Mozambique Facts

Mozambique, State of Southeastern Africa; 802,000 km², 29.5 million residents (2019).Mozambique borders in the north to Tanzania, in the west to Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe and in the southwest and south to South Africa and Swaziland and to the east coast to the Indian Ocean. The capital is Maputo (1.1 million residents, 2017).

Country facts

• Republic of Mozambique / Republic of Mozambique
• Country abbreviation: MZ
• Area: 802 000 km²
• Population (2019): 29.5 million residents
• Capital: Maputo
• Main languages: Portuguese, makua
• State: Republic
• Head of State and Head of Government: Filipe Nyusi (President)
• Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 490
• GNI per capita (2018): US $ 440
• Coin unit: 1 metical = 100 centavos
• Currency code: MZN
• Country number (telephony): 258
• Internet domain name: mz
• Time difference compared to Sweden: +1
• National Day: June 25 (Independence Day, 1974)

Nature

• Land use: forest (18%), agricultural land (4%), other (78%)
• Highest mountain: Binga (2 436 m asl)
• Longest river: Zambezi (2,660 km)

Population

• Population density (2019): 37 residents per km²
• Natural population growth (2019): 2.9%; birth number 38 ‰, death number 9 ‰
• Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (45%), 15-64 (52%), 65- (3%)
• Average life expectancy (2019): men 57 years, women 62 years
• Infant mortality (2019): 55 per 1,000 live births
• Population forecast 2050: 65 million residents
• HDI (2017): 0.418 (place 180 of 189)
• Urbanization rate (2019): 32%
• Most populous cities (2017): Maputo (1.1 million residents), Matola (1 million), Nampula (663,800)

Business

• Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (24%), industry (19%), service (57%)
• Exports (2017): US $ 4,725 million
• Main export products: aluminum, shrimp, cotton, sugar
• Main exporting countries: India, Netherlands, South Africa
• Imports (2017): US $ 5 223 million
• Main import products: machine parts, vehicles, fuel
• Main importing countries: South Africa, China, United Arab Emirates
• Railway network (2014): 4,800 km

Geography of Mozambique

Location

Mozambique is located on the southeastern coast of Africa, bordered by the Indian Ocean to the east, Tanzania to the north, Malawi and Zambia to the northwest, Zimbabwe to the west, and South Africa and Eswatini (formerly Swaziland) to the southwest. The country covers approximately 801,590 square kilometers (309,496 square miles), making it one of the largest countries in southern Africa. Mozambique has a long coastline, stretching over 2,400 kilometers (1,500 miles), which plays a crucial role in its economy through fishing, trade, and tourism.

Topography

Mozambique’s topography is varied and includes coastal plains, plateaus, mountains, and rivers. The country’s terrain is generally flat, with most of the population living along the coast or in the central and northern regions. The coastal plain is often marshy or sandy and features numerous estuaries and deltas. The central region of Mozambique is dominated by a plateau that rises towards the west. In the north, the land becomes more mountainous, with the Lichinga Plateau being one of the higher regions. Mozambique’s highest point is Mount Binga, located in the western province of Tete, which reaches an elevation of 2,436 meters (7,992 feet).

Rivers and Water Bodies

Mozambique has several significant rivers, which are essential for agriculture, transport, and energy generation. The Zambezi River is the largest river in Mozambique and one of the most important in southern Africa. It flows from the northwest and empties into the Indian Ocean, creating fertile plains that are important for agriculture. Other important rivers include the Limpopo, the Maputo, and the Save. Mozambique is also home to large lakes, such as Lake Niassa (Lake Malawi), which forms part of the country’s northern border with Malawi and Tanzania. These bodies of water are vital for local economies and biodiversity, contributing to fishing, transportation, and irrigation.

Coastline and Islands

Mozambique’s coastline is one of its most prominent geographical features, with beautiful sandy beaches and numerous islands. The Bazaruto Archipelago, located off the coast of Inhambane Province, is a well-known tourist destination and a UNESCO World Heritage Site, offering pristine beaches, coral reefs, and diverse marine life. The Quirimbas Archipelago, in the north, is another important group of islands, known for its coral reefs and rich biodiversity. The coastline and islands provide significant opportunities for fisheries, tourism, and shipping.

Climate of Mozambique

Tropical Climate

Mozambique has a tropical climate, influenced by its proximity to the equator and the Indian Ocean. The country experiences two main seasons: the rainy season (from November to April) and the dry season (from May to October). The coastal areas tend to have a more humid tropical climate, while the inland areas experience a more arid climate. The northern regions of Mozambique are warmer and more humid, while the southern regions tend to have a more temperate climate.

Rainfall and Temperature

Rainfall is concentrated in the summer months, with the wet season bringing heavy rains, especially in the central and northern regions. The annual rainfall ranges from 500 millimeters (20 inches) in the southern parts of the country to over 1,500 millimeters (59 inches) in the northern and coastal areas. The rains are essential for agriculture, which is a key part of Mozambique’s economy, but the country is also prone to flooding, especially in the Zambezi River basin. During the dry season, the country experiences lower temperatures, and the landscape becomes drier, with temperatures varying between 20°C and 30°C (68°F and 86°F) in the southern and central regions.

Cyclones and Natural Disasters

Mozambique is prone to tropical cyclones, which typically occur between November and April, when the country experiences the peak of the rainy season. Cyclones, particularly those originating from the Indian Ocean, can bring heavy rains, strong winds, and storm surges, leading to widespread flooding, destruction of infrastructure, and loss of life. The most devastating cyclone in recent years was Cyclone Idai in 2019, which caused severe flooding and damage to cities such as Beira and its surroundings. Mozambique also faces environmental challenges such as deforestation, desertification, and the impacts of climate change, which exacerbate vulnerabilities to natural disasters.

People of Mozambique

Population

Mozambique has a population of approximately 32 million people, making it one of the most populous countries in Africa. The population has grown rapidly in recent decades, and the country’s young population has been a source of both promise and challenge. Over half of Mozambique’s population is under the age of 18, which places a large demand on education, healthcare, and employment. The population density is highest in the central and southern regions, particularly around urban centers like Maputo, Beira, and Nampula.

Ethnic Composition

Mozambique is ethnically diverse, with over 40 distinct ethnic groups. The largest ethnic groups include the Makhuwa, the Tsonga, the Sena, the Shona, and the Chopi. The Makhuwa people are predominantly found in the northern regions, while the Tsonga are located in the south and southwest. The Sena people primarily inhabit the central region, particularly around the Zambezi River. These ethnic groups speak various languages that belong to the Bantu language family, and each group has its own distinct cultural practices, traditions, and social structures.

Languages

The official language of Mozambique is Portuguese, which was introduced during the colonial period and is used in government, education, and business. Portuguese is spoken by the majority of the population, although fluency varies. In addition to Portuguese, there are numerous indigenous languages spoken across the country, including Makhuwa, Sena, Tsonga, and Shona. Many Mozambicans are multilingual, speaking their native language as well as Portuguese, which is a vital tool for communication and participation in the country’s governance and economic systems.

Religion

The majority of Mozambicans identify as Christians, with Roman Catholicism and Protestantism being the two dominant denominations. Christianity was introduced to Mozambique by Portuguese colonizers, and today, religious practices are deeply integrated into social and cultural life. There are also significant Muslim communities, particularly in the coastal regions, such as the northern provinces of Nampula and Cabo Delgado. Islam was introduced to Mozambique through historical trade routes across the Indian Ocean. Traditional African religions are practiced by a smaller proportion of the population, often blending with Christianity or Islam.

Economy of Mozambique

Agriculture

Agriculture plays a critical role in Mozambique’s economy, providing livelihoods for the majority of the population. The sector is diverse, with key crops including maize, rice, cassava, beans, and sweet potatoes. Livestock farming, particularly cattle, goats, and poultry, is also important in rural areas. Mozambique has significant agricultural potential, but its agricultural sector faces challenges, including outdated farming techniques, limited access to markets, and vulnerability to climate change. Efforts are being made to modernize agriculture and promote sustainable farming practices, but the country’s agricultural output is still constrained by these factors.

Mining and Natural Resources

Mozambique is rich in natural resources, and mining is a key sector in the country’s economy. The country is a major exporter of coal, natural gas, and gemstones, with significant reserves of minerals such as graphite, tantalum, and zircon. The natural gas fields off the coast of Mozambique, particularly in the Rovuma Basin, are among the largest discoveries in recent years and have attracted considerable foreign investment. Coal mining in the Tete province has also expanded rapidly, though it has raised concerns about environmental impacts and displacement of communities. The country’s mining industry has experienced significant growth, but much of the revenue from the sector has yet to be channeled into broader economic development.

Fisheries and Manufacturing

Mozambique has a long coastline that supports a rich fishing industry. The country’s waters are home to valuable fish stocks, including tuna, prawns, and lobster, which are exported to international markets. The fishing industry provides both employment and food security for millions of Mozambicans. The manufacturing sector is underdeveloped, but it is slowly growing, particularly in areas such as food processing, textiles, and cement production. There is potential for growth in the industrial sector, but infrastructure challenges, limited access to energy, and political instability continue to hinder progress.

Services and Tourism

Tourism is an emerging sector in Mozambique’s economy, with the country’s stunning coastline, wildlife, and natural parks attracting visitors from around the world. The Bazaruto Archipelago, Gorongosa National Park, and the capital city of Maputo are popular destinations. Eco-tourism is also on the rise, with a growing focus on sustainable practices and conservation. However, the tourism sector remains underdeveloped, and efforts to boost tourism infrastructure, improve marketing, and increase investment are ongoing. Mozambique’s services sector, including banking, telecommunications, and education, has shown growth, but challenges remain in providing equitable access to services across the country.

Economic Challenges

Mozambique faces significant economic challenges, including poverty, unemployment, and inequality. Despite being rich in natural resources, the country struggles with high levels of income inequality, and a large portion of the population remains dependent on subsistence agriculture. The country is also heavily dependent on foreign aid and international loans, and it has faced challenges related to corruption, political instability, and economic mismanagement. Mozambique’s economic growth has been volatile, influenced by fluctuations in global commodity prices, particularly in the mining and energy sectors.

Government of Mozambique

Political Structure

Mozambique is a republic with a multi-party political system. The country operates under a constitution that was adopted in 1990, which established the country as a democratic state with a separation of powers. The political system consists of three branches: the executive, the legislative, and the judiciary. The President of Mozambique is both the head of state and the head of government, and the President is elected by popular vote for a five-year term. The President can serve a maximum of two consecutive terms.

Executive Branch

The executive branch is headed by the President, who holds significant powers, including appointing ministers, directing foreign policy, and overseeing national security. The President is supported by the Cabinet, which is made up of ministers responsible for various government portfolios such as finance, health, education, and natural resources. The President and the Cabinet play a key role in shaping policy and implementing laws passed by the legislature.

Legislative Branch

Mozambique’s legislature is bicameral, consisting of the Assembly of the Republic and the Council of Ministers. The Assembly of the Republic is composed of 250 members who are elected for a five-year term through a proportional representation system. The Assembly is responsible for passing laws, approving the national budget, and overseeing government activities. The Council of Ministers is responsible for implementing the laws and managing the government’s day-to-day functions. The executive and legislative branches are closely linked, with the ruling party often holding substantial power in both areas.

Judiciary

Mozambique has an independent judiciary, with the Supreme Court being the highest court in the country. The judiciary interprets laws, resolves disputes, and ensures justice. The legal system is based on Roman-Dutch law, and the judiciary is tasked with upholding the rule of law and protecting citizens’ rights. The judiciary has faced challenges related to limited resources, corruption, and political interference, but there have been efforts to reform and strengthen the system to improve access to justice.

Culture of Mozambique

Traditional Culture

Mozambique has a rich and diverse cultural heritage, shaped by its ethnic groups, colonial history, and interactions with neighboring countries. Traditional culture is deeply tied to the land, and much of Mozambique’s art, music, and dance revolves around daily life, spirituality, and community. The country is home to over 30 different ethnic groups, each with its own language, customs, and traditions. The Bantu-speaking groups, including the Makua, Tsonga, and Sena, are the largest in the country and have significantly shaped Mozambique’s culture.

Music and Dance

Music is a vital part of Mozambican culture, with traditional instruments such as drums, xylophones, and marimbas playing an essential role in ceremonies, celebrations, and social events. Mozambican music is influenced by both indigenous and colonial traditions, with genres like Marrabenta, a form of urban folk music, and Afro-pop being popular. Dance is also an important cultural expression, with dances like the Mapiko, an elaborate masked dance performed by the Makonde people, and traditional dances performed during religious and community festivals.

Art and Crafts

Mozambique is known for its vibrant art scene, with crafts such as wood carving, pottery, and beadwork being integral to local culture. The Makonde people, in particular, are famous for their intricate wood carvings, which depict animals, human figures, and spiritual themes. The country’s visual arts are deeply connected to its cultural and social life, with artists often using their work to comment on social issues, history, and daily life.

Cuisine

Mozambican cuisine reflects the country’s diverse cultural influences, with a mix of African, Portuguese, and Indian flavors. The diet is centered around staples such as maize, rice, cassava, and beans, with seafood being a key feature of coastal cuisine. Piri-piri chicken, a spicy dish made with chili peppers, garlic, and citrus, is one of Mozambique’s most famous dishes. Mozambique’s coastal areas are also known for their rich variety of seafood, including prawns, crab, and lobster, which are often prepared with coconut milk and spices.

History of Mozambique

Early History

Mozambique’s history is marked by its long-standing indigenous cultures, particularly the Bantu-speaking peoples, who have inhabited the region for thousands of years. These groups established farming societies and trading networks that spanned much of southeastern Africa. The coastal areas of Mozambique were important centers for trade, with Arabs, Swahili traders, and Portuguese explorers arriving as early as the 10th century.

Portuguese Colonization

In the late 15th century, Portuguese explorers arrived in Mozambique, and the region became a Portuguese colony. The Portuguese established trading posts along the coast, primarily involved in the slave trade and the extraction of ivory, gold, and other resources. The Portuguese maintained control over Mozambique for centuries, but the colony remained largely underdeveloped and sparsely populated by Europeans. The indigenous population was subjected to harsh labor conditions and exploitation.

Struggle for Independence

Mozambique’s struggle for independence began in the 1960s, when the Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO), led by Samora Machel, began armed resistance against Portuguese colonial rule. The country’s independence movement was part of a broader wave of decolonization across Africa. After a prolonged armed struggle, Mozambique gained independence from Portugal on June 25, 1975, making Samora Machel the first president of the newly independent country.

Post-Independence and Civil War

The early years of independence were marked by political instability and economic challenges. The country’s socialist government faced opposition from the rebel group RENAMO, which was supported by neighboring Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) and apartheid South Africa. The ensuing civil war, which lasted from 1977 to 1992, devastated the country, leading to hundreds of thousands of deaths and displacements. A peace agreement, known as the Rome General Peace Accords, was signed in 1992, ending the conflict.

Modern Mozambique

Since the end of the civil war, Mozambique has made significant progress in rebuilding its infrastructure and economy. The country has transitioned to a multi-party democracy, and its economic growth has been driven by sectors such as agriculture, mining, and tourism. However, Mozambique still faces challenges such as poverty, inequality, and corruption. The country continues to work towards achieving sustainable development while addressing the legacies of its colonial past and civil war. Despite these challenges, Mozambique remains one of the most vibrant and culturally rich nations in southern Africa.

Mozambique Map