Singapore Facts

by countryaah · Published June 3, 2019 · Updated December 12, 2024

Singapore, Southeast Asian State; 719 km², 5.6 million residents (2019).Singapore, which is separated from the Malacca Peninsula by the Johores Strait, consists of Singapore Island (just over 590 km² ) and some 50 small islands. The Republic consists of a single metropolitan area, the center of which is on the south coast of Singapore.

Country facts

Republic of Singapore / Republic of Singapore
Country abbreviation: SG
Area: 719 km²
Population (2019): 5.6 million residents
Capital: Singapore
Main languages: English, Chinese, Malay, Tamil
State: Republic
Head of State: Halimah Yacob (President)
Head of Government: Lee Hsien Loong
Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 64,582
GNI per capita (2018): US $ 58,770
Currency unit: 1 Singaporean dollar = 100 cents
Currency code: SGD
Country number (telephony): 65
Internet domain name: sg
Time difference compared to Sweden: +7
National Day: August 9 (Independence Day, 1965)

Population

Population density (2019): 7,788 residents per km²
Natural population growth (2019): 0.4%; birth number 9 ‰, death number 5 ‰
Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (15%), 15-64 (71%), 65- (14%)
Average life expectancy (2019): men 81 years, women 85 years
Infant mortality (2019): 2 per 1,000 live births
Population forecast 2050: 6 million residents
HDI (2017): 0.932 (place 9 of 189)
Urbanization rate (2017): 100%

Business

Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (0%), industry (25%), service (75%)
Exports (2017): US $ 396,800 million
Main export products: computers, pharmaceuticals
Main exporting countries: China, Hong Kong, Malaysia
Imports (2017): US $ 312 100 million
Main import products: machinery, fuel, chemicals
Main importing countries: China, Malaysia, USA

Geography of Singapore

Location and Size

Singapore is a small island nation located at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, bordered by Malaysia to the north and the Singapore Strait to the south. It is strategically positioned along one of the world’s busiest shipping routes, which has historically contributed to its growth as a global trade hub. The country consists of one main island and over 60 smaller islands, covering a total land area of approximately 728.6 square kilometers (281.3 square miles), making it one of the smallest countries in the world in terms of land area.

Despite its small size, Singapore’s location makes it a key gateway between Asia and the rest of the world. Its proximity to major Southeast Asian nations, such as Malaysia, Indonesia, and Thailand, has contributed to its rise as an important global city and economic powerhouse. The country’s main island, Singapore Island, is highly urbanized, with most of the population living in its capital city, also named Singapore.

Topography and Natural Features

The topography of Singapore is relatively flat, with the highest point being Bukit Timah Hill at 164 meters (538 feet). This gentle landscape is complemented by Singapore’s extensive coastline, which stretches over 193 kilometers (120 miles), and its numerous bays, rivers, and small offshore islands. The country is characterized by urban development, with a mixture of reclaimed land and preserved natural parks.

Singapore is home to several parks and nature reserves, such as the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve and the Singapore Zoo, that contribute to its reputation as a green city. Although the majority of the land is developed for residential, commercial, and industrial purposes, there are ongoing efforts to preserve green spaces, with parks and tree-lined streets being common features throughout the city.

Additionally, Singapore has a tropical rainforest climate, which has allowed the growth of rich flora and fauna, including some species unique to the region. The country’s commitment to urban greening, such as the Gardens by the Bay, has further enhanced its reputation as a city in a garden.

Climate of Singapore

Tropical Rainforest Climate

Singapore experiences a tropical rainforest climate, characterized by consistent high temperatures and humidity throughout the year. The country has an average temperature ranging between 25°C (77°F) and 31°C (88°F). Due to its location just north of the equator, Singapore receives year-round sunshine, with limited variation between seasons. However, humidity levels are high, often exceeding 80%, which can make the weather feel hotter than the actual temperature.

Wet and Dry Seasons

Although Singapore experiences rain throughout the year, the monsoon seasons define its weather patterns. The Northeast Monsoon lasts from December to early March, bringing heavy rains and cooler temperatures. During this time, Singapore experiences frequent afternoon thunderstorms, particularly in the central and eastern parts of the island.

The Southwest Monsoon, which occurs from June to September, is generally associated with slightly drier conditions. However, even during the dry season, brief showers are common, particularly in the form of short, intense rainfalls. The climate is warm and humid year-round, making it ideal for a lush tropical environment, but the humidity can make the weather challenging for some, especially during the peak rainy months.

People of Singapore

Population and Demographics

As of recent estimates, Singapore’s population stands at around 5.5 million people, with a relatively high population density, making it one of the most densely populated countries in the world. The majority of Singapore’s population is ethnically Chinese, accounting for approximately 74% of the population. Malay people, the indigenous ethnic group of Singapore, make up about 13%, followed by Indians at around 9%. Other ethnic groups, including Eurasians, account for the remaining 4%. This ethnic diversity contributes to the country’s multicultural identity, with multiple languages, religions, and cultural practices coexisting harmoniously.

Singapore is also a global hub for expatriates, with large communities of people from countries such as the Philippines, Indonesia, and the United Kingdom. Many of these foreign nationals live and work in Singapore, contributing to the country’s thriving service and business sectors. The high level of immigration has further diversified the population, with different cultural traditions influencing the city’s way of life.

Language and Religion

The official languages of Singapore are English, Malay, Mandarin Chinese, and Tamil, reflecting the country’s ethnic and cultural diversity. English is the primary language used in government, business, and education, and it serves as a common language that unites the different ethnic groups. Mandarin Chinese is widely spoken among the Chinese population, while Malay is the national language and a symbol of the country’s Malay heritage. Tamil is spoken by the Indian Tamil community, and other Chinese dialects, such as Hokkien and Cantonese, are also commonly spoken by older generations.

Singapore is a multi-religious society with a high degree of religious tolerance. The country is predominantly Buddhist, Taoist, or Christian, with Islam and Hinduism also practiced by significant portions of the population. The Chinese community practices a combination of Buddhism, Taoism, and Confucianism, while the Malay population predominantly practices Islam. The Indian community mainly practices Hinduism, though there are also substantial Christian and Sikh populations.

Education and Health

Education is highly valued in Singapore, and the country has one of the best education systems in the world. Education is compulsory for children between the ages of 6 and 15, and the system is known for its rigorous curriculum and emphasis on mathematics, science, and languages. Primary and secondary education is free, and the public school system is well-regarded globally. Many students in Singapore perform exceptionally well in international assessments, such as the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA).

The country’s higher education sector is also highly regarded, with institutions such as the National University of Singapore (NUS) and Nanyang Technological University (NTU) ranking among the best in Asia and the world. These universities are known for their research output, particularly in the fields of technology, engineering, and business.

Singapore’s healthcare system is known for its efficiency and high standards. The country boasts world-class medical facilities, and the government heavily invests in healthcare infrastructure. Public healthcare is primarily funded through the government’s Medisave, Medishield, and Medifund schemes, which are designed to make healthcare affordable for all citizens. Private healthcare is also widely available, with many expatriates and visitors seeking medical treatment in Singapore due to its high standard of care.

Economy of Singapore

Key Industries

Singapore has a highly developed and free-market economy, and it is considered one of the wealthiest and most competitive countries in the world. The economy is diversified, with significant contributions from sectors such as finance, manufacturing, electronics, biotechnology, and trade. The country’s strategic location as a global shipping hub has also contributed to its thriving trade and logistics industries.

Finance is a key pillar of the Singaporean economy, with the country being one of the largest financial centers in the world. The Singapore Exchange (SGX) plays a significant role in regional and global finance, and the country is home to numerous multinational banks and financial institutions. The government’s pro-business policies, low taxes, and strong legal framework have made Singapore a preferred destination for foreign direct investment.

Singapore’s manufacturing sector is robust, particularly in the electronics and semiconductor industries, which are central to the country’s economic success. The country is a major player in the global supply chain, producing goods ranging from computer chips to pharmaceuticals. Singapore is also a global leader in the maritime industry, with its port being one of the busiest in the world.

Economic Challenges

While Singapore has one of the highest GDPs per capita in the world, the country faces several economic challenges, including reliance on global trade and external factors. The global nature of its economy means that Singapore is vulnerable to fluctuations in global demand and supply chain disruptions. The country is also dependent on imported labor for its construction, manufacturing, and service industries, leading to concerns about the sustainability of its labor market.

Additionally, the country’s high cost of living, particularly in housing, poses challenges for its residents. While the government has implemented policies to make housing more affordable for citizens, the price of private housing remains high, and wealth inequality is an ongoing issue. Despite this, Singapore continues to maintain a high standard of living for its citizens, with substantial investments in education, healthcare, and infrastructure.

Government of Singapore

Political System

Singapore is a parliamentary republic with a political system dominated by the People’s Action Party (PAP), which has been in power since the country’s independence in 1965. The president of Singapore is the head of state and is elected every six years. The president’s role is largely ceremonial, with executive power resting with the prime minister, who is appointed by the president from the majority party in the parliament.

The Singaporean parliament is unicameral and consists of 104 members. Of these, 89 are elected by the people in general elections, which are held every five years, while the remaining members are appointed, either as non-constituency members or by the president. The political system is characterized by a strong central government, which has enabled the country to pursue long-term economic and social policies effectively.

The government has adopted a pragmatic approach to governance, combining efficient public administration with active involvement in the economy. The PAP has been credited with guiding Singapore’s transformation into a global financial hub, with policies that have focused on promoting stability, economic growth, and social welfare.

Legal System

Singapore’s legal system is based on English common law, with statutes and regulations forming the backbone of the legal framework. The judiciary is independent, and Singapore has a reputation for having one of the most efficient legal systems in the world. The country is known for its strict laws and low tolerance for corruption, which contributes to its high levels of public safety and order.

Singapore’s legal framework has a significant focus on commercial law, given the country’s role as a global financial hub. The legal system is transparent, and the government enforces contracts and property rights rigorously, which has encouraged business and investment in the country.

Culture of Singapore

Arts and Music

Singapore is known for its vibrant cultural scene, which reflects the diverse ethnic groups that make up its population. The country has a thriving arts community, with galleries, museums, and theaters showcasing both local and international works. The Esplanade, Singapore’s performing arts center, is one of the most iconic cultural venues in the country, hosting everything from opera and ballet to pop concerts and local theater productions.

Music in Singapore is an eclectic mix of traditional ethnic music, classical European music, and contemporary genres. The country has a growing music scene, with an increasing number of local artists finding international recognition. Singapore is also known for its jazz scene, with numerous local and international jazz festivals held throughout the year.

Festivals and Traditions

Singapore’s cultural diversity is evident in its many festivals and celebrations, which reflect the country’s Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Western influences. Major religious and cultural festivals, such as Chinese New Year, Hari Raya Puasa, Deepavali, and Christmas, are celebrated with public holidays, parades, and community activities. The Singapore Grand Prix, an annual Formula 1 night race, has also become a significant cultural event, drawing both sports fans and tourists to the country.

The Singapore Arts Festival and the Singapore Food Festival are annual events that showcase the city’s rich cultural offerings, including performances, exhibitions, and culinary delights from across the world.

Cuisine

Singapore is a melting pot of culinary traditions, with a food culture that reflects its diverse population. Traditional Chinese, Malay, Indian, and Peranakan cuisines are the cornerstones of Singaporean food, and the city is famous for its hawker centers, where a wide variety of affordable dishes are sold. Some of the most famous dishes include chili crab, Hainanese chicken rice, laksa, satay, and roti prata.

Food plays a central role in Singaporean life, with many people gathering at hawker centers, food courts, or restaurants to enjoy meals with friends and family. Street food vendors, known for their delicious and inexpensive offerings, are an integral part of Singapore’s culinary scene.

Traditional and Modern Influences

Singaporean culture is a blend of traditional and modern influences. While traditional festivals and practices are celebrated, the country has embraced contemporary global culture, with an increasingly cosmopolitan lifestyle. This fusion of old and new is seen in its architecture, arts, and daily life, creating a unique and dynamic cultural identity that is both rooted in tradition and open to the future.