Finland Facts

Finland, State of Northern Europe; 338 145 km², of which 34 526 km² water, 5 517 919 residents (2019).In Finland there are about 188,000 lakes with a surface area of ​​at least 500 m ². They account for 10 percent of the total area, while forest land accounts for 78 percent. The capital is Helsinki (645 179 residents, 2018).

Country facts

• Suomen Tasavalta / Republic of Finland
• Country abbreviation: FI (FIN)
• Area: 338 145 km²
• Population (2019): 5.5 million residents
• Capital: Helsinki
• Main languages: Finnish, Swedish
• State: Republic
• Head of State: Sauli Niinistö (President)
• Head of Government: Sanna Marin
• Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 49,648
• GNI per capita (2018): US $ 47,750
• Currency unit: euro
• Currency code: EUR
• Country number (telephony): 358
• Internet domain name: fi
• Time difference compared to Sweden: +1
• National Day: December 6 (Independence Day, 1917)

Nature

• Land use: forest (78%), agricultural land (8%), other (14%)
• Highest mountain: Halde mountains (1,324 m above sea level)
• Longest river: Chemistry river (483 km)

Population

• Population density (2019): 17 residents per km²
• Natural population growth (2019): –0.1%; birth rate 9 ‰, death rate 10 ‰
• Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (16%), 15-64 (62%), 65- (22%)
• Life expectancy (2019): men 79 years, women 84 years
• Infant mortality (2019): 2 per 1,000 live births
• Population forecast 2050: 6 million residents
• HDI (2017): 0.920 (place 15 of 189)
• Urbanization rate (2019): 70%
• Most populous cities (2018): Helsinki (645,179 residents), Espoo (279,529), Tampere (232,164)

Business

• Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (3%), industry (28%), service (69%)
• Exports (2017): US $ 67,730 million
• Main export products: electronic equipment, transport equipment, paper products
• Main exporting countries: Germany, Sweden, Netherlands
• Imports (2017): US $ 65 260 million
• Main import products: food, fuel, chemicals
• Main importing countries: Germany, Sweden, Russian Federation
• Railway network (2016): 5 900 km

Geography

Location and Borders

Finland is a country located in Northern Europe, bordered by Sweden to the west, Russia to the east, and Norway to the north. To the south, Finland is bordered by the Gulf of Finland, which separates it from Estonia. The country has a unique geographical position in the Arctic region, with much of its territory lying in the subarctic zone. This provides Finland with a diverse and remarkable landscape, characterized by vast forests, thousands of lakes, and a long coastline.

Physical Features

Finland is known for its stunning natural beauty. The country is one of the most forested in Europe, with around 75% of its land area covered by forests, primarily consisting of coniferous trees like pine, spruce, and fir. The country has more than 188,000 lakes, many of which are interconnected by rivers, giving it the nickname “Land of a Thousand Lakes.”

The terrain is relatively flat, with the exception of the northern and eastern regions, where the land rises into the Finnish Lapland and the Fennoscandian mountain range. In the far north, Finland shares a border with Norway, where the landscape becomes more mountainous and rugged. This region, called Lapland, is also known for its vast wilderness areas, including forests, tundra, and arctic deserts, which are home to a diverse range of wildlife.

The coastline of Finland stretches for more than 1,250 kilometers, along which are thousands of islands, especially along the archipelago in the southwest, making it a paradise for nature lovers and outdoor enthusiasts. Finland’s unique geographical features and its abundance of natural resources have shaped both its culture and economy.

Climate

Finland experiences a cold temperate climate, with significant variations between the southern and northern regions. The climate is greatly influenced by the country’s northern location and proximity to the Arctic Circle, which gives it long, cold winters and short, relatively mild summers.

The southern parts of Finland, including the capital city Helsinki, experience relatively milder winters, with average temperatures ranging from -6°C (21°F) to -3°C (27°F) in January. Summers in the south are generally pleasant, with temperatures ranging between 15°C (59°F) and 25°C (77°F). In contrast, the northern regions, particularly Lapland, experience much colder temperatures, with winter temperatures regularly plunging below -30°C (-22°F), and summer temperatures rarely exceeding 20°C (68°F).

The length of daylight varies dramatically, with the southern parts of Finland having more than 18 hours of daylight in summer, and the northernmost regions, within the Arctic Circle, experiencing a phenomenon known as the Midnight Sun. Conversely, during the winter months, the northern parts of the country experience Polar Nights, where the sun does not rise above the horizon for several weeks. These extreme seasonal changes in light have a significant impact on the lifestyle and culture of the Finnish people.

Natural Resources

Finland’s natural resources include vast forests, freshwater lakes, and minerals, which have been essential to the country’s economy. Timber is one of Finland’s most valuable resources, and the forestry industry has been a cornerstone of the country’s economic development. The country is also rich in minerals such as copper, nickel, gold, and iron ore, and mining plays an important role in the Finnish economy.

The abundant water resources, including rivers, lakes, and groundwater, are used for hydroelectric power generation, which is a major component of Finland’s energy production. The country’s natural environment is not only important for economic activities but also for its biodiversity. Finland’s wilderness areas and national parks attract tourists and are essential for preserving the country’s ecological balance.

People

Population and Ethnic Composition

Finland has a population of approximately 5.5 million people, making it one of the more sparsely populated countries in Europe. Despite its relatively low population density, Finland is known for its high standard of living, excellent public services, and strong education system. The majority of the population (around 93%) is of Finnish ethnicity, but the country is also home to significant minority groups, including Swedes, Russians, and the indigenous Sámi people of Lapland.

The Sámi people, who number around 10,000 in Finland, have their own distinct language, culture, and traditions. While the Sámi are primarily concentrated in the northernmost regions of Finland, they also live in parts of Norway, Sweden, and Russia. The Swedish-speaking Finns, who make up about 5% of the population, live mainly in the coastal areas, and Swedish is one of the official languages of Finland.

Language

Finland has two official languages: Finnish and Swedish. Finnish, which belongs to the Uralic language family, is the mother tongue of the majority of Finns and is one of the most distinctive and unique languages in Europe. Swedish is the native language of the Swedish-speaking population, and it is also taught in schools across Finland as a second language. In addition to Finnish and Swedish, the Sámi language and Romani are spoken by small segments of the population.

English is widely spoken in Finland, particularly among younger generations, and it is taught as a mandatory subject in schools. The high proficiency in English is a reflection of Finland’s commitment to multilingualism and global engagement.

Religion

The predominant religion in Finland is Christianity, with around 70% of the population identifying as members of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. The church plays a significant role in Finnish society, particularly in cultural and ceremonial events, such as weddings, funerals, and Christmas celebrations.

There is also a small Catholic community, and other Christian denominations, including Orthodox Christianity, are present. Finnish Orthodox Christians, who mostly live in the eastern parts of the country, represent around 1% of the population. Other religious minorities include Muslims, Jews, and Buddhists, though these groups make up a smaller proportion of the population.

Finland is known for its secular society, and church attendance has declined over the years, although the church remains an important part of Finnish heritage and cultural identity. Finnish society tends to value individual freedom of belief, and the country has one of the highest rates of non-religious individuals in Europe.

Economy

Key Industries

Finland’s economy is highly developed and diverse, with key industries including technology, manufacturing, services, and forestry. Finland is home to several globally recognized companies, particularly in the technology sector. Nokia, once the world’s largest mobile phone manufacturer, was based in Finland, and the country remains a leader in the development of mobile technology and telecommunications. Today, the Finnish economy is also heavily influenced by the software, gaming, and clean-tech industries, with companies such as Rovio Entertainment (the creator of Angry Birds) and Supercell (the creator of Clash of Clans) becoming internationally successful.

Manufacturing remains an important part of Finland’s economy, with the production of machinery, vehicles, and paper being significant contributors to the country’s GDP. The forestry industry, long a key part of Finland’s economy, continues to play a role in the production of paper, timber, and other wood products. Finland is one of the leading exporters of forest-based products, including paper, pulp, and sawn timber.

Services and Technology

The services sector is another significant contributor to Finland’s economy, particularly in areas such as finance, retail, and tourism. Helsinki, the capital, is an important financial and business hub, and the country has a well-developed infrastructure that supports its service industries. Finland is also a leader in innovation and technology, with a strong emphasis on research and development.

The government encourages innovation and has created a favorable environment for startups and tech companies to grow. Finland’s education system is renowned globally, and this focus on education and research helps to support a thriving innovation ecosystem. Finland also places a high value on sustainability and environmental responsibility, which has led to a growing clean-tech industry focused on renewable energy and energy efficiency.

Agriculture and Trade

Agriculture plays a relatively minor role in Finland’s economy but remains important in rural areas. The country produces a range of crops, including cereals, potatoes, berries, and vegetables, as well as livestock. However, due to its northern location, the growing season is short, which limits agricultural production. Finland is a net importer of food, with much of its agricultural production focused on meeting domestic needs.

Finland’s trade relationships are diverse, with strong ties to the European Union, Russia, and other global markets. It exports a variety of goods, including machinery, electronics, forest products, chemicals, and metals. The country’s membership in the European Union has provided access to a vast market for Finnish goods, and the EU is Finland’s largest trading partner.

Government

Political System

Finland is a parliamentary republic, with a multi-party system and a president who serves as the head of state. The president is elected by the people for a six-year term and has limited powers in the government. The president’s primary role is in foreign policy and national defense, but the Finnish political system is designed to be a representative democracy, with power primarily residing in the parliament.

The Finnish parliament, called the Eduskunta, consists of 200 members who are elected every four years. The prime minister, who is the head of government, is chosen from the majority party or coalition in parliament. Finland’s political landscape is characterized by a strong emphasis on social welfare, human rights, and environmental protection.

Legal System

Finland’s legal system is based on civil law and the principles of fairness, equality, and justice. The country has a well-established rule of law, with an independent judiciary that ensures the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Finnish courts are highly regarded for their efficiency and transparency.

Finland is known for its low levels of corruption, ranking consistently as one of the least corrupt countries in the world. The country is also a strong advocate for international law and human rights, and it has been involved in peacekeeping and diplomatic efforts worldwide.

Foreign Policy and International Relations

Finland’s foreign policy is characterized by its neutrality and commitment to international cooperation. Finland is a member of the European Union, and it has strong ties to neighboring countries like Sweden, Norway, and Russia. Finland’s membership in the EU provides it with access to the European single market and enhances its international influence. While Finland is not a member of NATO, it has maintained close relations with the alliance and participates in NATO’s Partnership for Peace program.

Finland is also an active member of the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), and other international organizations. The country has a long tradition of promoting peace and diplomacy, and it is often involved in conflict resolution and humanitarian efforts.

Culture

Language and Literature

Finnish culture is deeply connected to its language and traditions. Finnish literature is known for its profound connection to nature, as well as its exploration of the human condition. The most famous Finnish literary work is the Kalevala, an epic poem that compiles the mythology and oral traditions of the Finnish people. Written by Elias Lönnrot in the 19th century, the Kalevala is considered one of the most important works of literature in Finnish and is a source of national pride.

In modern literature, Finnish authors such as Väinö Linna, who wrote the epic novel Under the North Star, and contemporary writers like Sofi Oksanen and Arto Paasilinna have gained international acclaim. Finland has a rich tradition of storytelling, with many works reflecting the close relationship between the people and the harsh natural environment.

Music and Art

Finland has a strong musical heritage, with classical composers like Jean Sibelius contributing significantly to the nation’s cultural identity. Sibelius’s symphonies, particularly the Finlandia, became symbols of Finnish nationalism during the struggle for independence.

In addition to classical music, Finland has a thriving contemporary music scene, with a strong presence in heavy metal, pop, and electronic music. Finnish bands like Nightwish, HIM, and Apocalyptica have gained international recognition.

Visual arts in Finland are equally diverse, with a strong tradition of landscape painting, modern art, and design. Finnish design is world-renowned, particularly in the areas of furniture and home goods, with brands like Marimekko and Iittala becoming synonymous with Nordic aesthetics. Finland’s commitment to design is also reflected in its architecture, with internationally recognized architects such as Alvar Aalto contributing to the country’s cultural legacy.

Festivals and Traditions

Finland has numerous festivals and celebrations throughout the year, most of which are tied to the country’s seasons and cultural traditions. One of the most well-known celebrations is Midsummer, which marks the summer solstice. This festival is celebrated with bonfires, outdoor activities, and traditional foods. It is a time when many Finns retreat to their summer cottages, taking advantage of the long days and natural beauty of the country.

Christmas is another major celebration in Finland, with many customs rooted in the country’s rural and Christian traditions. Finnish Christmas includes festive foods like joulupöytä (Christmas table), which features various meats, fish, and pastries, as well as the traditional Finnish sauna experience. Santa Claus, or Joulupukki, is said to live in Lapland, making Finland a key destination for those seeking a magical Christmas experience.

Cuisine

Finnish cuisine is heavily influenced by the country’s natural environment, with an emphasis on simple, hearty dishes made from locally sourced ingredients. Traditional Finnish foods include karjalanpiirakka (Karelian pasty), lohikeitto (salmon soup), and ruisleipä (rye bread). Finland’s long winters make preserved foods, such as pickled herring and root vegetables, staples of the diet.

In modern Finland, cuisine has evolved to incorporate international influences, particularly from neighboring countries like Sweden and Russia, as well as global flavors. Finnish cuisine continues to emphasize natural, locally sourced ingredients, with a growing focus on sustainability and organic farming.

History

Early History

Finland has a long and storied history that dates back thousands of years. The first inhabitants of Finland were likely nomadic tribes who migrated to the region during the last Ice Age. The Finns have been in the area for at least 2,000 years, with early settlements based on hunting, fishing, and gathering.

Finland’s early history is marked by its interactions with neighboring peoples, particularly the Swedes and Russians. Finland was part of the Kingdom of Sweden for centuries, beginning in the 12th century, and the country adopted many elements of Swedish culture and governance.

Finnish Independence

Finland declared its independence from Russia on December 6, 1917, during a period of political upheaval in Russia. Following independence, Finland faced internal conflict in the form of the Finnish Civil War, which was fought between the socialist Reds and the conservative Whites. The Whites emerged victorious, and Finland adopted a republican constitution.

In the years that followed, Finland navigated a complex path, balancing relations with neighboring Russia, which was still recovering from the Russian Revolution. Finland’s experience in World War II was marked by the Winter War (1939–1940) against the Soviet Union, in which Finland fought to defend its sovereignty. Despite heavy losses, Finland managed to retain its independence.

Modern Era

In the post-war era, Finland rebuilt its economy and established itself as a stable, democratic republic. The country maintained a policy of neutrality during the Cold War, maintaining good relations with both the West and the Soviet Union. Since the collapse of the Soviet Union, Finland has become an active member of the European Union and has further integrated itself into the global community.

Today, Finland is known for its strong welfare system, high quality of life, and reputation for social and economic stability. The country remains a leader in education, technology, and innovation, while maintaining a commitment to its environmental values and traditions.

Finland Map