Canada Facts

Canada, State of North America; 9.97 million km² (of which 9.2 million is land area), 37 million residents (2019).Canada encompasses the entire continent north of the United States, with the exception of Greenland (Denmark), Alaska (state of the United States) and the small French islands of Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon on the east coast south of Newfoundland. The US border from the Pacific coast to Lake of the Woods, northwest of the Great Lakes, follows the 49th latitude. Federal capital is Ottawa (989,600 residents, 2017).

Country facts

• Canada / Canada
• Country abbreviation: CA
• Area: 9.97 million km²
• Population (2019): 37 million residents
• Capital: Ottawa
• Main languages: English, French
• State: Monarchy
• Head of State: Elizabeth II (Queen)
• Head of Government: Justin Trudeau
• Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 46 210
• GNI per capita (2018): US $ 44,860
• Currency unit: $ 1 = 100 cents
• Currency code: CAD
• Country number (telephony): 1
• Internet domain name: approx
• Time difference compared to Sweden: −4.5 to −9
• National Day: July 1 (Canada State Confederation, 1867)

Nature

• Land use: forest (42%), agricultural land (5%), other (53%)
• Highest mountain: Mount Logan (5,959 m above sea level)
• Longest river: Mackenzie River (1,790 km)

Population

• Population density (2019): 4 residents per km²
• Natural population growth (2019): 0.2%; birth rate 10 ‰, death rate 8 ‰
• Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (16%), 15-64 (67%), 65- (17%)
• Average life expectancy (2019): men 80 years, women 84 years
• Infant mortality (2019): 5 per 1,000 live births
• Population forecast 2050: 47 million residents
• HDI (2017): 0.926 (place 12 of 189)
• Urbanization rate (2019): 81%
• Most populous cities (2017): Toronto (2.7 million residents), Montreal (1.7 million), Calgary (1.2 million)

Business

• Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (2%), industry (28%), service (70%)
• Exports (2017): US $ 423,500 million
• Main export products: cars, car parts, machines, aircraft
• Main exporting countries: USA, China
• Imports (2017): US $ 442 100 million
• Main import products: machinery, engines, crude oil
• Main importing countries: USA, China, Mexico
• Railway network (2014): 77 900 km

Geography

Location and Borders

Canada is the second-largest country in the world by total area, covering approximately 9.98 million square kilometers. It is located in the northern part of North America, bordered by three oceans: the Atlantic Ocean to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and the Arctic Ocean to the north. To the south, Canada shares the longest land border in the world with the United States, stretching over 8,891 kilometers. The border with the U.S. runs along Canada’s southern boundary, separating the country from the 50 U.S. states. Canada also has maritime boundaries with French overseas territories, such as Saint Pierre and Miquelon to the southeast.

Geographically, Canada stretches from the Atlantic in the east, across vast forests and plains, to the Pacific in the west, with rugged mountains and arctic tundra in the north. Its vast expanse includes a wide variety of landscapes, from tundra to temperate rainforests, expansive prairies, and towering mountain ranges. Canada’s diverse geography significantly contributes to the country’s natural resources, climate, and economy.

Topography and Natural Features

Canada’s topography is incredibly diverse, marked by vast plains, mountain ranges, forests, and numerous lakes and rivers. The Rocky Mountains dominate the western portion of the country, running from British Columbia in the south to the Yukon Territory in the north. These mountains are characterized by their towering peaks, glacial valleys, and rugged terrain, with Mount Logan in the Yukon being Canada’s highest peak at 5,959 meters (19,551 feet).

To the east of the Rocky Mountains, Canada features large, flat plains that are particularly prominent in provinces such as Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. These prairies are the agricultural heart of Canada, contributing significantly to the country’s farming industry, producing wheat, barley, and canola, among other crops.

Canada is also home to more than 31,000 freshwater lakes, including the Great Lakes (which it shares with the U.S.), and the vast boreal forest, which spans much of the northern part of the country. The boreal forest is one of the largest forest ecosystems in the world, providing important habitats for wildlife and serving as a carbon sink.

Canada’s coastal regions are varied and rich in resources, from the temperate rainforests of British Columbia to the icy landscapes of the Arctic Archipelago in the north. The country’s maritime boundaries also host vital ports such as Vancouver, Halifax, and Montreal, which are critical to Canada’s trade and economy.

Climate and Seasonal Variation

Canada’s climate is as diverse as its geography, with varying conditions across its vast expanse. The majority of Canada experiences a cold, temperate climate with distinct seasonal changes. Winters can be long and harsh, particularly in the northern and interior regions, while the southern areas enjoy milder conditions, particularly along the U.S. border.

The northern parts of Canada, including the territories of Yukon, Northwest Territories, and Nunavut, have an arctic climate, with extremely cold winters and short summers. In these areas, temperatures can fall below -40°C (-40°F) in winter, while the short summer months bring somewhat milder temperatures.

In contrast, southern Canada, particularly the coastal regions of British Columbia, has a more moderate climate, with the Pacific Ocean helping to regulate temperatures. Cities like Vancouver enjoy mild, wet winters and warm, dry summers. The prairies and central parts of Canada experience continental climates, where winters can be bitterly cold with deep snowfalls, while summers can be warm and humid. The Great Lakes region also has a humid continental climate, which brings significant seasonal variation.

Canada’s climate is greatly influenced by its size and topography, with microclimates created by the surrounding oceans and mountain ranges. The diversity of climates also contributes to the variety of ecosystems found across the country, from temperate rainforests to tundra.

People

Population and Demographics

Canada has a population of approximately 38 million people, making it the 39th most populous country in the world. The population is concentrated primarily in urban areas, with over 80% of Canadians living in cities. The largest cities in Canada include Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, and Calgary. These cities are economic, cultural, and political hubs that attract both domestic migration and international immigration.

Canada is a multicultural society, with a large portion of its population born outside the country. Immigration is a key factor in Canada’s population growth, and the country has one of the highest per capita immigration rates in the world. Immigrants from all over the globe, including Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, contribute to Canada’s demographic makeup. Multiculturalism is a cornerstone of Canadian identity, and the country celebrates its diverse population through policies that promote inclusivity and diversity.

The indigenous population of Canada, which includes First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples, makes up about 5% of the total population. These communities have a rich cultural history and continue to play an important role in Canadian society, though they have faced historical injustices and are working toward greater self-determination and equality.

Languages

Canada is officially bilingual, with two official languages: English and French. English is the most widely spoken language, with about 75% of the population using it as their first language. French, predominantly spoken in Quebec, is the second official language and is used by around 23% of Canadians. The bilingual nature of the country is a reflection of its colonial history, with British and French influence shaping the development of Canadian culture and governance.

In addition to English and French, there are hundreds of indigenous languages spoken across Canada, though many of these languages are endangered due to historical policies that suppressed their use. Efforts to revitalize indigenous languages are ongoing, supported by both community initiatives and government programs.

Canada’s diversity is also reflected in the variety of languages spoken in immigrant communities. Cities like Toronto and Montreal are known for their linguistic diversity, with languages such as Punjabi, Spanish, Italian, and Chinese being spoken by large numbers of residents.

Religion

Christianity is the largest religion in Canada, with Roman Catholics and Protestants making up the majority of the population. The Catholic Church is particularly strong in Quebec, where the historical French influence is prominent. Protestants are more widespread across the rest of the country, especially in the Prairie provinces.

In addition to Christianity, Canada is home to a significant number of people who follow other religions, including Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Buddhism, and Judaism. Religious diversity is common in urban centers, where many people practice their faiths openly and participate in religious festivals and holidays. Canada is also a secular country, with the constitution guaranteeing freedom of religion, and religious practices do not play as large a role in government and public life as in some other countries.

There is also a growing secular population in Canada, with many people identifying as non-religious. In fact, over 20% of Canadians report no religious affiliation, a trend that has increased in recent decades, particularly in urban centers and among younger generations.

Economy

Overview

Canada’s economy is highly developed and diverse, with significant contributions from natural resources, manufacturing, and services. The country has a strong industrial base, including industries like aerospace, telecommunications, automotive, and high-tech innovation. Additionally, Canada is a major player in global trade, particularly with its neighbor, the United States, which is its largest trading partner. Other important trade relationships include those with China, Mexico, and the European Union.

The Canadian economy relies heavily on its natural resources, which include vast forests, minerals, oil, natural gas, and freshwater. The extraction and export of these resources have historically played a central role in economic growth. However, Canada’s economy has diversified over time, and sectors such as technology, finance, and education have become increasingly important.

Canada is also known for its robust social services, including universal healthcare, which is a hallmark of the country’s welfare system. Despite its wealth and strong economy, the country faces challenges such as income inequality, unemployment, and issues related to housing affordability, particularly in major cities like Toronto and Vancouver.

Natural Resources and Industry

Canada is one of the world’s leading exporters of natural resources. The country’s vast oil sands in Alberta are among the largest reserves of oil in the world, and petroleum extraction has been a significant part of the economy for decades. Canada also has abundant reserves of natural gas, coal, and timber, and it is one of the world’s largest exporters of these products. The mining industry is another key sector, with Canada being a major producer of gold, silver, uranium, and other valuable minerals.

The forestry industry is also central to the Canadian economy, with vast forested areas in British Columbia, Quebec, and Ontario providing timber for construction, paper products, and other goods. Agriculture is another important sector, with Canada being a major exporter of wheat, canola, and other crops, as well as livestock products like beef and pork.

Canada’s manufacturing sector is diverse, producing a wide range of goods, from automobiles and aircraft to electronics and machinery. The automotive industry, particularly in Ontario, is one of the largest manufacturing sectors in the country. The technology and telecommunications industries have also grown significantly, particularly in cities like Vancouver, Toronto, and Montreal, which have become hubs for tech startups and innovation.

Services and Finance

The service sector in Canada is the largest component of its economy, employing the majority of the population. The financial services industry, including banking, insurance, and investment services, is one of the most developed and stable in the world. Canada’s banking system is highly regarded for its stability and regulation, and major Canadian banks like the Royal Bank of Canada (RBC) and the Toronto-Dominion Bank (TD) are recognized globally.

Other key service sectors include education, healthcare, and tourism. Canada’s universities are among the best in the world, attracting students from around the globe. The country’s tourism industry, based on its natural beauty, cultural diversity, and cities, is also a significant contributor to the economy. Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver, and Quebec City are popular destinations for international tourists.

Government

Political System

Canada is a constitutional monarchy and a parliamentary democracy. The country recognizes Queen Elizabeth II as the head of state, though her role is largely ceremonial, and executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister and the Cabinet. The Prime Minister is the leader of the party that wins the most seats in the federal election and is responsible for running the government and implementing policies.

Canada’s federal system of government is divided into ten provinces and three territories, each of which has its own government and legislature. The provinces have jurisdiction over many aspects of governance, such as education, healthcare, and natural resources, while the federal government retains control over national defense, immigration, and international trade.

The Parliament of Canada is bicameral, consisting of the elected House of Commons and the appointed Senate. Members of the House of Commons are elected by the people every four years, while Senators are appointed by the Prime Minister. The political system is based on the principles of democratic representation, with a strong emphasis on human rights, individual freedoms, and the rule of law.

Legal System

Canada’s legal system is based on English common law, with the exception of the province of Quebec, which follows a civil law system. The judiciary is independent, and Canada’s Supreme Court is the highest court in the land, with final authority on legal matters. The country’s legal system is known for its fair and transparent processes, and the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, part of the Canadian Constitution, guarantees fundamental rights and freedoms to all citizens.

Foreign Relations

Canada maintains strong diplomatic and trade relations with many countries, particularly the United States, its closest neighbor and largest trading partner. As a member of the United Nations, NATO, the Commonwealth of Nations, and other international organizations, Canada plays an active role in promoting global peace, security, and economic development.

Canada’s foreign policy is often focused on multilateralism, peacekeeping, and humanitarian efforts. The country is known for its strong commitment to human rights and democracy, and it has a history of contributing to peacekeeping missions around the world.

Culture

Arts and Music

Canada is known for its diverse and vibrant cultural scene, which reflects its multicultural population. The country has made significant contributions to literature, visual arts, and music, with prominent figures in the fields of literature (such as Margaret Atwood and Leonard Cohen), art (such as Group of Seven painters), and music (including artists like Drake and The Weeknd).

Canada’s music scene is diverse, encompassing genres such as rock, pop, classical, jazz, and folk. The country is also home to a thriving film industry, particularly in cities like Toronto and Vancouver, which have become important centers for international film production.

Cuisine

Canadian cuisine is a blend of indigenous, French, and British influences, as well as the contributions of immigrant communities. Regional cuisine varies widely across the country, with dishes like poutine (fries topped with gravy and cheese curds) from Quebec, butter tarts from Ontario, and Nanaimo bars from British Columbia. The food culture in Canada is also influenced by the country’s natural resources, with an abundance of seafood from the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, as well as game meat and wild berries from the northern regions.

Festivals and Traditions

Canada is home to a wide range of festivals, many of which celebrate the cultural diversity of the country. Canada Day, celebrated on July 1st, marks the anniversary of the confederation of Canada. The Montreal International Jazz Festival and the Toronto International Film Festival are some of the world’s largest cultural events. Indigenous festivals, such as the Powwow, celebrate the traditions and heritage of Canada’s First Nations peoples.

Cultural traditions in Canada reflect its multicultural society, with communities across the country celebrating holidays and festivals from their ancestral backgrounds. Christmas, Thanksgiving, and Easter are widely observed, but many Canadians also celebrate the Lunar New Year, Diwali, and Eid, among other cultural festivals.

History

Early History

The history of Canada dates back thousands of years, with evidence of indigenous peoples inhabiting the land long before European settlers arrived. Indigenous cultures, such as the Inuit in the Arctic, the First Nations in the rest of Canada, and the Métis people, have rich histories and traditions that are central to Canada’s cultural identity.

European Colonization

European exploration of Canada began in the late 15th century, with John Cabot’s voyage in 1497 marking one of the first recorded European arrivals. France and England established colonies in Canada during the 17th century, with the French founding New France and the English colonizing parts of the Atlantic coast. The struggle for control between the French and British led to the French and Indian War (1754-1763), culminating in British victory and the cession of French territories to Britain.

Confederation and Expansion

Canada’s journey to independence began with the British North America Act of 1867, which united the provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia into a federal dominion under British rule. Over the following decades, the country expanded westward, with additional provinces joining the union and Canada achieving full independence from Britain in 1982 with the patriation of its Constitution.

Modern Canada

Since achieving independence, Canada has evolved into a modern, multicultural society, known for its peacekeeping efforts, strong economy, and commitment to human rights. However, the country continues to face challenges, particularly in addressing the rights of Indigenous peoples, environmental issues, and balancing its multicultural identity. Despite these challenges, Canada remains one of the world’s most developed, peaceful, and prosperous nations.

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