Italy Facts

by countryaah · Published June 3, 2019 · Updated December 12, 2024

Italy, State of Southern Europe; 301 300 km², 60.4 million residents (2019).In addition to land borders with France in the northwest, Switzerland and Austria in the north, and Slovenia in the northeast, the Italian mainland is surrounded by the Ligurian Sea, the Tyrrhenian Sea, the Adriatic Sea and the Ionian Sea. The islands of Sardinia and Sicily and several smaller archipelagos, including the Tuscan Archipelago as well as the Pontinian Islands, the Egadian Islands, the Liparic Islands and farthest south of the Pelagic Islands, also form part of the country. The capital is Rome (2.9 million residents, 2018).

Country facts

Repubblica Italiana / Republic of Italy
Country abbreviation: IT (I)
Area: 301 300 km²
Population (2019): 60.4 million residents
Capital: Rome
Main language: Italian
State: Republic
Head of State: Sergio Mattarella (President)
Head of Government: Giuseppe Conte
Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 34,318
GNI per capita (2018): US $ 33,540
Currency unit: euro
Currency code: EUR
Country number (telephony): 39
Internet domain name: it
Time difference compared to Sweden: 0
National Day: June 2 (in memory of the 1946 referendum)

Nature

Land use: forest (31%), agricultural land (47%), other (22%)
Highest mountain: Monte Rosa (4,634 m above sea level)
Longest river: Po (676 km)

Population

Population density (2019): 200 residents per km²
Natural population growth (2019): −0.4%; birth number 7 ‰, death number 11 ‰
Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (13%), 15-64 (64%), 65- (23%)
Average life expectancy (2019): men 81 years, women 85 years
Infant mortality (2019): 3 per 1,000 live births
Population forecast 2050: 58 million residents
HDI (2017): 0.887 (place 26 of 188)
Urbanization rate (2019): 70%
Most populous cities (2018): Rome (2.9 million residents), Milan (1.4 million), Naples (966 100)

Business

Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (2%), industry (24%), service (74%)
Exports (2017): US $ 496,300 million
Main export products: workshop products, clothing, machinery
Main exporting countries: Germany, France, USA
Imports (2017): US $ 432,900 million
Main import products: workshop products, chemical products, means of transport
Main importing countries: Germany, France, China
Railway network (2014): 20 200 km

Geography

Location and Borders

Italy is located in southern Europe, comprising a peninsula that extends into the Mediterranean Sea, along with several islands, including Sicily and Sardinia. It shares its northern borders with France, Switzerland, Austria, and Slovenia, and the surrounding seas—such as the Adriatic, Tyrrhenian, Ionian, and Ligurian—provide Italy with a significant maritime presence. Italy’s central Mediterranean position has historically made it a cultural, political, and economic bridge between Europe and North Africa, as well as between Eastern and Western Europe.

The country is renowned for its unique geographical shape, often described as a “boot” due to its peninsula, which extends from the Po River Plain in the north, through the Apennine mountain range, to the southern island of Sicily. Italy also includes two major islands, Sardinia to the west and Sicily to the south, both of which are culturally and geographically distinct from the mainland.

Major Landforms

Italy’s landscape is incredibly diverse, offering a wide variety of natural features, from mountains and valleys to plains and coastlines. The northern part of Italy is dominated by the Alps, which form the country’s border with France, Switzerland, Austria, and Slovenia. The Alps are among the highest and most rugged mountains in Europe, with the Matterhorn and Mont Blanc being some of the most famous peaks. These mountains provide Italy with significant natural barriers, affecting both climate and historical development, and are home to numerous ski resorts that attract visitors year-round.

Moving south, the Apennine Mountains form a spine running from north to south along the Italian Peninsula. These mountains are generally lower and less jagged than the Alps but still provide Italy with dramatic terrain and a series of fertile valleys. The region is also home to many picturesque hill towns and villages.

In the plains, the Po River Basin is the largest and most fertile region in Italy, stretching across northern Italy from the western Alps to the Adriatic Sea. This area, known as the Po Valley, is a critical agricultural hub and home to Italy’s most industrialized cities, including Milan and Turin. The valley’s lowland environment supports the cultivation of crops such as rice, wheat, corn, and vegetables.

Italy’s coastlines are similarly diverse, with cliffs and rocky shorelines on the northern and central coasts, contrasted by sandy beaches in the southern regions and on its islands. The Amalfi Coast, located in the south, is one of the most famous coastal regions, known for its steep cliffs and picturesque villages.

Rivers and Lakes

Italy’s rivers are vital for both its historical and contemporary development, providing water for agriculture, industry, and transportation. The Po River, Italy’s longest river, flows from the Alps through the northern plains and into the Adriatic Sea, passing through major cities such as Turin and Parma. Other important rivers include the Arno, which flows through Florence, and the Tiber, which flows through Rome.

Italy also boasts numerous lakes, particularly in the northern part of the country, where the Alps provide the natural conditions for large, glacially-formed lakes. Lake Garda, Lake Como, and Lake Maggiore are the most well-known, attracting tourists for their beauty and recreational activities. These lakes are situated in picturesque settings, surrounded by mountains, and are significant both for their natural beauty and the development of nearby towns and cities.

Climate

Varied Climate Zones

Italy’s climate is highly diverse, influenced by both its geographical position and its topography. The country experiences a Mediterranean climate along its coastline, characterized by mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. The region’s proximity to the sea moderates temperatures, and the warm winds from North Africa contribute to the high temperatures in the summer.

Inland, the climate becomes more continental, with colder winters and hotter summers. The northern regions, particularly those around the Po River Valley and the Alps, experience a more temperate climate, with significant rainfall in the spring and autumn, as well as snowfall in the winter. The higher altitudes of the Apennines and Alps create a cooler climate, which supports alpine vegetation and agriculture such as vineyards at lower elevations and alpine meadows at higher elevations.

Southern Italy, including regions like Sicily and Sardinia, enjoys a distinctly Mediterranean climate with dry, hot summers and mild winters. These areas are more arid than the northern parts of the country, with less rainfall throughout the year, making agriculture in these areas dependent on irrigation systems.

Seasonal Variation

Italy’s seasonal variations play a significant role in agriculture, tourism, and daily life. In the north, winter temperatures can drop significantly, with the mountain regions experiencing snow and cold weather. This variation makes winter sports such as skiing particularly popular in regions like Trentino-Alto Adige and Aosta Valley. During the summer months, the Po Valley and surrounding areas experience hot and humid weather, with temperatures often reaching over 30°C, which can make these regions particularly uncomfortable without air conditioning.

In contrast, the Mediterranean coast, from Rome southward, enjoys a milder climate year-round, making it ideal for outdoor activities. Coastal tourism thrives during the summer months, with beaches and historic coastal cities like Naples and Genoa attracting visitors from around the world.

People

Demographics

Italy has a population of approximately 60 million people, with a mix of ethnic and regional groups. While the majority of the population is of Italian descent, Italy’s population is ethnically diverse, especially in urban areas. Over the centuries, Italy has been influenced by various cultures, including Greek, Roman, Norman, Spanish, and Germanic peoples, resulting in a rich and varied heritage.

Italy’s population density is highest in the north, particularly in regions such as Lombardy and Veneto, which are the country’s economic powerhouses. Conversely, the southern regions, including Sicily, Calabria, and Campania, tend to have lower population densities and higher rates of rural populations.

The population is aging, with a low birth rate and increasing life expectancy, similar to other European nations. As a result, Italy faces demographic challenges related to an aging population and the need for social and healthcare services for older citizens.

Language and Religion

The official language of Italy is Italian, which is derived from the Tuscan dialect and has regional variations throughout the country. Regional languages and dialects, such as Sicilian, Neapolitan, Venetian, and Sardinian, are still spoken, particularly in more rural or isolated areas. However, Italian is the lingua franca and the language of government, education, and media.

Roman Catholicism has been the predominant religion in Italy for centuries, and the Vatican City, located entirely within Rome, is the center of the Roman Catholic Church. The Church has historically played a central role in Italian life, influencing cultural practices, holidays, and even politics. Today, while the majority of Italians identify as Roman Catholic, Italy is considered a secular state, and the country has seen a rise in religious pluralism, with increasing populations of Muslims, Protestants, and Eastern Orthodox Christians.

Economy

Economic Overview

Italy has one of the largest and most diversified economies in Europe, characterized by a blend of industry, services, and agriculture. Despite economic challenges in recent years, Italy remains a key player in the European Union and the global economy. The country is known for its highly developed infrastructure, skilled workforce, and robust manufacturing sector.

Italy’s economy is driven by its industrial output, which includes machinery, vehicles, chemicals, and steel. The country is also a leader in the fashion, luxury goods, and automotive industries, with famous brands such as Ferrari, Gucci, Prada, and Fiat. Additionally, Italy is one of the world’s largest producers of wine and olive oil, and it remains a major exporter of food products.

Tourism is a significant contributor to Italy’s economy, with millions of visitors flocking to cities such as Rome, Venice, Florence, and Milan each year to experience its art, culture, and history. Italy’s Mediterranean climate and rich cultural heritage make it one of the most visited countries in the world, attracting tourists seeking both historical sites and natural beauty.

Agriculture and Industry

Italy’s agricultural sector is diverse, with a focus on both traditional farming and high-quality food production. The Po Valley is the heart of Italy’s agriculture, with rice, corn, and wheat being important staples. The country is also a major producer of fruits and vegetables, including tomatoes, grapes, and citrus fruits, which are grown in various regions depending on climate conditions.

The country is renowned for its high-quality wines, and regions such as Tuscany, Piedmont, and Veneto are recognized globally for their wine production. Olive oil is another key agricultural product, with Italy being one of the world’s largest producers. The southern regions, such as Puglia, Calabria, and Sicily, have a long history of olive cultivation.

Industry in Italy is dominated by manufacturing, particularly in the northern regions. The country is home to global brands in the automotive, fashion, and luxury goods sectors, and its economy benefits from the presence of small and medium-sized enterprises, particularly in the northern regions. The city of Milan, for example, is a global center for fashion and design, hosting major events like Milan Fashion Week and the Salone del Mobile.

Government

Political Structure

Italy is a parliamentary representative democratic republic, with a system that combines elements of both a parliamentary and presidential system. The President of the Republic serves as the head of state, while the Prime Minister is the head of government. The President is elected by an electoral assembly for a seven-year term, but their role is largely ceremonial.

The executive power lies with the government, headed by the Prime Minister, who is typically the leader of the majority party in the Chamber of Deputies, Italy’s lower house of Parliament. The Italian Parliament is bicameral, consisting of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. Both chambers are involved in the creation and passage of laws, with a focus on policy-making related to national governance, foreign affairs, and economic development.

Italy is a member of the European Union, NATO, and other international organizations. It has a highly decentralized system, with significant powers delegated to regional governments, particularly in areas such as healthcare, education, and transportation.

Political History

Italy’s political history has been marked by numerous shifts in governance and national identity. The modern Italian state was unified in the 19th century, under the leadership of figures such as Giuseppe Garibaldi and Count Cavour, who led efforts to unite the various kingdoms, city-states, and territories that existed on the Italian Peninsula.

In the 20th century, Italy experienced significant political turmoil, including the rise of Fascism under Benito Mussolini in the 1920s and 1930s. Following World War II, Italy became a republic after the abolition of the monarchy, and it joined the European Economic Community, which later evolved into the European Union.

The post-war period was marked by political instability, with several short-lived governments and changes in leadership. However, the country has maintained a democratic system and, in recent years, has worked towards addressing issues such as corruption, economic stagnation, and regional disparities.

Culture

Art and Music

Italy is synonymous with art, architecture, and music. The country has been home to some of the most influential artists and architects in history, including Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, and Bernini. The Renaissance, which began in Italy, is considered one of the most significant cultural periods in Western history, with Italy being the birthplace of this artistic movement.

Italy is also known for its contributions to classical music, particularly opera. Composers such as Verdi, Puccini, and Vivaldi have left a lasting legacy in the world of music, and Italian opera remains a central aspect of the country’s cultural identity.

Festivals and Cuisine

Italian festivals, often rooted in religious or historical traditions, are a major part of the country’s culture. The Venice Carnival, Siena’s Palio, and the Florence Scoppio del Carro are just a few examples of the many festivals that celebrate Italy’s rich history and regional pride.

Italian cuisine is world-renowned, with each region offering its own specialties. Pasta, pizza, and olive oil are staples of Italian food, but regional dishes vary widely. For example, the north is known for its rich, creamy risottos and polenta, while the south is famous for its spicy dishes and Mediterranean influences.

Italy is also known for its coffee culture, particularly espresso, and for its wine production, with each region producing unique varieties. From Tuscan Chianti to Sicilian Marsala, Italy’s diverse wine regions have made the country one of the leading producers of wine in the world.

History

Ancient and Medieval History

Italy’s history dates back to ancient times, with the Roman Empire being one of the most powerful civilizations in the world. Rome, the capital, was the epicenter of Roman power, culture, and politics, and its influence can still be seen today in architecture, law, and governance.

After the fall of the Roman Empire, Italy became a patchwork of various kingdoms, city-states, and territories, including the Papal States, the Kingdom of Naples, and the Republics of Venice, Genoa, and Florence. These city-states played a critical role in Europe’s medieval politics and economy, particularly through trade and cultural exchange.

Renaissance and Modern History

The Renaissance, which began in the 14th century, brought Italy to the forefront of Western culture and intellectual thought. Cities such as Florence, Venice, and Rome became centers of art, learning, and innovation. The period produced monumental figures such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, and Galileo, who influenced not only Italian society but also the entire Western world.

The unification of Italy in the 19th century was a pivotal moment in its history. The Kingdom of Italy was formed in 1861 under King Victor Emmanuel II, and the country continued to evolve politically and socially, becoming a republic after World War II. Italy faced major challenges throughout the 20th century, including the rise of Fascism under Mussolini, its role in World War II, and the post-war reconstruction period.

Today, Italy is a democratic republic, with a strong cultural and economic influence in Europe and around the world. It continues to be a country rich in history, art, and cuisine, drawing millions of tourists each year and playing a central role in international diplomacy and culture.