Portugal Facts

by countryaah · Published June 3, 2019 · Updated December 12, 2024

Portugal, state of southwestern Europe; 92,000 km², 10.3 million residents (2019).Portugal encompasses the western part of the Pyrenees peninsula as well as the Azores and Madeira. The latter, which constitute 3,047 km² and have 480,700 residents, have the status of autonomous regions of the republic. The capital is Lisbon (552,700 residents, 2011).

Country facts

Republic of Portugal / Republic of Portugal
Country abbreviation: PT (P)
Area: 92 000 km²
Population (2019): 10.3 million residents
Capital: Lisbon
Main languages: Portuguese
State: Republic
Head of State: Marcelo Rebelo de Sousa (President)
Head of Government: António Costa
Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 23,146
GNI per capita (2018): US $ 21,680
Currency unit: euro
Currency code: EUR
Country number (telephony): 351
Internet Domain Name: pt
Time difference compared to Sweden: −1
National Day: June 10 (Portuguese Day, 1580)

Nature

Land use: forest (38%), agricultural land (40%), other (22%)
Highest mountain: Pico Alto (2,351 m above sea level)
Longest river: Tejo (1,010 km)

Population

Population density (2019): 112 residents per km²
Natural population growth (2019): −0.2%; birth rate 9 ‰, death rate 11 ‰
Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (14%), 15-64 (64%), 65- (22%)
Average life expectancy (2019): men 78 years, women 83 years
Infant mortality (2019): 3 per 1,000 live births
Population forecast 2050: 9 million residents
HDI (2017): 0.847 (place 41 of 189)
Urbanization rate (2019): 73%
Most populous cities (2011): Lisbon (552,700 residents), Porto (237,600)

Business

Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (2%), industry (22%), service (76%)
Exports (2017): US $ 61,000 million
Main export products: agricultural products, food, wine
Major exporting countries: Spain, France, Germany
Imports (2017): US $ 74,730 million
Main import products: agricultural products, chemical products, vehicles
Main importing countries: Spain, Germany, France
Railway network (2014): 3 100 km

Geography of Portugal

Location and Borders

Portugal is located in Southern Europe, on the Iberian Peninsula, and it is bordered by Spain to the east and north and the Atlantic Ocean to the west and south. The country’s geographical positioning along the Atlantic coast has historically made it a gateway to exploration, trade, and cultural exchange. Portugal has a diverse topography, ranging from mountainous regions in the north to flatter, coastal plains in the south. Additionally, Portugal has several islands in the Atlantic Ocean, the Azores and Madeira, which are autonomous regions of the country, providing it with a vast and diverse geographical range.

Terrain and Landscape

Portugal’s landscape is characterized by its varied terrain. In the north, the terrain is more mountainous, with the central region also home to rolling hills and rugged landscapes. The northern part of the country is also known for its lush forests, fertile valleys, and rivers. The Douro River, which flows through northern Portugal, is one of the most important water sources in the country and plays a significant role in its agricultural and wine production.

As you move south, the landscape flattens, especially in the Alentejo region, where large plains are used for agriculture. The southernmost region, the Algarve, features a coastline with steep cliffs, sandy beaches, and coves. Portugal’s islands, Madeira and the Azores, are volcanic in origin and have mountainous and rugged terrains, offering stunning natural beauty and unique ecosystems.

Natural Resources

Portugal is relatively rich in natural resources, particularly in its forests, minerals, and marine resources. The country is a significant producer of cork, accounting for more than half of the world’s supply, and its forests also provide timber and other wood products. Additionally, Portugal has important mineral resources, including tungsten, tin, and copper, although these industries have seen a decline in recent decades.

Portugal’s location along the Atlantic Ocean has also made it a prime location for fishing, particularly for sardines and cod. The fishing industry has historically been one of the country’s most important economic sectors. In more recent years, Portugal has also focused on renewable energy, with significant investments in wind and solar power.

Climate of Portugal

General Climate Zones

Portugal enjoys a Mediterranean climate, with long, warm summers and mild, wet winters. However, due to the country’s varied topography, there are distinct climatic zones from the north to the south. The northern part of Portugal, including areas such as Porto and the Douro Valley, experiences a more temperate climate, with cooler winters and moderate rainfall throughout the year. The central region sees more pronounced seasonal changes, with hot summers and colder winters, especially in the mountainous areas.

In contrast, southern Portugal, particularly the Algarve region, experiences a more typical Mediterranean climate, with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. This region is one of the driest in Portugal, with some of the lowest rainfall rates in the country, making it a popular tourist destination year-round.

Temperature and Weather Patterns

Portugal’s weather is greatly influenced by its proximity to the Atlantic Ocean. Coastal areas tend to have moderate temperatures, with cooler summers compared to the inland regions. The coastal regions of Lisbon and Porto, for example, see summer temperatures ranging from 25°C (77°F) to 30°C (86°F), while the interior can experience much higher temperatures, particularly during the peak of summer. Winter temperatures along the coast are typically mild, ranging from 10°C (50°F) to 15°C (59°F), while inland areas can experience colder temperatures and occasional snowfall.

The country is also prone to weather systems from the Atlantic, which can bring significant rainfall in the winter months, particularly to the northern and central regions. The dry summer months are usually marked by clear skies and little rainfall, which makes the region ideal for agriculture, particularly grape growing.

Environmental Issues

Portugal faces a number of environmental challenges, including desertification in some areas, particularly in the southern and southeastern regions, which are vulnerable to extended dry spells. The country also grapples with deforestation, particularly in its pine forests, due to both natural factors, such as wildfires, and human activities, such as agriculture. The impacts of climate change, including rising temperatures and more frequent droughts, continue to pose challenges to the country’s agricultural sectors and water resources.

Portugal is increasingly focused on promoting sustainable practices and renewable energy production, with substantial investments in wind and solar energy. The country has also been active in conservation efforts, including marine protection initiatives, due to its extensive coastline and rich marine biodiversity.

People of Portugal

Ethnic Composition

Portugal is a relatively homogeneous country in terms of its ethnic composition, with the majority of the population being of Portuguese descent. The country has a long history of seafaring, and over the centuries, it has absorbed cultural influences from various parts of the world, especially from its colonial past. The population includes small communities of ethnic minorities, such as Brazilians, Africans, and Eastern Europeans, who have migrated to Portugal in recent decades. There are also descendants of former colonial populations, including those from former Portuguese colonies like Angola, Mozambique, and Cape Verde.

The ethnic composition of Portugal is also reflected in its language and cultural practices, as the majority of Portuguese people share a common linguistic and cultural identity, which is central to the nation’s sense of unity and history.

Language and Religion

Portuguese is the official language of Portugal and is spoken by virtually the entire population. It is a Romance language derived from Latin and has several dialects, with regional variations in vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar. While Portuguese is the only official language, regional languages, such as Mirandese (spoken in the northeastern region of Portugal), are also recognized, although they are not widely spoken.

The vast majority of Portuguese people are Roman Catholic, with about 81% of the population identifying as such. The Catholic Church has played a significant role in Portuguese history and culture, and many of the country’s holidays and cultural traditions are linked to religious observances. Despite the dominance of Catholicism, Portugal has a small Protestant community, as well as small Jewish and Muslim populations. In recent years, secularism has been on the rise, particularly among younger generations.

Population and Demographics

Portugal has a population of approximately 10.3 million people, and its demographic profile reflects the challenges of an aging population and declining birth rates. The country has one of the oldest populations in Europe, with a median age of around 45 years, which puts pressure on the healthcare system and social services.

The population of Portugal is heavily urbanized, with the majority living in cities. Lisbon, the capital, is the largest city and an economic and cultural hub. Other major urban areas include Porto, Coimbra, and Braga, all of which play important roles in the country’s economy and education. Portugal also has a significant expatriate population, particularly in countries like France, the United States, and Brazil, where many Portuguese emigrants have settled over the years.

Economy of Portugal

Agriculture and Industry

Portugal’s economy is diverse, with key sectors including agriculture, industry, and services. Agriculture plays an important role in the economy, particularly in regions like Alentejo and the Douro Valley, where wine production is a major industry. Portugal is one of the world’s leading producers of cork, olive oil, and wine, particularly port wine, which is produced in the Douro River Valley. Other agricultural products include fruits, vegetables, and cereals.

Industry in Portugal is varied, including sectors such as textiles, footwear, machinery, and electronics. The country’s industrial base has grown in recent decades, with a focus on modernizing manufacturing processes and increasing exports. The automotive and aerospace industries have also gained prominence, with multinational companies establishing production plants in the country. Additionally, Portugal’s forestry and paper industries are significant contributors to the economy.

Services and Tourism

The services sector, particularly tourism, has become increasingly important to the Portuguese economy in recent years. Portugal’s pleasant climate, beautiful coastline, rich history, and cultural heritage make it a popular destination for international tourists. The Algarve region, Lisbon, Porto, and Madeira are among the most visited locations, drawing millions of tourists annually. The tourism industry has led to significant economic growth, particularly in the hospitality, transport, and retail sectors.

Portugal has also made strides in expanding its financial services and information technology industries. The country’s banking system is well-regulated, and Lisbon has emerged as a regional financial center in Europe. The government has focused on fostering innovation, particularly in the technology sector, attracting startups and investment.

Economic Challenges and Opportunities

Portugal’s economy has faced challenges, particularly following the global financial crisis of 2008. The country experienced a deep recession and required a bailout from the European Union and the International Monetary Fund in 2011. Since then, Portugal has made significant progress in stabilizing its economy, reducing its budget deficit, and recovering from the economic crisis. However, the country still faces challenges related to public debt, unemployment, and economic inequality.

Despite these challenges, Portugal has many opportunities for growth, particularly in the areas of renewable energy, technology, and tourism. The country’s investments in wind and solar power have made it a leader in renewable energy, and it has become a popular destination for digital nomads and entrepreneurs. Portugal is also working to diversify its economy and reduce its reliance on traditional industries like agriculture and manufacturing.

Government of Portugal

Political Structure

Portugal is a republic with a semi-presidential system, meaning the president shares executive power with the prime minister. The president is the head of state, while the prime minister is the head of government. The president is elected for a five-year term and has significant powers, particularly in areas such as foreign policy and defense. However, the prime minister, who is appointed by the president, holds the majority of executive authority and is responsible for managing the country’s day-to-day affairs.

The Portuguese Parliament, known as the Assembleia da República, is a unicameral legislature made up of 230 deputies, elected for a four-year term. The parliament plays a key role in passing legislation, approving the budget, and overseeing the government. The judiciary is independent, and Portugal has a strong legal system that guarantees fundamental rights and freedoms.

Recent Political Developments

Portugal has experienced political stability in recent years, with a history of peaceful transitions of power. The country’s democratic institutions were established in 1974 following the Carnation Revolution, which overthrew the authoritarian Estado Novo regime that had been in power for nearly 40 years. Since then, Portugal has been a stable democracy and an active member of the European Union, NATO, and other international organizations.

The government has made significant efforts to address social and economic inequalities, improve public services, and enhance political transparency. However, political polarization and challenges related to corruption continue to be concerns in the country.

Culture of Portugal

Traditional Arts and Crafts

Portugal has a rich cultural heritage, with influences from Roman, Moorish, and Christian civilizations. Traditional Portuguese art and craft include pottery, textiles, and metalwork. The country is particularly known for its azulejos (decorative ceramic tiles), which are often used to adorn buildings, walls, and public spaces. Portuguese embroidery, lacework, and carpets are also highly prized for their intricate designs and craftsmanship.

Fado music is a key element of Portuguese culture. This genre of music, characterized by its melancholic and soulful tones, originated in Lisbon in the 19th century and is considered a national treasure. Fado often tells stories of longing, love, and loss, and it is typically performed with a singer accompanied by the Portuguese guitar.

Cuisine

Portuguese cuisine is rich and diverse, with a strong emphasis on fresh ingredients, particularly seafood, meats, and vegetables. Fish and shellfish are staples in the Portuguese diet, with dishes like bacalhau (salted cod), sardines, and octopus being popular. Olive oil, garlic, and fresh herbs are commonly used in cooking, and the country is also known for its cheeses, cured meats, and pastries. One of the most famous desserts is pastéis de nata, a custard tart that originated in Lisbon.

Wine is an essential part of Portuguese culture, with the country being known for its production of port and vinho verde, among other varieties. Portuguese wines are often enjoyed with meals, and the wine regions, particularly the Douro Valley, are famous for their vineyards and wine-making traditions.

Festivals and Holidays

Portugal celebrates many festivals, both religious and secular. The most important religious holidays are Christmas and Easter, with traditions that vary by region. Other important celebrations include the Feast of St. Anthony in Lisbon, the Festa de São João in Porto, and the Festa de Nossa Senhora da Agonia in Viana do Castelo. The country also celebrates its independence on October 5th, marking the 1910 Republican Revolution.

Carnival is another key event in Portuguese culture, with vibrant parades, costumes, and music taking place in cities such as Lisbon, Madeira, and the Azores. The Madeira Carnival, in particular, is famous for its colorful and elaborate floats and performances.

History of Portugal

Early History and the Age of Exploration

Portugal has a rich history that dates back to prehistoric times, with evidence of human settlements dating back to the Paleolithic era. The Romans conquered the region in the 2nd century BCE, and the area became part of the Roman Empire. After the fall of Rome, the region was ruled by various Germanic tribes, including the Visigoths, and later by the Moors, who introduced Islamic culture in the 8th century.

The Kingdom of Portugal was founded in 1139, with King Afonso I (Afonso Henriques) becoming the first king. Portugal became a significant maritime power during the Age of Exploration in the 15th and 16th centuries, with explorers like Vasco da Gama and Ferdinand Magellan leading expeditions that expanded Portugal’s empire across Africa, Asia, and the Americas. The country established colonies in Brazil, Angola, Mozambique, and other parts of the world, and its explorers played a key role in mapping uncharted territories.

Decline and Modernization

Portugal’s power declined in the 17th and 18th centuries due to military defeats, economic challenges, and the loss of its colonies. In the early 19th century, Portugal underwent significant political turmoil, including the Peninsular War, during which Napoleon’s forces invaded the country. The monarchy was temporarily displaced, and the country was forced into political and economic reforms.

In the 20th century, Portugal became a republic in 1910 after the overthrow of the monarchy, but it faced instability and a series of coups. In 1926, a military dictatorship took control, eventually leading to the Estado Novo regime under António de Oliveira Salazar, which lasted until the Carnation Revolution of 1974. This revolution peacefully overthrew the authoritarian regime and led to the establishment of democratic governance.

Recent History and the European Union

Following the revolution, Portugal transitioned to democracy and became a member of NATO in 1980. In 1986, Portugal joined the European Economic Community (EEC), which later became the European Union (EU). Since joining the EU, Portugal has experienced significant economic growth and modernization, though it has faced challenges related to debt, unemployment, and economic inequality, especially following the 2008 financial crisis.

Portugal has continued to play an important role in European and global politics, focusing on sustainable development, human rights, and fostering international trade relationships. The country’s rich history, diverse culture, and economic resilience have helped it maintain a prominent position in the modern world.