Hungary Facts

by countryaah · Published June 3, 2019 · Updated December 12, 2024

Hungary, State of Central Europe; 93,030 km², 9.8 million residents (2019).Hungary borders in the north to Slovakia, in the northeast to Ukraine, in the east to Romania, in the south to Serbia and Croatia, in the southwest to Slovenia and in the west to Austria. The capital is Budapest (1.6 million residents, 2012).

Country facts

Magyar Kőztársaság / Republic of Hungary
Country abbreviation: HU
Area: 93 030 km²
Population (2019): 9.8 million residents
Capital: Budapest
Main language: Hungarian
State: Republic
Head of State: János Áder (President)
Head of Government: Viktor Orbán
Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 15,939
GNI per capita (2018): US $ 14,590
Coin unit: 1 forint = 100 fillers
Currency code: HUF
Country number (telephony): 36
Internet Domain Name: hu
Time difference compared to Sweden: 0
National Day: March 15 (in memory of the 1848 Revolution)

Nature

Land use: forest (22%), agricultural land (64%), other (14%)
Highest mountain: Kékes (1,015 m above sea level)
Longest river: Danube (2,860 km)

Population

Population density (2019): 107 residents per km²
Natural population growth (2019): −0.4%; birth number 9 ‰, death number 13 ‰
Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (15%), 15-64 (66%), 65- (19%)
Life expectancy (2019): men 72 years, women 79 years
Infant mortality (2019): 3 per 1,000 live births
Population forecast 2050: 9 million residents
HDI (2017): 0.838 (place 45 of 189)
Urbanization rate (2019): 71%
Most populous cities (2017): Budapest (1.8 million residents), Debrecen (202,000), Miskolc (157,200)

Business

Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (4%), industry (31%), service (65%)
Exports (2017): US $ 98,740 million
Main export products: machinery, food, raw materials for industry
Main exporting countries: Germany, Romania, Italy
Imports (2017): US $ 96,300 million
Main import products: engineering industrial products, fuel, electricity
Main importing countries: Germany, Austria, China
Railway network (2014): 8,000 km

Geography

Location and Borders

Hungary is a landlocked country in Central Europe, bordered by seven countries: Austria to the west, Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Romania to the east, Serbia to the south, Croatia to the southwest, and Slovenia to the northwest. The country occupies an area of approximately 93,000 square kilometers and has a population of around 10 million people. Hungary’s position in the heart of Europe places it at a cultural crossroads between the East and West, making it a historically significant player in European politics.

Hungary’s strategic location has historically made it a focal point for trade, military campaigns, and cultural exchanges between Central Europe, the Balkans, and the Carpathian Basin. The country’s diverse geography, with its plains, rivers, and mountains, has shaped its agricultural practices, settlement patterns, and urban development.

Major Landforms

Hungary’s landscape is dominated by the Great Hungarian Plain (Puszta), which covers much of the central and eastern regions of the country. This expansive, flat area is an essential agricultural zone, known for its fertile soils and ideal climate for growing crops such as wheat, corn, and barley. The Great Plain is also home to many Hungarian cities, including the second-largest city, Debrecen.

To the north and west of the plain, Hungary is bordered by mountain ranges such as the Transdanubian Mountains and the Northern Hungarian Mountains. The latter includes Hungary’s highest peak, Kékes, which rises to 1,014 meters above sea level. These mountain ranges create a diverse environment, including valleys, forests, and rugged terrain, offering rich natural landscapes and providing various recreational opportunities, including hiking and skiing.

The Danube River, one of Europe’s longest rivers, runs through Hungary from north to south. The river plays a crucial role in Hungary’s geography, providing transportation routes, water resources, and scenic beauty. The river is also vital for trade and has historically been a key factor in Hungary’s economy and military strategy. Another major river, the Tisza, flows through the eastern part of the country, draining into the Danube.

Rivers and Lakes

The Danube River is Hungary’s most important waterway. Flowing through the capital, Budapest, it divides the city into two parts: Buda and Pest. The Danube is vital for Hungary’s economy, providing transportation routes for goods, as well as opportunities for recreation and tourism. It flows through several countries in Europe, linking Hungary to regions in the Balkans and Central Europe, and its basin is rich in biodiversity.

Hungary also has numerous lakes, the largest of which is Lake Balaton, often referred to as the “Hungarian Sea.” Located in the western part of the country, it is the largest freshwater lake in Central Europe and a major tourist destination. Lake Balaton is popular for its recreational activities, including sailing, swimming, and fishing, as well as for its picturesque towns and vineyards along its shores. Other significant lakes include Lake Neusiedl, located on the border with Austria, and Lake Tisza, which is an artificial reservoir formed by a dam on the Tisza River.

Climate

Continental Climate Zones

Hungary experiences a continental climate, characterized by hot summers and cold winters, with moderate rainfall throughout the year. Due to its landlocked position and relatively flat terrain, Hungary’s weather is largely influenced by air masses from the East and West, which can result in significant temperature fluctuations.

In the summer, temperatures can reach as high as 30°C (86°F), particularly in the Great Plain, making it a warm and sunny season, ideal for agriculture. However, summers can also bring occasional heatwaves, causing temperatures to climb even higher. Conversely, winters are cold, especially in the northern and mountainous regions. Average temperatures in January hover around 0°C (32°F), with snowfall being common in the higher altitudes.

Hungary’s climate is typically drier in the east compared to the west, with the western regions receiving more rainfall due to their proximity to the Alps and the Mediterranean. Spring and autumn are transitional periods, offering mild temperatures and pleasant weather. These seasons are considered the best times to visit Hungary, with clear skies and moderate temperatures suitable for outdoor activities and sightseeing.

Seasonal Variation

Hungary experiences distinct seasonal variations, with clear differences between summer and winter. The long winters, stretching from December to February, are cold and snowy in the northern and central parts of the country, though the southeastern regions tend to experience milder winters. The transition from winter to spring often brings fluctuating temperatures, with occasional frost but also periods of sunshine and budding vegetation.

Spring (March to May) is marked by moderate temperatures and occasional rain showers. It is a time of renewal in Hungary’s natural environment, with flowers blooming and the countryside turning green. Spring is also the time when many of Hungary’s festivals and cultural events take place, as the weather is favorable for outdoor activities.

Autumn (September to November) is similar to spring in terms of weather, but with cooler temperatures and more rainfall. This season is particularly picturesque in Hungary’s vineyards, where the harvest season for wine grapes takes place. Autumn is also the time when Hungary’s forests are filled with vibrant colors, providing an opportunity for hiking and nature exploration.

People

Demographics

Hungary has a population of around 10 million people, making it one of the more populous countries in Central Europe. The population density is highest in the central and western parts of the country, particularly around the capital, Budapest. Although Hungary is a relatively small country, its population is diverse in terms of ethnicity, language, and culture.

Ethnically, the majority of the population is Hungarian, comprising around 90% of the total population. Other ethnic groups in Hungary include Roma, Germans, Slovaks, Serbs, and Croats, particularly in the regions near Hungary’s borders. The Roma population, in particular, faces social and economic challenges, including marginalization and discrimination. Hungary’s cultural diversity reflects the complex historical influences of neighboring nations and empires, such as the Ottoman Empire, Austria-Hungary, and Soviet Union.

Language and Religion

Hungarian is the official language of Hungary and is spoken by the vast majority of the population. It is a Uralic language, distinct from most other European languages, which belong to the Indo-European family. Hungarian is known for its complexity, particularly its grammar and vocabulary, which sets it apart from neighboring Slavic and Romance languages. While Hungarian is the primary language spoken in the country, there are also linguistic minorities, particularly Slovaks and Germans, who speak their respective languages in certain regions.

Religion in Hungary is predominantly Christian, with the majority of the population identifying as Roman Catholic. There are also significant Protestant communities, primarily belonging to the Reformed Church and Lutheran Church. Hungary has a long history of religious significance, particularly within the context of the Roman Catholic Church and the Protestant Reformation. Today, Hungary is largely secular in terms of everyday life, but religion still plays a major role in cultural celebrations and national identity.

Economy

Economic Overview

Hungary has a diverse economy, with key sectors including industry, services, and agriculture. The country’s economic structure is marked by a high degree of industrialization, a growing service sector, and a substantial agricultural output. Hungary’s economy has undergone significant transformation since the end of the Soviet era, shifting from a centrally planned system to a market economy. Hungary is a member of the European Union, which has facilitated access to markets and financial resources, contributing to its economic growth.

The country’s industrial base is diverse, with manufacturing sectors such as automotive, electronics, and chemicals playing key roles. Hungary has become an attractive destination for foreign investment, particularly in the automotive industry, with global companies like Audi, Mercedes-Benz, and Suzuki operating in the country. The IT and technology sector is also a growing part of the economy, as Hungary has a strong educational system and a highly skilled labor force.

Agriculture is an important sector in Hungary’s economy, particularly in the fertile plains of the Great Hungarian Plain. The country produces a variety of crops, including wheat, corn, and vegetables. Hungary is also well-known for its wine industry, particularly in regions like Tokaj, which is famous for its sweet wines. The country’s wine production and exports contribute significantly to its economy and cultural identity.

Challenges and Opportunities

Hungary faces several economic challenges, including an aging population, income inequality, and regional disparities in development. While Budapest and other larger cities have seen significant economic growth, rural areas have lagged behind in terms of infrastructure and investment. The country also faces challenges related to labor market shortages and a need for more innovation in sectors such as green technology and digital transformation.

One of Hungary’s key opportunities lies in its membership in the European Union. EU membership has provided access to a larger market and development funds, which have helped boost infrastructure and industry. Hungary’s rich natural resources, particularly in geothermal energy and agriculture, offer long-term sustainability in green industries. The tourism sector, bolstered by Hungary’s historical and natural landmarks, continues to be an important source of revenue and presents substantial growth potential.

Government

Political Structure

Hungary is a parliamentary republic, where the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government are separate but interact with one another. The country’s political system is based on a multi-party framework, with a mixed-member proportional system for elections. The President of Hungary, elected for a five-year term, serves as the ceremonial head of state, while the Prime Minister is the head of government and holds executive power.

The Hungarian Parliament, known as the National Assembly, is a unicameral body consisting of 199 members who are elected every four years. The National Assembly passes laws, sets the budget, and elects the Prime Minister, who is typically the leader of the majority party or coalition. The judiciary in Hungary is independent, with the Constitutional Court serving as the highest legal authority in the country.

Political History

Hungary’s political history has been shaped by numerous empires and regimes, from the medieval Kingdom of Hungary to its incorporation into the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The country experienced significant political changes after World War I, when the Austro-Hungarian Empire dissolved, leading to the creation of the First Hungarian Republic. Following World War II, Hungary became a satellite state of the Soviet Union and was part of the Eastern Bloc during the Cold War.

The Hungarian Revolution of 1956, a nationwide revolt against Soviet control, was a pivotal moment in Hungary’s modern political history, although it was ultimately crushed by Soviet forces. Hungary eventually transitioned to a multi-party democratic system after the fall of the Soviet Union and the end of communism in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Since then, Hungary has maintained a stable democratic government, although recent political trends, particularly under the leadership of Viktor Orbán, have sparked debate about the country’s commitment to democratic principles and the rule of law.

Culture

Art and Music

Hungary has a rich cultural heritage, with a strong tradition of art, music, and literature. Hungarian classical music has had a profound impact on Western music, with composers such as Franz Liszt and Béla Bartók playing significant roles in shaping European classical music. The country also has a vibrant folk music tradition, including the famous Hungarian rhapsodies and the unique style of the “verbunkos” dance music, which reflects Hungarian cultural identity.

Hungary is known for its visual arts, particularly in the fields of painting, sculpture, and architecture. The country has produced several prominent artists, such as the painter József Rippl-Rónai, who was known for his use of vibrant colors and symbolism, and the sculptor Miklós Melocco. Hungarian art is heavily influenced by its history, with significant contributions from the Baroque and Art Nouveau periods, as well as from avant-garde movements in the 20th century.

Festivals and Cuisine

Hungary hosts numerous cultural festivals that celebrate its history, music, and traditions. One of the most famous is the Budapest Spring Festival, which showcases the country’s artistic and cultural achievements in music, dance, theater, and visual arts. Other notable festivals include the Sziget Festival, one of Europe’s largest music festivals, and the Budapest Wine Festival, which celebrates Hungary’s long tradition of winemaking.

Hungarian cuisine is rich and diverse, with influences from Central European, Turkish, and Slavic traditions. The country is known for its hearty dishes, including goulash, a thick soup or stew made with beef, vegetables, and paprika; pörkölt, a meat stew; and langos, a deep-fried dough topped with garlic and sour cream. Hungarian paprika is a defining feature of the country’s cuisine, adding flavor and color to many dishes.

Literature and Cinema

Hungary has a long literary tradition, with famous authors such as Sándor Petőfi, who is considered one of the national poets, and Imre Kertész, who won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2002. Hungarian literature spans a variety of genres, including poetry, drama, and novels, with much of it reflecting the country’s historical experiences, including its struggles with foreign domination, wars, and political upheaval.

Hungarian cinema has gained international acclaim with filmmakers such as Béla Tarr, known for his minimalist, contemplative style, and István Szabó, who directed the Academy Award-winning film Mephisto. Hungarian cinema often explores themes of history, memory, and personal struggle, with a particular focus on the political and social changes that have shaped the nation over the years.