Papua New Guinea Facts

by countryaah · Published June 3, 2019 · Updated December 12, 2024

Papua New Guinea, State of the Western Pacific; 462,840 km², 8.6 million residents (2019).Papua New Guinea encompasses eastern New Guinea, the Bismarck Archipelago, the Trobriand Islands, the Louisiads and D’Entrecasteaux Islands as well as the islands of Bougainville and Buka among the Solomon Islands. The capital is Port Moresby (317,400 residents, 2012).

Country facts

Papua New Guinea / Papua New Guinea
Country abbreviation: PG
Area: 462 840 km²
Population (2019): 8.6 million residents
Capital: Port Moresby
Main language: English, took pisin
State: Monarchy
Head of State: Elizabeth II (Queen)
Head of Government: James Marape
Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 2,723
GNI per capita (2018): US $ 2,530
Coin unit: 1 china = 100 toea
Country number (telephony): 675
Currency code: PGK
Time difference compared to Sweden: +9
Internet domain name: pg
National Day: September 16 (Independence Day, 1975)

Nature

Land use: forest (92%), agricultural land (2%), other (6%)
Highest mountain: Mount Wilhelm (4 509 m above sea level)

Population

Population density (2019): 18 residents per km²
Natural population growth (2019): 2.2%; birthrate 33 ‰, death count 11 ‰
Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (36%), 15-64 (61%), 65- (3%)
Life expectancy (2019): men 63 years, women 68 years
Infant mortality (2019): 42 per 1,000 live births
Population forecast 2050: 13 million residents
HDI (2017): 0.544 (place 153 of 189)
Urbanization rate (2019): 13%
Most popular cities (2012): Port Moresby (317,400 residents), Lae (100,700)

Business

Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (22%), industry (43%), service (35%)
Exports (2017): US $ 8,522 million
Main export products: oil, gold, copper
Main exporting countries: Australia, Singapore, Japan
Imports (2017): US $ 1,876 million
Main import products: machinery, transport, food
Main importing countries: Australia, China, Singapore
Railway network: nothing in operation

Geography of Papua New Guinea

Location and Borders

Papua New Guinea (PNG) is located in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, occupying the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and numerous smaller islands and archipelagos. To the west of PNG lies Indonesia, while to the north, it faces the Bismarck Sea and the Pacific Ocean. To the southeast, PNG is bordered by the Coral Sea, and to the south lies the Torres Strait, which separates the country from Australia. The island of New Guinea is the world’s second-largest island, and PNG shares the island with Indonesia, which occupies the western half of the island.

The country’s proximity to Australia makes it geographically significant, but its mountainous terrain and remoteness from major trade hubs have historically contributed to its isolation. Despite being located in the Pacific, PNG is also part of the larger Melanesian region, with cultural and linguistic ties to many nearby islands and territories.

Terrain and Landscape

Papua New Guinea is known for its incredibly diverse and rugged terrain. The country is home to some of the world’s most remote and untouched ecosystems, characterized by dense tropical rainforests, towering mountain ranges, and active volcanic regions. The central part of the island is dominated by the mighty Central Cordillera mountain range, where the highest peak, Mount Wilhelm, rises to 4,509 meters (14,793 feet). This range is one of the most geologically active areas in the country and hosts numerous volcanoes, some of which are still active.

The lowlands and coastal regions of PNG offer a stark contrast, with vast wetlands, mangroves, and coral reefs, making the country’s coastline equally important for marine biodiversity. The country’s largest river, the Fly River, flows through the southwestern region, cutting through extensive swamplands before reaching the Arafura Sea. This river and other water systems play an essential role in the transportation and livelihood of people in the more remote areas.

The diverse landscapes of PNG contribute to a range of ecosystems, including montane forests, tropical rainforests, grasslands, and coastal and marine environments. The isolation of many of these ecosystems has resulted in exceptional biodiversity, with many species of plants, animals, and insects found nowhere else in the world.

Natural Resources

Papua New Guinea is rich in natural resources, particularly mineral deposits, forests, and marine life. It is a significant global producer of gold, copper, and oil, with vast reserves of these minerals in its highland regions. Additionally, PNG’s forests provide timber resources, though deforestation is a growing concern. The country is also known for its large reserves of natural gas, which have been important for economic growth and international trade.

The fishing industry is vital for the economy, as PNG has one of the world’s largest and most biodiverse marine environments, including extensive coral reefs and fishing grounds. The country’s location along the Pacific Ocean ensures that the oceanic resources, including tuna, shrimp, and other seafood, play a significant role in the economy. Agriculture also contributes to the country’s resources, with crops like cocoa, coffee, and palm oil being grown for both local consumption and export.

Climate of Papua New Guinea

General Climate Zones

Papua New Guinea has a tropical climate, with significant variation across its geography. The tropical nature of the climate means the country experiences high humidity, warm temperatures, and significant rainfall, but regional variations depend on the altitude, topography, and proximity to the coast. PNG’s coastal and lowland regions are typically hot and humid, while its highland areas experience cooler temperatures and more seasonal variations in weather.

The coastal and lowland areas, especially in the north and east, are subject to frequent rainfall, which is characteristic of tropical climates. These areas have a more constant warm temperature year-round, ranging from 25°C (77°F) to 30°C (86°F). The higher altitudes, particularly in the central mountains, have a more temperate climate, with cooler weather during the night and early morning. In these regions, the average temperature ranges between 10°C (50°F) and 20°C (68°F).

Temperature and Weather Patterns

The temperature in Papua New Guinea remains relatively constant throughout the year, with the hottest months typically being from December to March, coinciding with the wet season. The temperature variation in the highlands can be more pronounced, with cool nights and days that can range from chilly to mild. In the lowlands, especially in the coastal regions, temperatures rarely dip below 20°C (68°F), maintaining a warm climate year-round.

Rainfall is a defining feature of PNG’s climate, with the wet season typically occurring from November to April. During this period, the country experiences heavy, sometimes torrential rains, especially in the coastal regions and the highlands. These rains support the lush vegetation of the tropical rainforests but can also lead to flooding and other weather-related challenges. The wet season coincides with the cyclone season, making parts of PNG prone to tropical storms and cyclones.

Environmental Issues

Papua New Guinea faces several environmental challenges, primarily linked to deforestation, climate change, and the effects of mining and industrial activities. The country’s rich biodiversity and ecosystems are increasingly under threat due to logging, agriculture, and large-scale resource extraction, particularly in the highlands and coastal areas. Climate change poses a significant risk to PNG, especially in low-lying coastal areas, where rising sea levels threaten communities and ecosystems.

The loss of forests is a particular concern, as these forests are not only vital to the environment but also to the livelihoods of many of PNG’s rural inhabitants. There are efforts underway to combat deforestation through reforestation programs and sustainable logging practices, but these challenges remain complex.

People of Papua New Guinea

Ethnic Composition

Papua New Guinea is one of the most ethnically diverse countries in the world, with over 800 distinct languages spoken across its population. The majority of the population is of Melanesian descent, although the country’s ethnic composition includes smaller groups of Austronesians, Papua, and some Asian influences due to migration. The diverse cultures of Papua New Guinea are reflected in its language, art, and traditions.

The Melanesian people have a long history in the region, with their cultures and languages shaping the country’s identity. The indigenous groups of Papua New Guinea are organized in tribes and clans, each with their own language, customs, and social structures. The wide variety of languages spoken across the country makes Papua New Guinea a linguistically rich nation.

Language and Religion

The official language of Papua New Guinea is Tok Pisin, which is an English-based creole language, though English and Hiri Motu are also official languages. However, the vast majority of Papua New Guineans speak one or more of the more than 800 indigenous languages. These languages often represent the distinct cultural identities of local tribes and are a crucial part of the nation’s heritage. Tok Pisin is widely spoken and understood as a lingua franca for communication across different tribes and regions.

The dominant religion in Papua New Guinea is Christianity, with approximately 96% of the population identifying as Christian. The Catholic Church is the largest Christian denomination, followed by various Protestant denominations. Christianity was introduced by missionaries during the colonial period, and it has become a significant part of the country’s social and cultural fabric. Indigenous spiritual practices continue to play an important role, particularly in more remote areas, and many people combine traditional beliefs with Christianity.

Population and Demographics

Papua New Guinea has an estimated population of around 9 million people, making it one of the least densely populated countries in the Pacific region. The country has a youthful population, with a large proportion of people under the age of 25. The population is spread unevenly, with the majority of people living in rural areas, particularly in the highlands and coastal regions. Urbanization is slowly increasing, with Port Moresby, the capital, and Lae being the largest cities. However, the majority of the population still lives in traditional villages, with each tribe or clan maintaining distinct ways of life.

The population faces challenges related to education, healthcare, and infrastructure. The government has been making efforts to improve literacy rates, public health, and access to services, but the rural and remote nature of many communities has made these improvements slow and uneven.

Economy of Papua New Guinea

Agriculture and Natural Resources

Agriculture is a vital sector of the economy, employing the majority of the population. PNG’s fertile soil and tropical climate support the cultivation of a wide variety of crops, including coffee, cocoa, copra, tea, palm oil, and spices. Coffee is one of the country’s largest export commodities, with PNG being one of the top coffee producers in the world. Additionally, the country grows significant quantities of food crops such as sweet potatoes, taro, and bananas, which are important for local consumption and trade.

PNG is rich in natural resources, particularly in minerals, hydrocarbons, and timber. The country has large reserves of gold, copper, nickel, and oil, and the mining industry is a significant contributor to the national economy. Major mining operations are located in the Highlands, Bougainville, and other regions. The export of minerals, particularly gold and copper, makes up a large percentage of the country’s export revenue.

Timber production is also a key sector of the economy, with significant deforestation and logging taking place, especially in the coastal regions and the lowlands. The timber industry, however, has been controversial due to concerns over environmental degradation and the rights of indigenous communities.

Industry and Services

Papua New Guinea’s industrial sector is relatively small but growing, with the country’s primary industries being in mining, agriculture, and manufacturing. The manufacturing sector is largely focused on food processing, palm oil production, and light manufacturing. However, much of the country’s economy is still heavily dependent on the extraction of natural resources.

The services sector, which includes tourism, education, and finance, is expanding, particularly in urban areas. Tourism is an emerging sector, with PNG’s rich biodiversity, cultural heritage, and pristine natural landscapes attracting visitors. The government has focused on increasing investment in infrastructure and tourism to boost the economy further.

Economic Challenges and Opportunities

Despite significant growth in recent years, Papua New Guinea faces a number of economic challenges. These include dependence on resource exports, fluctuations in commodity prices, and high levels of poverty and inequality. The government has been working to diversify the economy, reduce dependency on mining, and improve infrastructure, especially in rural areas. However, the country’s complex geography, along with political instability and issues related to corruption, has made achieving these goals challenging.

Papua New Guinea has significant potential for growth, particularly in agriculture, tourism, and renewable energy. The government has been focusing on infrastructure development and improving human capital to attract foreign investment and boost local economic development.

Government of Papua New Guinea

Political Structure

Papua New Guinea is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system. The country’s head of state is the Queen of Australia, represented by the Governor-General, who plays a ceremonial role in the government. The executive branch of government is headed by the Prime Minister, who is elected by the members of the Parliament and leads the Cabinet in setting policy and implementing laws.

The Parliament of Papua New Guinea is unicameral and consists of 111 members elected every five years. The Parliament is responsible for making laws, approving budgets, and holding the government accountable. Papua New Guinea’s legal system is based on English common law, and the judiciary is independent.

Political History

Papua New Guinea gained independence from Australia in 1975 after decades of colonial rule. The country has faced political instability, particularly during its early years, but it has developed a democratic system of government over the decades. In recent years, however, political instability, corruption, and internal conflicts have hindered the country’s development.

The government has made strides in building democratic institutions, improving education, and addressing infrastructure gaps, but challenges related to governance, law enforcement, and inequality remain. Papua New Guinea has also been working to strengthen its relationships with neighboring countries and international organizations to foster economic growth and political stability.

Culture of Papua New Guinea

Traditional Arts and Crafts

Papua New Guinea has a rich cultural heritage, with hundreds of different tribes each possessing distinct languages, customs, and artistic traditions. Traditional arts and crafts play a significant role in the cultural life of the country, and include weaving, carving, painting, and body decoration. Many of the indigenous groups are known for their intricate wood carvings, which are often used in ceremonial contexts, as well as their colorful masks and headdresses.

Art is deeply intertwined with cultural practices and ceremonies, often linked to spiritual beliefs and clan histories. Paintings and carvings, created using natural materials like wood, bark, and shells, are used for storytelling, ritualistic practices, and celebrations.

Music and Dance

Music and dance are an essential part of life in Papua New Guinea, with each tribe having its own distinct style and instruments. Traditional instruments include drums, flutes, rattles, and stringed instruments made from bamboo. Music is typically performed during ceremonies, festivals, and community gatherings, with dance playing an important role in telling stories or representing historical events.

The country’s music reflects its diverse cultures, with traditional sounds influencing contemporary music in PNG’s urban areas. Modern music genres, including reggae, pop, and rock, have also become popular in recent years, particularly in cities like Port Moresby and Lae.

Cuisine

Papua New Guinea’s cuisine is based on local ingredients, including root crops, fruits, vegetables, and meats. Staple foods include taro, sweet potatoes, yams, cassava, and rice. Fish and pork are commonly consumed, and food preparation often involves steaming, roasting, or boiling. The use of local herbs and spices adds flavor to dishes, and food is often shared communally.

One of the most well-known traditional cooking methods is the “mumu,” a pit oven in which food is slow-cooked with hot stones. This method of cooking is commonly used for special occasions, such as weddings or festivals. The cuisine reflects the country’s agricultural base and reliance on local, fresh ingredients.

Festivals and Holidays

Papua New Guinea is home to numerous festivals, many of which are rooted in tribal traditions and local celebrations. These festivals often feature elaborate costumes, dances, music, and rituals. The Mount Hagen Cultural Show, held annually in the Highlands, is one of the largest and most famous events in the country, showcasing the traditional dances and cultural performances of different tribes.

National holidays include Independence Day, celebrated on September 16th, which marks the country’s independence from Australia. Other important holidays include Christmas, Easter, and New Year’s Day, which are celebrated with family gatherings, church services, and traditional food.

History of Papua New Guinea

Early History and Colonization

The history of Papua New Guinea dates back thousands of years, with the indigenous people of the island having developed complex societies long before European contact. The island of New Guinea was settled by Austronesian-speaking peoples around 3,000 years ago. Over time, various tribes and cultures developed, each with their own unique languages, customs, and ways of life.

The first recorded European contact with Papua New Guinea was made by Spanish and Dutch explorers in the 16th century, although widespread exploration and colonization began in the 19th century. The island became a key area for European colonial powers, with the Germans and British establishing control over different parts of the island.

World War II and Post-War History

During World War II, Papua New Guinea was the site of fierce battles between Japanese and Allied forces. The country’s strategic location made it a crucial part of the Pacific theater. The war had a significant impact on the local population, with many indigenous people becoming involved in supporting both sides of the conflict.

Following the war, Papua New Guinea was administered as a colony of Australia, and the indigenous people began to press for more political representation and independence. The post-war period saw the establishment of educational and healthcare infrastructure, as well as the development of resource extraction industries.

Independence and Modern History

Papua New Guinea gained independence from Australia on September 16, 1975. The transition to independence was peaceful, and the country established a parliamentary democracy. However, the years following independence were marked by political instability, economic challenges, and conflict between different ethnic groups.

In recent decades, Papua New Guinea has made significant strides in governance, economic development, and social services, but challenges such as corruption, environmental degradation, and political instability remain. The country continues to navigate the complexities of development, while maintaining its rich cultural heritage and diverse tribal identities.