Peru Facts

by countryaah · Published June 3, 2019 · Updated December 12, 2024

Peru, State of Western South America; 1.3 million km², 32 million residents (2019).Peru borders Ecuador and Colombia in the north, Brazil and Bolivia in the east, and Chile in the south and has a coast to the Pacific in the west. The capital is Lima (9.6 million residents, 2018).

Country facts

Republic of Peru / Republic of Peru
Country abbreviation: PE
Area: 1.3 million km²
Population (2019): 32 million residents
Capital: Lima
Main languages: Spanish, Quechua
State: Republic
Head of State and Head of Government: Martín Vizcarra (President)
Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 6,947
GNI per capita (2018): US $ 6,530
Currency unit: 1 nuevo sol = 100 centimos
Currency code: PEN
Country number (telephony): 51
Internet domain name: pe
Time difference compared to Sweden: −6
National Day: July 28 (Independence Day, 1821)

Nature

Land use: forest (66%), agricultural land (3%), other (31%)
Highest mountain: Huascarán (6,768 m above sea level)
Largest lake: Lake Titicaca (8 100 km² )

Population

Population density (2019): 25 residents per km²
Natural population growth (2019): 1.3%; birthrate 18 ‰, death count 5 ‰
Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (26%), 15-64 (66%), 65- (8%)
Life expectancy (2019): men 74 years, women 79 years
Infant mortality (2019): 13 per 1,000 live births
Population forecast 2050: 40 million residents
HDI (2017): 0.750 (place 89 of 189)
Urbanization rate (2019): 78%
Most populous cities (2018): Lima (9.6 million residents), Arequipa (1 million), Trujillo (857 100)

Business

Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (8%), industry (33%), service (59%)
Exports (2017): US $ 44,920 million
Main export products: copper, gold, zinc
Main exporting countries: China, USA, Switzerland
Imports (2017): US $ 38,650 million
Main import products: oil and oil products, chemicals, plastics
Main importing countries: China, USA, Brazil
Railway network (2014): 1 800 km

Geography of Peru

Location and Borders

Peru is located in the western part of South America, bordered by Ecuador and Colombia to the north, Brazil to the east, Bolivia to the southeast, Chile to the south, and the Pacific Ocean to the west. Its geographical location makes it one of the most diverse countries in the world, with an incredible variety of landscapes and ecosystems that range from coastal deserts to high-altitude mountains and lush tropical rainforests. Peru’s strategic position along the Pacific Ocean has also made it a significant player in South American trade and commerce.

Terrain and Landscape

Peru’s landscape is defined by three distinct regions: the coast, the highlands, and the Amazon rainforest. The western part of the country features a long and narrow coastal plain along the Pacific Ocean. The coast is characterized by arid deserts, but it is home to the majority of the country’s population and major cities, including Lima, the capital. Along the coast, the climate is dry, with limited rainfall, but the region benefits from coastal fisheries and agriculture, particularly in the valleys where rivers from the Andean mountains provide water.

In the central region, the country is dominated by the Andes Mountains, which run parallel to the Pacific coast. The Andes are home to Peru’s highest peaks, including Huascarán, the highest point in the country at 6,768 meters (22,205 feet). The mountains create a dramatic, varied landscape, ranging from the rugged, snow-capped peaks of the high Andes to deep valleys and plateaus. The mountains are rich in mineral resources, which have been important for Peru’s economy for centuries.

To the east of the Andes lies the Amazon Basin, which covers more than half of Peru’s territory. This region is covered by the Amazon rainforest, one of the world’s most biodiverse ecosystems. The area is sparsely populated, but it plays a critical role in the global environment as a carbon sink and a habitat for thousands of plant and animal species.

Natural Resources

Peru is rich in natural resources, and its economy has historically been shaped by the extraction of minerals and agricultural products. The country is one of the world’s leading producers of copper, silver, and gold, with vast mineral deposits found in the Andes. Mining continues to be a major driver of Peru’s economy, contributing significantly to export revenues.

The agricultural sector is another important component of the economy, with Peru being a top producer of crops such as potatoes, maize, quinoa, and coffee. The coastal region also benefits from rich fisheries, while the Amazon rainforest offers important resources like timber, rubber, and medicinal plants. The country’s vast natural resources have provided both opportunities and challenges in terms of economic growth, environmental sustainability, and social equity.

Climate of Peru

General Climate Zones

Peru’s climate is extremely varied due to its geographical diversity. The country experiences three main climate zones: the coastal desert, the Andean highlands, and the Amazon Basin. Each region has its own unique climate patterns, influenced by altitude, proximity to the ocean, and latitude.

Coastal Desert: The coastal region of Peru, particularly the areas around Lima and the northern coast, has a desert climate. This region receives little rainfall and experiences warm temperatures throughout the year. The influence of the cold Humboldt Current along the Pacific Ocean creates a mild, dry climate, with some areas experiencing fog and mist due to the interaction between the cold ocean current and the warm air from the land.
Andean Highlands: The climate in the Andean highlands is influenced by the elevation, with cooler temperatures at higher altitudes. In the cities such as Cusco and Arequipa, temperatures are moderate during the day but can drop sharply at night. The region also experiences a pronounced rainy season, from December to March, with occasional snowfall in the highest elevations. The Andes provide the country’s main agricultural regions, such as the Sacred Valley, where a variety of crops are grown.
Amazon Basin: The eastern region of Peru, the Amazon Basin, is characterized by a tropical climate with high humidity and abundant rainfall throughout the year. Temperatures are consistently warm, averaging around 25°C to 30°C (77°F to 86°F), and the rainy season occurs from November to April, with heavy rains and occasional flooding. This region is home to the world’s largest tropical rainforest, which plays a vital role in regulating the global climate and biodiversity.

Temperature and Weather Patterns

Peru’s temperatures vary greatly depending on the region and altitude. Coastal cities such as Lima tend to have mild temperatures due to the moderating influence of the Pacific Ocean. In the Andes, temperatures can fluctuate significantly, with daytime temperatures being much warmer than at night, particularly in the higher altitudes. In the Amazon Basin, the weather is hot and humid year-round, with heavy rainfall during the wet season.

The region’s weather patterns are influenced by the presence of the El Niño and La Niña phenomena, which can cause fluctuations in rainfall, temperature, and drought conditions. These events can lead to devastating floods or droughts, impacting agriculture and infrastructure in both the coastal and Amazon regions.

Environmental Issues

Peru faces a number of environmental challenges, including deforestation, mining-related pollution, and climate change. The rapid expansion of agriculture and illegal logging in the Amazon rainforest has led to significant deforestation, which threatens biodiversity and disrupts local communities. Additionally, mining operations in the Andes, particularly in regions like Madre de Dios, have led to mercury contamination and water pollution, impacting ecosystems and public health.

Climate change is also a growing concern for Peru, particularly in the Andean region, where glacial melt is threatening water supplies for millions of people. The country is actively working to balance economic growth with environmental sustainability, focusing on conservation efforts and the development of renewable energy sources.

People of Peru

Ethnic Composition

Peru is home to a rich cultural diversity, with a population that is primarily composed of mestizos (people of mixed indigenous and European ancestry). Indigenous groups make up approximately 25% of the population, and their cultures, languages, and traditions continue to play a significant role in the country’s identity. Major indigenous groups include the Quechua, Aymara, and various Amazonian tribes, such as the Ashaninka and Shipibo.

There is also a significant population of people of European, African, and Asian descent. The country’s colonial history has shaped its demographic composition, with Spanish settlers, African slaves, and Chinese and Japanese immigrants contributing to the diverse society. The blending of these different cultural influences is reflected in Peru’s language, cuisine, art, and traditions.

Language and Religion

The official language of Peru is Spanish, spoken by the majority of the population. However, a number of indigenous languages are also spoken, particularly in rural areas. Quechua, the language of the Inca Empire, is spoken by approximately 13% of the population, while Aymara and several Amazonian languages are also recognized by the government.

Peru is a predominantly Catholic country, with around 80% of the population identifying as Roman Catholic. Catholicism was introduced during the Spanish colonial period, and it has become deeply ingrained in the country’s culture and traditions. There is also a significant Protestant minority, particularly among evangelical Christians. Indigenous religious practices, particularly in the Andean region and the Amazon, have survived through syncretism, blending pre-Columbian beliefs with Christianity.

Population and Demographics

Peru’s population is estimated at approximately 33 million people, and it has grown rapidly over the past few decades. The population is relatively young, with a median age of around 30 years. Peru is highly urbanized, with around 80% of the population living in urban areas, particularly in the capital city of Lima, which is home to nearly a third of the country’s population. Other major cities include Arequipa, Trujillo, and Cusco.

The country also faces challenges related to poverty and inequality, with many people living in rural areas facing limited access to healthcare, education, and economic opportunities. Despite these challenges, Peru has made significant progress in reducing poverty and expanding access to social services in recent years.

Economy of Peru

Agriculture and Natural Resources

Agriculture plays a significant role in Peru’s economy, with the country being a major producer of crops such as potatoes, maize, quinoa, coffee, and fruits. Peru is known for its diversity of agricultural products, which grow in different climatic regions across the country. The coastal areas produce fruits such as grapes, avocados, and citrus, while the highlands are known for crops like potatoes, corn, and quinoa. The Amazon Basin contributes products such as cacao, coffee, and tropical fruits.

In addition to agriculture, Peru is one of the world’s leading producers of minerals. Copper, silver, gold, zinc, and lead are the country’s most important mineral exports. Mining is a critical industry for the Peruvian economy, accounting for a significant portion of GDP and export revenue. Peru’s mining sector attracts foreign investment, but it also raises concerns about environmental degradation, particularly in the Amazon.

Manufacturing and Services

Peru’s manufacturing sector has been growing, particularly in areas such as food processing, textiles, and chemicals. The country is a major exporter of fishmeal and processed seafood, particularly to Asian markets. Additionally, the textile and apparel industries have seen significant growth, driven by both domestic demand and exports. The services sector has expanded in recent years, with tourism playing a crucial role in the economy. Peru’s rich cultural heritage, including the Inca ruins of Machu Picchu and the historic city of Cusco, attracts millions of tourists annually.

The financial services sector is also growing, with banking and insurance industries becoming more sophisticated. Lima, the capital, is the financial and economic hub of the country, and it is home to many multinational corporations and regional headquarters. The BPO (business process outsourcing) industry is also growing, with companies providing services such as call centers and back-office operations to international clients.

Economic Growth and Challenges

Over the past two decades, Peru has experienced strong economic growth, driven by exports, mining, and agriculture. The country has implemented economic reforms and policies that have fostered macroeconomic stability and growth. Poverty levels have decreased, and the middle class has expanded. The government has focused on reducing inequality, promoting education and infrastructure, and improving access to healthcare and social services.

However, Peru faces significant challenges, particularly in terms of inequality and rural poverty. Despite strong economic growth, a large portion of the population, particularly in the rural highlands and Amazon regions, continues to face poverty and limited access to basic services. Additionally, corruption, illegal mining, and environmental concerns remain persistent problems that the government is working to address.

Government of Peru

Political Structure

Peru is a democratic republic with a presidential system. The president serves as both the head of state and head of government and is elected for a five-year term. The president has significant executive powers, including the ability to appoint ministers, oversee the implementation of policies, and represent the country in international affairs. The president is supported by a cabinet of ministers, who head various government departments.

The legislature of Peru is unicameral and consists of the Congress of the Republic, which is made up of 130 members elected by popular vote. The Congress is responsible for passing laws, approving the national budget, and overseeing the actions of the executive branch. The judiciary is independent, and the legal system is based on civil law principles, with a constitution that guarantees fundamental rights and freedoms.

Political History

Peru’s political history has been characterized by instability and frequent changes in government. The country has experienced multiple military coups, authoritarian regimes, and periods of civil conflict. The most significant period of instability occurred in the 1980s and 1990s, when the country was embroiled in a violent conflict between the government and insurgent groups like the Shining Path and the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement.

In the 2000s, Peru transitioned toward a more stable democratic government, although challenges such as corruption, political polarization, and regional inequality have remained. The country has seen significant political changes in recent years, including the impeachment of several presidents, highlighting the volatility of its political system.

Culture of Peru

Traditional Arts and Crafts

Peru has a rich cultural heritage, influenced by its indigenous civilizations, such as the Inca, as well as Spanish colonial and European traditions. The country is known for its traditional arts and crafts, particularly textiles, pottery, and metalwork. Peruvian textiles, such as those made from alpaca wool and cotton, feature intricate designs and vibrant colors, and they are produced using traditional weaving techniques that have been passed down for generations.

Peru is also known for its pottery, with ancient cultures like the Nazca and Moche creating highly decorative pottery and figurines. Gold and silver have been significant in Peruvian culture since the time of the Incas, and traditional jewelry and crafts made from these metals continue to be an important part of the country’s heritage.

Music and Dance

Music and dance are central to Peruvian culture, with a diverse range of traditional and modern styles. The Andean region is known for its folk music, which features instruments such as the charango (a small stringed instrument) and panpipes. The music is often accompanied by traditional dances like the huayno and marinera, both of which are performed during cultural festivals and celebrations.

The Afro-Peruvian music tradition, particularly the cajón (a wooden percussion instrument), has also become internationally recognized. In urban areas, Peruvian music has absorbed influences from other genres, including jazz, rock, and pop, resulting in a vibrant and evolving music scene.

Cuisine and Traditions

Peruvian cuisine is highly regarded for its variety, flavor, and use of fresh, local ingredients. The country is known for its dishes such as ceviche (raw fish marinated in citrus juices), lomo saltado (a stir-fried beef dish), and causa (a layered potato dish). Peru is also famous for its diverse range of potatoes, with thousands of varieties cultivated in the highlands. The country’s diverse regions contribute to a variety of regional specialties, and the cuisine blends indigenous, Spanish, African, and Asian influences.

Peruvian festivals are an essential part of the culture, with celebrations such as Inti Raymi (the Inca Festival of the Sun), Semana Santa (Holy Week), and Fiesta de la Virgen de la Candelaria showcasing the country’s rich traditions, religious practices, and cultural pride. Many of these festivals are marked by colorful parades, dances, music, and feasts.

History of Peru

Pre-Columbian Civilizations

The history of Peru dates back thousands of years, with early civilizations such as the Norte Chico and the Nazca thriving along the coast. The most well-known pre-Columbian civilization in Peru is the Inca Empire, which emerged in the early 15th century and expanded to become the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The Incas developed advanced agricultural techniques, built impressive architectural structures like Machu Picchu, and established a vast network of roads across the Andes.

Spanish Colonization

In 1532, the Spanish conquistador Francisco Pizarro arrived in Peru and overthrew the Inca Empire, beginning more than 300 years of Spanish colonial rule. During this period, Peru became a major part of the Spanish Empire, and the city of Lima was established as the colonial capital. The Spanish introduced Christianity, European-style governance, and a colonial economy based on mining and agriculture.

Independence and Modern History

Peru gained independence from Spain on July 28, 1821, after a long struggle led by figures such as Simón Bolívar and José de San Martín. The early years of independence were marked by political instability and territorial disputes, particularly with neighboring Chile, Ecuador, and Bolivia.

Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, Peru experienced periods of military dictatorship, political unrest, and economic challenges. In the 1980s and 1990s, the country faced violence from insurgent groups such as the Shining Path and the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, as well as the rise of military and authoritarian governments. The return to democratic rule in the 2000s was accompanied by significant economic growth, though issues such as corruption and inequality persist.

Today, Peru continues to balance its rich cultural heritage with the challenges of modernization and development, navigating complex social, political, and environmental issues while building on its historical legacy.