Burundi Facts

by countryaah · Published June 3, 2019 · Updated December 12, 2024

Burundi, State of East Africa; 27,800 km², 11.2 million residents (2019).Burundi borders northeast and east to Tanzania, west to Congo (Kinshasa) – the border goes mostly through Lake Tanganyika – and north to Rwanda. Since 2019, Gitega (42,000 residents, 2009) is the capital.

Country facts

Republic of Burundi / Republic of Burundi
Country abbreviation: BI
Area: 27 800 km²
Population (2019): 11.2 million residents
Capital: Gitega
Main languages: rundi (kirundi), French
State: Republic
Head of State and Head of Government: Pierre Nkurunziza (President)
Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 275
GNI per capita (2018): US $ 280
Currency: 1 franc = 100 centimes
Currency code: BIF
Country number (telephony): 257
Internet domain name: bi
Time difference compared to Sweden: +1
National Day: July 1 (Independence Day, 1962)

Nature

Land use: agricultural land (52%), other (48%)
Highest mountain: Heha (2,670 m above sea level)

Population

Population density (2019): 403 residents per km²
Natural population growth (2019): 3.2%; birth rate 40 ‰, death rate 8 ‰
Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (45%), 15-64 (53%), 65- (2%)
Life expectancy (2019): men 59 years, women 63 years
Infant mortality (2019): 43 per 1,000 live births
Population forecast 2050: 25 million residents
HDI (2017): 0.417 (place 185 of 189)
Urbanization rate (2019): 13%
Most populous city (2010): Bujumbura (374,800 residents)

Business

Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (40%), industry (16%), service (44%)
Exports (2017): US $ 119 million
Main export products: coffee, tea
Main exporting countries: Congo (Kinshasa), Switzerland, United Arab Emirates
Imports (2017): US $ 604 million
Main import products: capital goods, oil products, foodstuffs
Main importing countries: India, China, Kenya
Railway network: nothing in operation

Burundi, officially the Republic of Burundi, is a landlocked country situated in the Great Lakes region of East Africa. Despite its small size, covering approximately 27,834 square kilometers, Burundi boasts a rich tapestry of cultural heritage, diverse ecosystems, and a complex history that has significantly shaped its current socio-political landscape. Bordered by Rwanda to the north, Tanzania to the east and south, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, Burundi is nestled between the eastern shores of Lake Tanganyika and the western escarpment of the African Great Rift Valley. This strategic location has influenced its climate, economy, and interactions with neighboring nations. As of the latest estimates, Burundi has a population exceeding 12 million people, characterized by a youthful demographic with a vibrant cultural milieu.

Geography

Topography

Burundi’s terrain is predominantly mountainous, with elevations ranging from the shores of Lake Tanganyika at about 772 meters above sea level to the highest peak, Mount Heha, which reaches approximately 2,684 meters. The central plateau is flanked by rolling hills and highlands, creating a landscape marked by plateaus, valleys, and ridges. The western part of the country features the Albertine Rift, a branch of the Great Rift Valley, contributing to Burundi’s rugged topography and numerous lakes and rivers.

Hydrography

Lake Tanganyika, one of the African Great Lakes, forms Burundi’s western boundary. This lake is the second-oldest freshwater lake in the world, the second-largest by volume, and the second deepest, playing a crucial role in the country’s climate, economy, and transportation. Numerous rivers traverse Burundi, including the Ruvubu, Rusizi, and Malagarasi, which are vital for irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, and sustaining local ecosystems.

Natural Resources

Burundi’s natural resources include fertile agricultural land, mineral deposits such as nickel, rare earth elements, and gold, as well as significant water resources from its lakes and rivers. The country’s rich biodiversity encompasses tropical rainforests, savannas, and wetlands, supporting a variety of flora and fauna, some of which are endemic to the region.

Climate

General Climate Overview

Burundi experiences a tropical highland climate, characterized by moderate temperatures and significant rainfall, influenced by its elevation and proximity to the equator. The climate is generally temperate, with temperatures varying by altitude. The highlands enjoy cooler temperatures, while lower regions near Lake Tanganyika and the central plateau are warmer.

Rainfall Patterns

The country has two main rainy seasons: the first from February to May and the second from September to November. These periods are crucial for agriculture, which relies heavily on rain-fed farming practices. The dry seasons, from June to August and December to January, are essential for harvesting and preparation for the subsequent planting seasons.

Temperature Variations

Temperatures in Burundi typically range from 15°C (59°F) in the highlands to 28°C (82°F) in the lowlands. The variation in temperature across different regions contributes to diverse agricultural practices and influences the distribution of various plant and animal species within the country.

Climate Challenges

Burundi faces several climate-related challenges, including unpredictable rainfall patterns, droughts, and flooding. These climatic issues exacerbate food insecurity, affect agricultural productivity, and contribute to environmental degradation, posing significant challenges to sustainable development.

People

Demographics

As of the latest estimates, Burundi’s population exceeds 12 million people, making it one of the most densely populated countries in Africa. The population is predominantly youthful, with a high fertility rate contributing to rapid population growth. This demographic trend presents both opportunities and challenges in terms of economic development, education, and employment.

Ethnic Composition

Burundi’s population is primarily composed of three ethnic groups: the Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa. The Hutu make up approximately 85% of the population, the Tutsi about 14%, and the Twa around 1%. These groups share cultural and linguistic ties but have historically experienced social and political tensions, which have influenced Burundi’s history and governance.

Language

Kirundi is the official language and is spoken by virtually the entire population. French and English are also official languages, reflecting the country’s colonial history and its aspirations for regional and international integration. Swahili serves as a lingua franca in trade and communication with neighboring countries.

Religion

Christianity is the predominant religion in Burundi, with a significant majority of the population adhering to Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, and various other Christian denominations. Indigenous beliefs and practices also persist, often syncretized with Christian traditions. A small percentage of the population practices Islam and other religions.

Social Structure and Education

Burundi has made strides in improving access to education, particularly primary education, but challenges remain in terms of quality, infrastructure, and higher education opportunities. Social structures are influenced by traditional norms, with extended family systems playing a significant role in community life. Gender roles are evolving, with increasing participation of women in education and the workforce, though disparities persist.

Economy

Overview

Burundi’s economy is predominantly agrarian, with agriculture accounting for a significant portion of GDP and employing the majority of the population. The country is one of the poorest in the world, facing challenges such as political instability, limited infrastructure, and dependence on subsistence farming. However, there are efforts to diversify the economy and promote sustainable development.

Agriculture

Agriculture is the backbone of Burundi’s economy, with key crops including coffee, tea, maize, beans, bananas, and potatoes. Coffee and tea are the main export commodities, contributing to foreign exchange earnings. Subsistence farming is widespread, with most rural households engaged in small-scale agriculture to meet their food needs.

Industry and Manufacturing

Burundi’s industrial sector is relatively underdeveloped, comprising primarily of food processing, textiles, and small-scale manufacturing. The lack of infrastructure, limited access to capital, and inadequate technological capabilities hinder industrial growth. However, there is potential for expansion in areas such as agro-processing and light manufacturing.

Services Sector

The services sector in Burundi includes retail, transportation, telecommunications, and public administration. While it is less developed compared to agriculture, there is gradual growth driven by urbanization and increased access to information and communication technologies.

Natural Resources and Mining

Burundi possesses mineral resources, including nickel, gold, and rare earth elements. Mining activities are limited due to inadequate infrastructure, lack of investment, and regulatory challenges. However, there is potential for growth in this sector if these obstacles are addressed, contributing to economic diversification and development.

Economic Challenges

Burundi faces numerous economic challenges, including high levels of poverty, unemployment, limited access to education and healthcare, inadequate infrastructure, and vulnerability to climate change. Political instability and conflict have also disrupted economic activities and deterred foreign investment, exacerbating the country’s economic woes.

Development Initiatives

Efforts to improve the economy include initiatives to enhance agricultural productivity, invest in infrastructure development, promote education and vocational training, and foster a favorable business environment to attract investment. International aid and development programs play a crucial role in supporting these initiatives and fostering sustainable economic growth.

Government

Political Structure

Burundi is a presidential representative democratic republic. The President serves as both the head of state and government, and there is a multi-party system in place. The government structure comprises the executive branch, the legislative branch (Parliament), and the judiciary.

Executive Branch

The President of Burundi is elected for a five-year term and holds significant executive powers, including appointing the Prime Minister and the cabinet. The executive branch is responsible for implementing laws, managing national affairs, and representing Burundi in international matters.

Legislative Branch

The Parliament of Burundi is bicameral, consisting of the National Assembly and the Senate. Members of the National Assembly are elected through a proportional representation system, while Senators are selected through a combination of indirect elections and appointments. The legislative branch is tasked with making laws, overseeing the executive, and representing the interests of the populace.

Judiciary

Burundi’s judiciary is independent, comprising various courts, including the Supreme Court, intermediate courts, and lower courts. The judicial system is responsible for interpreting laws, ensuring justice, and upholding the rule of law. However, challenges such as limited resources, corruption, and political influence impact its effectiveness.

Political History and Stability

Burundi has experienced periods of political instability, marked by ethnic tensions, civil wars, and coups. The most notable conflict occurred between 1993 and 2005, resulting in significant loss of life and displacement. While there have been efforts towards peacebuilding and reconciliation, political tensions and challenges to democratic governance persist, affecting national stability and development.

Human Rights and Governance

Human rights issues, including freedom of expression, political repression, and ethnic discrimination, have been concerns in Burundi. The government has faced criticism from international organizations regarding human rights abuses and the suppression of political opposition. Efforts to improve governance include reforms aimed at enhancing transparency, accountability, and the protection of civil liberties, though progress remains uneven.

International Relations

Burundi maintains diplomatic relations with various countries and is a member of international organizations such as the United Nations, African Union, and East African Community. Its foreign policy focuses on regional integration, economic cooperation, and addressing cross-border challenges such as security and migration. However, strained relations with some neighbors and international bodies due to internal political issues impact its global standing.

Culture

Language and Literature

Kirundi is the national language and is integral to Burundian identity. French and English serve as official languages, facilitating communication in government and international affairs. Literature in Burundi encompasses oral traditions, poetry, proverbs, and contemporary written works that reflect the nation’s history, values, and societal issues.

Music and Dance

Music and dance are central to Burundian culture, serving as expressions of social, religious, and communal life. Traditional instruments include the rumba (a type of drum), the inanga (a stringed instrument), and the ikembe (a thumb piano). Dance forms are diverse, often involving intricate footwork, rhythmic movements, and storytelling elements that celebrate cultural heritage and communal bonds.

Art and Craftsmanship

Burundian art is rich in traditional crafts such as basket weaving, pottery, carving, and beadwork. These crafts are not only utilitarian but also carry symbolic meanings and aesthetic values. Contemporary art in Burundi is emerging, blending traditional motifs with modern techniques and themes, reflecting the dynamic nature of Burundian society.

Festivals and Celebrations

Burundi celebrates various cultural and national festivals that highlight its heritage and unity. Events such as Independence Day, Umuganura (a traditional harvest festival), and religious holidays are marked by communal gatherings, music, dance, and feasting. These celebrations reinforce social cohesion and cultural identity.

Cuisine

Burundian cuisine is characterized by staple foods such as maize, beans, sweet potatoes, and bananas, often accompanied by sauces made from vegetables, fish, or meat. Common dishes include “isombe” (cassava leaves cooked with peanut sauce), “ugali” (a maize porridge), and “brochettes” (grilled meat skewers). Meals are typically communal, reflecting the importance of family and community in Burundian culture.

Social Norms and Traditions

Burundian society places a strong emphasis on community, family ties, respect for elders, and traditional values. Social norms govern various aspects of life, including marriage customs, rites of passage, and conflict resolution practices. Traditional leadership structures, such as chieftaincies, coexist with modern governance institutions, contributing to the social fabric of the nation.

History

Pre-Colonial Era

Before the arrival of European colonizers, the region now known as Burundi was inhabited by Bantu-speaking peoples, primarily the Hutu, Tutsi, and Twa ethnic groups. These groups established complex social structures, kingdoms, and systems of governance. The Kingdom of Burundi was a prominent political entity, with a monarchy that maintained authority and facilitated trade and cultural exchange within the Great Lakes region.

Colonial Period

In the late 19th century, European powers scrambled for control of Africa, and Burundi became part of German East Africa in the 1890s. German colonial rule imposed administrative structures, economic exploitation, and attempts to manipulate ethnic divisions. Following Germany’s defeat in World War I, Burundi was mandated to Belgium under the League of Nations, and later the United Nations, as part of Ruanda-Urundi. Belgian colonial policies exacerbated ethnic tensions by favoring the Tutsi minority for administrative roles, laying the groundwork for future conflicts.

Independence and Early Post-Colonial Era

Burundi gained independence from Belgium on July 1, 1962. The early years of independence were marked by political instability, ethnic strife, and power struggles between the Hutu majority and Tutsi minority. In 1966, a military coup led to the establishment of a Tutsi-dominated regime, which further alienated the Hutu population and set the stage for recurrent conflicts.

Civil Wars and Ethnic Conflicts

Burundi experienced two major civil wars, the first from 1969 to 1972 and the second from 1993 to 2005. The 1969 genocide resulted in the mass killing of Hutus by the Tutsi-dominated government, while the 1993-2005 conflict involved ethnic violence, insurgencies, and international interventions. These conflicts caused extensive loss of life, displacement, and destruction of infrastructure, deeply impacting the nation’s socio-economic development and interethnic relations.

Peace Processes and Reconciliation

The Arusha Peace and Reconciliation Agreement, signed in 2000, was a significant milestone in ending the civil war. It established power-sharing mechanisms, laid the groundwork for democratic governance, and promoted reconciliation between ethnic groups. Subsequent elections and political reforms aimed to stabilize the country, though challenges in implementing the agreement and lingering tensions have continued to pose obstacles to lasting peace.

Recent Developments

In recent years, Burundi has grappled with political turmoil, including the controversial 2015 presidential elections, which led to protests, violence, and the controversial extension of President Pierre Nkurunziza’s term. These events have strained relations with the international community and raised concerns about governance and human rights. Despite these challenges, efforts towards economic recovery, infrastructure development, and social services continue, with the support of international partners and internal initiatives.

Burundi in the Regional Context

Burundi’s history is closely intertwined with its neighbors, particularly Rwanda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Ethnic dynamics, refugee flows, and regional conflicts have influenced Burundi’s internal stability and foreign relations. The country’s strategic position in the East African Community (EAC) provides opportunities for economic integration and regional cooperation, though political instability has sometimes hindered full participation.