creating a natural barrier between Switzerland and France. The country also features many lakes, with Lake Geneva, Lake Zurich, and Lake Lucerne being among the most prominent. These bodies of water provide both scenic beauty and important transport routes.

Rivers and Lakes

Switzerland is home to numerous rivers and lakes that are integral to its environment and economy. The most significant rivers include the Rhine, which flows from the Alps in the south to the North Sea, and the Rhône, which originates in the Swiss Alps and flows into France and the Mediterranean. The Aare River, the longest river that is entirely within Switzerland, flows from the Alps through the Swiss Plateau, passing through Bern and Zurich.

Switzerland’s lakes are crucial for both recreation and transportation. Lake Geneva, shared with France, is one of the largest and most scenic lakes in Europe. Lake Zurich is another important waterway, both for its picturesque beauty and as a center for trade and industry. Other significant lakes include Lake Constance in the northeast, shared with Germany and Austria, and Lake Lucerne, which sits amidst the mountains and is renowned for its breathtaking scenery.

Climate

Switzerland’s climate varies dramatically due to its diverse geography. The country’s climate is generally temperate, but altitude plays a significant role in shaping the weather patterns. The lowlands and plateau areas experience a temperate climate with cold winters and mild to warm summers. Zurich, Bern, and Geneva, in these areas, typically have average winter temperatures ranging from -2°C (28°F) to 4°C (39°F) and summer temperatures from 16°C (61°F) to 25°C (77°F).

The higher-altitude regions, especially in the Alps, experience much colder temperatures year-round, with snow and ice being common even during summer at higher elevations. Ski resorts in the Alps, such as Zermatt and St. Moritz, are renowned worldwide for their winter sports activities. The southern region of Ticino, near Italy, has a Mediterranean climate, characterized by warmer winters and hot, dry summers. This makes it an ideal location for agriculture, particularly for growing fruits and vegetables, and influences the country’s cultural landscape as well.

Population of Switzerland

Demographics

Switzerland’s population is approximately 8.7 million people as of 2024. The country has one of the highest standards of living in the world, supported by its strong economy, quality healthcare, and high levels of education. The Swiss population is relatively small but highly urbanized, with most people living in the major cities and towns, especially in the central plateau. Zurich, Geneva, Basel, and Bern are the largest cities, each of which serves as an economic, cultural, and political hub in its respective region.

Switzerland is known for its significant expatriate population, with nearly a quarter of the population born abroad. Many immigrants come from neighboring countries, particularly Italy, Germany, and France, and their presence has shaped Swiss society. The population is also quite aged, with a growing number of elderly citizens due to the country’s excellent healthcare system and low birth rate.

Ethnic Groups

Switzerland is a diverse country in terms of ethnic makeup, with the majority of the population being of Swiss-German descent. However, the country also has sizable communities of Italian, French, and other European ethnicities. The population is divided into four main linguistic groups, with the majority (about 65%) speaking Swiss German, particularly in the central and eastern regions. French is spoken by about 23% of the population, mainly in the western region near the border with France, while Italian is spoken by 8% of the population, predominantly in the southern canton of Ticino. Romansh, a Romance language spoken by a small number of people (less than 1%), is used in the canton of Graubünden.

The country’s multicultural character is further enriched by immigrant communities, particularly from countries such as Portugal, Turkey, and Kosovo, whose members have made important contributions to Switzerland’s cultural and economic life. Swiss national identity, however, is often defined by a sense of neutrality, independence, and a shared appreciation for the country’s natural landscapes.

Religion

Switzerland is religiously diverse, with Christianity being the dominant religion. The country’s population is divided between Protestantism and Catholicism, with the former being more prevalent in the central and eastern regions (especially in Zurich and Basel), while Catholicism is more common in the western and southern regions (including Geneva and Ticino). The Reformation in the 16th century led to a strong Protestant tradition in Switzerland, and the country was at the center of religious reforms led by figures such as Ulrich Zwingli.

Although Christianity remains the largest religion, Switzerland is becoming more secular, and a significant portion of the population identifies as non-religious. In recent years, the number of Muslims in Switzerland has increased, largely due to immigration. There are also small communities of Jews, Hindus, and Buddhists, particularly in larger urban areas like Zurich and Geneva. Religious tolerance is a cornerstone of Swiss society, and freedom of religion is protected under the Swiss constitution.

Language

Switzerland has four official languages: German, French, Italian, and Romansh. The distribution of these languages is closely tied to the country’s geographical regions. German is the dominant language, spoken by the majority of the population in the central, eastern, and northern regions, including major cities like Zurich, Basel, and Bern. French is spoken in the western part of the country, particularly in Geneva and Lausanne, while Italian is the official language of Ticino, in the southern region bordering Italy. Romansh is the least common language, with around 0.5% of the population speaking it, primarily in the canton of Graubünden. These linguistic differences reflect the country’s cultural diversity and regional identities.

Switzerland is a multilingual country, and many Swiss people are fluent in more than one language. English is widely spoken as a second language, especially in business and higher education, making Switzerland one of the most proficient non-native English-speaking countries in Europe.

Economy of Switzerland

Economic Overview

Switzerland boasts one of the most prosperous and stable economies in the world. Its strong banking sector, advanced manufacturing industries, and highly skilled workforce contribute to its global economic standing. The country is known for its high-income levels, low unemployment rates, and strong financial markets. Switzerland’s economy is largely driven by exports, particularly in industries such as pharmaceuticals, machinery, precision instruments, and finance. The country is not a member of the European Union but has a close relationship with the EU through various bilateral agreements, particularly in trade and research.

Switzerland has a reputation for financial stability, with its banking system being highly regarded globally. The country is a major international financial hub, home to several multinational banks and insurance companies, particularly in Zurich and Geneva. In addition to finance, the country is known for its luxury goods, high-tech industries, and scientific research.

Industry and Manufacturing

Switzerland’s industrial sector is highly developed, with a strong emphasis on precision manufacturing and high-value goods. The country is renowned for producing watches, a sector in which Swiss craftsmanship and innovation have set global standards. Leading Swiss watchmakers like Rolex, Patek Philippe, and Swatch are synonymous with luxury and quality.

The pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries are also critical to Switzerland’s economy. Major global pharmaceutical companies, such as Novartis and Roche, are based in Switzerland, making the country a key player in global healthcare and life sciences. The country’s advanced technology and engineering sectors produce high-quality machinery, tools, and precision instruments, contributing significantly to its export economy.

Agriculture plays a much smaller role in the Swiss economy but remains an important part of rural life. The country produces dairy products, chocolate, and wine, all of which are exported internationally. Switzerland’s strong agricultural policies, supported by subsidies, ensure the preservation of its rural landscapes and promote sustainable farming practices.

Services and Finance

Switzerland is one of the world’s leading financial centers. The banking sector is internationally renowned for its stability, efficiency, and confidentiality, with Geneva and Zurich serving as major hubs for banking and financial services. Swiss banks offer a range of services, including wealth management, investment banking, and insurance. The financial sector plays a significant role in the Swiss economy, accounting for a substantial portion of the country’s GDP.

The service sector in Switzerland is highly developed, particularly in the fields of healthcare, education, tourism, and technology. Switzerland’s healthcare system is one of the best in the world, and the country is a global leader in medical research and technology. The education system is also world-class, attracting students from across the globe to attend Swiss universities and research institutions.

Economic Challenges

Despite its wealth, Switzerland faces some economic challenges, including an aging population and a high cost of living. The country’s labor market is highly competitive, and the Swiss economy is vulnerable to changes in global demand for its key exports, such as pharmaceuticals, machinery, and financial services. Additionally, Switzerland’s reliance on foreign labor to support various industries, particularly in services and agriculture, has raised concerns about integration and the future of the labor market.

Switzerland’s neutrality and high living standards have made it an attractive destination for international businesses and workers, but this has also led to growing pressures on housing markets, particularly in urban areas. Additionally, climate change poses a threat to Switzerland’s alpine tourism and agriculture, particularly in the context of the country’s dependence on clean energy and natural resources.

Government of Switzerland

Political Structure

Switzerland is a federal republic with a highly decentralized political system. It is made up of 26 cantons, each with its own constitution and significant autonomy over local affairs, including education, healthcare, and law enforcement. The country operates under a system of direct democracy, where citizens regularly participate in referenda to decide on key national issues.

Switzerland has a unique system of government, often referred to as the Swiss Federal Council, which functions as the collective executive branch of government. The Federal Council is composed of seven members, who serve as both the head of government and the head of state. These members are elected by the Federal Assembly and serve for a four-year term. The Swiss political system is characterized by consensus, with decisions typically requiring broad support from different political parties and cantonal representatives.

Legislative System

Switzerland’s legislative body is the Federal Assembly, which consists of two chambers: the National Council and the Council of States. The National Council is the larger of the two chambers, with 200 members who are directly elected by Swiss citizens. The Council of States has 46 members, with two representatives from each canton and one from each half-canton. The Federal Assembly is responsible for passing laws, approving the national budget, and overseeing the work of the Federal Council.

Switzerland’s political system encourages cooperation and compromise between political parties, and the Swiss government often forms coalition governments to ensure that all key issues are addressed. The political parties in Switzerland range from conservative to progressive, with the Swiss People’s Party and the Social Democrats being the two largest.

Judiciary

Switzerland’s judiciary is independent, with the Federal Supreme Court serving as the highest court in the country. The judicial system operates under civil law, with a focus on upholding individual rights, constitutional law, and international law. The Federal Court is responsible for interpreting the constitution, ensuring the consistency of laws, and protecting fundamental rights. Each canton also has its own judicial system, with courts that handle local matters, while the Federal Court has jurisdiction over constitutional and federal issues.

The legal system in Switzerland is highly regarded for its transparency and impartiality, and the country is often viewed as a model for legal systems worldwide. The Swiss commitment to the rule of law and judicial independence ensures a fair and just legal framework for both citizens and businesses.