Norway Facts

by countryaah · Published June 3, 2019 · Updated December 12, 2024

Norway, State of Northern Europe; 385 199 km², 5 328 212 residents (2019).Norway comprises the western part of the Scandinavian peninsula (323 758 km² ) and the archipelago of Svalbard (61 500 km² ) and the island of Jan Mayen (381 km² ) in the northern Atlantic; in addition, as the so-called biland Bouvetøya (59 km² ) in the Atlantic, south of Africa, and Peter I’s island (249 km² ) in the Pacific, southwest of South America’s southern tip. Norway also claims Queen Maud Land, a sector of Antarctica between 20 ° west longitude and 45 ° east longitude with the tip of the South Pole. Norway’s and also Europe’s northernmost point is Knivskjellodden on Magerøya. The capital is Oslo (673,469 residents, 2018).

Country facts

Kingdom of Norway (Bokmål)
Kingdom of Norway (New Norwegian) /
Kingdom of Norway
Country abbreviation: NO
Area: 385 199 km²
Population (2019): 5.3 million residents
Capital: Oslo
Main language: Norwegian
State: Monarchy
Head of State: Harald V (King)
Head of Government: Erna Solberg
Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 81,807
GNI per capita (2018): US $ 80,790
Currency unit: 1 krone = 100 kroner
Currency code: NOK
Country number (telephony): 47
Internet Domain Name: no
Time difference compared to Sweden: 0
National Day: May 17 (The Constitution was adopted in 1814 in Eidsvoll)

Nature

Land use: forest (33%), agricultural land (3%), other (64%)
Highest mountain: Galdhøpiggen (2,469 m above sea level)
Longest river: Glomma (587 km)

Population

Population density (2019): 13 residents per km²
Natural population growth (2019): 0.2%; birth rate 10 ‰, death rate 8 ‰
Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (18%), 15-64 (65%), 65- (17%)
Average life expectancy (2019): men 81 years, women 84 years
Infant mortality (2019): 2 per 1,000 live births
Population forecast 2050: 6 million residents
HDI (2017) 0.953 (place 1 of 189)
Urbanization rate (2019): 82%
Most populous cities (2018): Oslo (673,469 residents), Bergen (279,792), Trondheim (180,557)

Business

Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (2%), industry (34%), service (64%)
Exports (2017): US $ 102,800 million
Main export products: crude oil, natural gas, machinery
Main exporting countries: United Kingdom, Germany, Netherlands
Imports (2017): US $ 95,060 million
Main import products: workshop products, chemical products, foodstuffs
Main importing countries: Sweden, Germany, China
Railway network (2019): 4,200 km

Geography of Norway

Location and Borders

Norway is located in Northern Europe, occupying the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula. It shares land borders with Sweden to the east, Finland to the northeast, and Russia to the far northeast. Norway’s extensive coastline along the North Atlantic Ocean stretches for over 25,000 kilometers (15,500 miles) if all its fjords and inlets are counted, making it one of the longest coastlines in the world. This positioning places Norway in the Arctic region, but it also benefits from relatively mild weather due to the warm Gulf Stream, which influences its climate and ecosystems.

Norway’s strategic location has historically made it a significant maritime nation. The country has long maintained strong maritime and economic links with neighboring countries, particularly through its access to the North Sea, the Barents Sea, and the Norwegian Sea. Norway’s extensive coastline and maritime routes also make it a vital hub for shipping and oil transport in the North Atlantic.

Terrain and Landscape

Norway’s landscape is famously diverse and stunning, characterized by dramatic mountains, deep fjords, rolling plains, and dense forests. The country is primarily mountainous, with the Scandinavian Mountains forming a major feature along much of the eastern and central parts of the country. These mountains not only shape Norway’s topography but also its culture and way of life, as they have historically served as natural barriers and influenced settlement patterns.

The western coast of Norway is known for its fjords, steep, glacially-carved valleys that have become iconic to the country. The most famous of these fjords include the Geirangerfjord and the Nærøyfjord, both of which are UNESCO World Heritage Sites. These fjords, with their dramatic cliffs and crystal-clear waters, are a major tourist attraction and a key part of Norway’s natural heritage.

The eastern part of Norway, particularly in the regions of Østlandet and Trøndelag, is dominated by rolling hills and flatlands, with forests and agricultural fields. The northern parts of the country, including Finnmark, are characterized by tundra and barren landscapes, influenced by Norway’s proximity to the Arctic Circle.

Norway also has a significant number of lakes and rivers, which provide valuable resources for hydroelectric power generation. The country’s natural beauty is complemented by a wide array of ecosystems, from dense forests to alpine tundra, each hosting diverse wildlife, including reindeer, moose, lynx, and a rich variety of bird species.

Natural Resources

Norway is endowed with abundant natural resources, particularly within its maritime boundaries and mountain regions. The country has vast reserves of oil and natural gas located beneath the North Sea, which have been central to its modern economy. The discovery of oil in the 1960s transformed Norway’s economy, and the country is one of the world’s leading exporters of petroleum and natural gas.

In addition to energy resources, Norway is rich in minerals such as iron ore, copper, and titanium. The country also has considerable forests, making forestry an important sector of its economy, especially in rural areas. Agriculture, though not as extensive as in other countries due to Norway’s challenging terrain, supports the production of grains, potatoes, and dairy products. Fish, particularly cod, is another major natural resource, with Norway being one of the world’s largest exporters of seafood, especially from its fishing ports along the coast.

Hydropower is another significant resource for Norway, as the country has one of the largest shares of renewable energy generated from water power in the world. The abundance of rivers and waterfalls in the mountainous terrain makes hydroelectricity a critical sector of Norway’s energy landscape.

Climate of Norway

General Climate Zones

Norway’s climate is highly variable, influenced by its geographical location, coastal proximity, and mountainous terrain. The climate varies considerably from the southernmost to the northernmost parts of the country.

Southern Norway: The southern regions of Norway, including cities like Oslo and Bergen, experience a temperate climate with relatively mild winters and cool summers. The climate here is influenced by the Gulf Stream, which helps to moderate temperatures along the coast. In winter, the temperatures in southern Norway typically range from -5°C (23°F) to 5°C (41°F), with occasional snow. Summers in the south are mild, with average temperatures ranging between 15°C (59°F) and 22°C (72°F), making it suitable for farming and outdoor activities.
Northern Norway: As one moves further north, the climate becomes more extreme, especially in the Arctic regions. The coastal areas in northern Norway, including Tromsø, experience a subarctic climate, where winters are cold and dark, with temperatures dropping as low as -15°C (5°F) in January. The summer months, though short, can be relatively mild, with temperatures reaching 10°C to 15°C (50°F to 59°F). Norway’s northernmost areas, such as Svalbard, experience polar climates with extreme cold temperatures and 24 hours of daylight during the summer and long, dark winters.
Mountainous Regions: The inland regions, especially in the mountain areas, have a continental climate. Winters in these areas are cold, with heavy snowfall, making them ideal for winter sports. Summers are shorter and cooler, particularly in high-altitude areas, where temperatures rarely exceed 15°C (59°F).

Temperature and Weather Patterns

Temperature fluctuations in Norway can be significant, particularly between the summer and winter months. While coastal regions benefit from the tempering effect of the Gulf Stream, inland and northern areas experience more extreme temperature swings. The maritime climate along the western coastline, particularly in cities like Bergen, is often marked by a high level of precipitation, with Bergen being one of the rainiest cities in Europe.

The far northern parts of Norway, above the Arctic Circle, experience the Midnight Sun in the summer, where the sun does not set for several weeks, and the Polar Night in winter, when the sun does not rise above the horizon for an extended period. This phenomenon has a profound impact on the lifestyle and activities of people living in these regions.

Environmental Issues

Norway’s environment faces several challenges despite its abundance of natural resources. Climate change is impacting the country’s Arctic regions, where rising temperatures are leading to thawing permafrost, reduced sea ice, and shifts in ecosystems. Coastal communities are also dealing with rising sea levels, which threaten low-lying areas and infrastructure.

Deforestation, although not as severe as in some other countries, is a concern in certain regions. Norway has taken steps to protect its forests and natural landscapes, with extensive reforestation programs and laws to manage logging sustainably. Norway is also focusing on transitioning to renewable energy sources, given the significant role that hydropower plays in its energy production.

People of Norway

Ethnic Composition

Norway’s population is predominantly of Scandinavian ethnic descent, with ethnic Norwegians making up the vast majority of the population. The country has a long history of settlement by Norse people, whose descendants have contributed significantly to the culture and traditions of modern Norway. The Sami people, an Indigenous group who traditionally inhabited the northern regions of Norway, are another key ethnic group, with a unique language and culture.

There are also immigrant communities in Norway, primarily from countries such as Poland, Sweden, Somalia, and Pakistan. Immigration to Norway has increased significantly in recent decades, particularly from Eastern Europe and the Middle East, due to economic opportunities and refugee resettlement programs. These immigrant groups contribute to the country’s cultural diversity and have enriched the national identity.

Language and Religion

Norwegian is the official language of the country, and it is spoken by the vast majority of the population. The language has two official written forms: Bokmål, which is used by most people, and Nynorsk, which is spoken by a minority, primarily in rural areas. English is widely spoken, particularly in urban areas, and is taught in schools as a second language.

Norway is predominantly a Christian country, with about 70% of the population belonging to the Church of Norway, a Protestant denomination. Religion plays a less central role in daily life than in some other countries, as Norway is known for its secular nature. There are also small communities of Muslims, Hindus, and Catholics, particularly in the larger cities. Religious tolerance is a cornerstone of Norwegian society, and freedom of religion is protected by law.

Population and Demographics

Norway’s population is estimated at around 5.4 million people. The country has a relatively low population density, particularly in rural areas, where large swaths of land remain sparsely populated due to Norway’s mountainous terrain and climate. The majority of the population lives in urban areas, with Oslo, Bergen, and Stavanger being the largest cities.

Norway has a relatively high standard of living and a well-developed social welfare system. The population is aging, with a growing proportion of elderly people, particularly in rural regions. Immigration has contributed to population growth, particularly from European countries, and the population of major urban areas is increasingly diverse.

Economy of Norway

Oil and Gas

Norway’s economy is heavily influenced by its oil and gas sector, which has been a driving force of the nation’s prosperity since the 1970s. The country is one of the world’s largest producers of oil and natural gas, with the vast majority of its oil reserves located in the North Sea. Oil and gas exports constitute a significant portion of Norway’s GDP and contribute to its wealth, allowing the government to create the world’s largest sovereign wealth fund, known as the Government Pension Fund of Norway.

The oil industry has not only transformed the country’s economy but also its geopolitical role. Norway plays a key role in global energy markets, particularly in Europe, where its natural gas is a major energy source. However, Norway is actively pursuing a transition toward greener energy sources, including wind, solar, and hydropower, as part of its commitment to reducing carbon emissions.

Shipping and Maritime Industry

The shipping and maritime industries are also crucial to Norway’s economy. The country’s long coastline and strategic location have made it a global hub for shipping, with Norwegian companies controlling a significant portion of the world’s commercial shipping fleet. Norway is also a leader in maritime innovation, with advancements in shipping technology and renewable marine energy. The country’s maritime infrastructure, including ports and logistics, supports both national and international trade.

Manufacturing and Services

Norway has a well-developed manufacturing sector, with significant production in areas like shipbuilding, machinery, chemicals, and metals. The country is a leading producer of aluminum, and its metals industry plays a critical role in the economy. Despite the dominance of oil and gas, Norway has worked to diversify its industrial base, and sectors like high-tech manufacturing and information technology are growing.

The services sector is also expanding, particularly in finance, healthcare, and tourism. Norway’s stable economy and high standard of living attract investment and international businesses, particularly in energy and technology industries. Norway’s tourism sector benefits from the country’s stunning landscapes, outdoor activities, and cultural heritage, with significant contributions from visitors to the Arctic regions, fjords, and historical sites.

Challenges and Opportunities

Norway faces several economic challenges, particularly as it seeks to diversify away from its reliance on oil and gas. The global transition to renewable energy presents both a challenge and an opportunity, as the country looks to balance its economic dependence on fossil fuels with its environmental commitments. The aging population is another challenge, as it places pressure on the social welfare system and the labor market.

However, the country has made significant strides in green energy and sustainability initiatives, including investments in wind and solar power, electric vehicles, and green technologies. These sectors present opportunities for innovation and future economic growth. The government’s sovereign wealth fund, which manages the profits from oil and gas, is also a crucial tool in ensuring economic stability in the long term.

Government of Norway

Political Structure

Norway is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of government. The king, currently King Harald V, is the ceremonial head of state, while political power resides with the parliament (Storting) and the prime minister. The prime minister is the head of government and is appointed by the king, but they are typically the leader of the majority party in the Storting. The political system is highly democratic, with free and fair elections held every four years.

Norway’s parliament, the Storting, is unicameral, consisting of 169 members elected by the people through proportional representation. The country’s political parties include the Labour Party, Conservative Party, Progress Party, and smaller parties that represent various ideological stances. Political power tends to shift between center-left and center-right parties, with coalition governments being common due to Norway’s proportional representation system.

Political History

Norway’s political history is shaped by its independence from Sweden in 1905, when the country gained full sovereignty after a union with Sweden was peacefully dissolved. Norway was neutral during World War I but was occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II. After the war, Norway became a founding member of NATO in 1949 and has been an active player in international diplomacy ever since.

Norway’s political system has evolved over the years to become one of the most stable and prosperous in the world. The country has consistently ranked high in global indices of democracy, human development, and quality of life. Norway’s government has pursued policies of neutrality, social welfare, and economic equality, which have shaped the country’s domestic and foreign policies.

Current Political Landscape

Today, Norway is one of the wealthiest and most socially advanced nations in the world. It has a strong social welfare system, universal healthcare, free education, and comprehensive unemployment insurance. The country’s government continues to balance the economic benefits of its natural resources with the need for sustainability and environmental protection.

The country is also known for its leadership in international diplomacy and peacebuilding, using its resources and influence to mediate conflicts and promote global development. Norway is an active participant in international organizations such as the United Nations, the World Bank, and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), although it is not a member of the European Union.

Culture of Norway

Traditional Arts and Crafts

Norwegian culture is rich with traditions that reflect its history and natural environment. The country is known for its traditional crafts, such as wood carving, knitting, and textile arts. The Sami people, the Indigenous population of northern Norway, have their own unique cultural practices, including the crafting of intricate handicrafts like duodji (traditional Sami arts and crafts).

Norwegian knitwear is particularly famous, with patterns that have been passed down through generations. Traditional Norwegian sweaters, like the “Lusekofte,” are worn during festivals and have become iconic symbols of national pride.

Music and Dance

Norway has a rich musical tradition that spans classical, folk, and contemporary genres. Norwegian folk music, including the use of traditional instruments such as the Hardanger fiddle, has been an important part of the cultural landscape for centuries. The folk dances that accompany these music traditions, like the halling and springar, are performed during festivals and celebrations.

In addition to traditional music, Norway has a thriving contemporary music scene, particularly in genres like black metal, jazz, and pop. Bands like A-ha, and artists such as Edvard Grieg in classical music, have gained international recognition, contributing to Norway’s cultural influence on the global stage.

Cuisine and Traditions

Norwegian cuisine is influenced by the country’s natural resources, with a focus on fish, particularly salmon, cod, and herring, which are central to the diet. Traditional dishes include raspeballer (potato dumplings), klippfisk (dried and salted cod), and lutefisk (dried fish reconstituted with lye), a delicacy enjoyed particularly around Christmas.

The consumption of brunost (brown cheese), a caramelized cheese popular in Norway, and koldtbord (cold buffet), which includes a variety of meats, cheeses, and breads, also plays a large part in Norwegian food culture. Norway’s outdoor culture has also led to an emphasis on fresh, simple meals cooked over open fires, particularly during holidays and outdoor gatherings.

Festivals and Holidays

Norwegian culture is marked by a strong sense of community and tradition, which is reflected in its festivals. National holidays, such as Norway’s Constitution Day on May 17, are marked by parades, music, and community gatherings. Christmas and Easter are also widely celebrated with family traditions, church services, and special meals.

One of the most important cultural celebrations is Sankthans, or Midsummer, a festival celebrating the summer solstice with bonfires, dancing, and festivities. Norway’s long winter nights are also a part of the cultural landscape, leading to the tradition of cosy gatherings (known as koselig) where friends and family come together in the warmth of homes.

History of Norway

Early History and Viking Age

Norway’s history dates back to the prehistoric period, with the first inhabitants of the region being hunter-gatherers. The Vikings, who lived in Norway from the late 8th century to the 11th century, are among the most famous figures in Norwegian history. The Viking Age was marked by seafaring exploration, trade, and raids across Europe, particularly in the British Isles. Vikings from Norway, Denmark, and Sweden helped shape the medieval history of much of Europe.

The Vikings also settled in parts of the British Isles, Iceland, and Greenland, and their legacy is deeply embedded in Norway’s culture, mythology, and history. The Viking Age ended with the conversion of Norway to Christianity in the 10th century, with King Olaf II (Saint Olaf) playing a key role in consolidating Christianity in the country.

Kingdoms and Unions

Norway was unified under King Harald Fairhair in the 9th century, and over the following centuries, it developed into a powerful kingdom. Norway entered into several unions with other Scandinavian countries, most notably with Denmark in the 14th century, forming the Kalmar Union. This union lasted for several centuries and saw Norway lose much of its political autonomy, as Denmark held the throne of both countries.

In 1814, after the Napoleonic Wars, Norway was ceded to Sweden under the Treaty of Kiel. However, the Norwegians resisted Swedish rule, and after a brief war, Norway gained its independence in 1905, establishing a constitutional monarchy under King Haakon VII.

20th Century and Modern Norway

Norway remained neutral during World War I but was occupied by Nazi Germany during World War II. The country suffered significant damage during the German occupation, but after the war, Norway emerged as a sovereign state. In the post-war period, Norway experienced economic growth, partly fueled by the discovery of oil in the North Sea in the 1960s, which transformed the economy and the country’s political standing.

Norway has remained a prosperous, stable, and democratic country, known for its high standard of living, commitment to social welfare, and significant contributions to international peacekeeping and diplomacy. Despite its small size, Norway plays an important role in global politics, economics, and environmental sustainability, particularly through its commitment to human rights, the environment, and renewable energy.