Nepal Facts

Nepal, state of Asia, mostly located in the Himalayas; 147,181 km², 28.1 million residents (2019).Nepal borders the north to China, but is otherwise surrounded by India. The capital is Kathmandu (1 million residents, 2011).

Country facts

• Nepal Adhirajya
• Country abbreviation: NP
• Area: 147 181 km²
• Population (2019): 28.1 million residents
• Capital: Kathmandu
• Main language: nepali
• State: Republic
• Head of State: Bidhya Devi Bhandari (President)
• Head of Government: Sher Bahadur Deuba
• Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 1,026
• GNI per capita (2018): US $ 960
• Currency unit: 1 Nepali rupee = 100 paisas
• Currency code: NPR
• Country Number (Telephony): 977
• Internet domain name: np
• Time difference compared to Sweden: +4: 45

Nature

• Land use: forest (42%), agricultural land (17%), other (41%)
• Highest mountain: Mount Everest (8,848 m above sea level)

Population

• Population density (2019): 191 residents per km²
• Natural population growth (2019): 1.4%; birthrate 20 ‰, deathrate 6 ‰
• Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (32%), 15-64 (62%), 65- (6%)
• Life expectancy (2019): men 69 years, women 72 years
• Infant mortality (2019): 29 per 1,000 live births
• Population forecast 2050: 35 million residents
• HDI (2017): 0.574 (place 149 of 189)
• Urbanization rate (2019): 20%
• Most populous city (2011): Kathmandu (1 million residents)

Business

• Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (27%), industry (14%), service (59%)
• Exports of goods (2017): US $ 819 million
• Main export products: clothing, vegetables, carpets
• Main exporting countries: India, USA, Turkey
• Imports of goods (2017): USD 10,000 million
• Main import products: oil products, machinery, gold
• Main importing countries: India, China
• Railway network (2018): 60 km

Geography of Nepal

Location

Nepal is a landlocked country located in South Asia, nestled in the Himalayas. It shares borders with China to the north and India to the south, east, and west. Nepal’s position between two major regional powers—China and India—has significantly influenced its history and geopolitics. The country stretches approximately 800 kilometers (500 miles) from east to west but is only about 200 kilometers (120 miles) wide at its widest point. The diverse geography of Nepal, ranging from the lowland Terai plains to the towering peaks of the Himalayas, has made it a unique and fascinating place.

Topography

Nepal’s topography is one of the most varied in the world, offering dramatic contrasts between its flat plains and the world’s highest mountain range. The country can be divided into three distinct geographical regions: the Terai region, the mid-hills, and the high mountains. The Terai, which lies along the southern border with India, is a fertile and low-lying region that accounts for much of the country’s agricultural activity. The mid-hills form the central portion of Nepal, where the population is concentrated. The northern region of Nepal is dominated by the Himalayas, where eight of the world’s 14 highest peaks, including Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth at 8,848 meters (29,029 feet), rise majestically.

Rivers and Lakes

Nepal’s rivers are an integral part of its geography and culture. The country is home to several major river systems, including the Koshi, Gandaki, Karnali, and the Mahakali rivers. These rivers are fed by the melting snow and glaciers of the Himalayas, and they serve as crucial sources of water for agriculture, hydropower, and domestic use. The rivers of Nepal also hold spiritual significance for Hindus, with the Ganges and its tributaries being among the most sacred. Nepal also features numerous lakes, particularly in the northern mountain regions, such as Rara Lake and Phewa Lake, both of which are major tourist destinations.

Natural Resources

Nepal is rich in natural resources, though its economic potential is often constrained by its rugged terrain and landlocked status. The country is known for its abundant water resources, including rivers suitable for hydropower production, making it one of the most hydropower-rich countries in the world. Forests cover a significant portion of the country, providing timber, medicinal plants, and other non-timber forest products. Nepal also has mineral resources, including limestone, copper, and gold, though mining is not a major contributor to the economy. Agriculture remains the primary source of livelihood for the majority of Nepal’s population.

Climate of Nepal

Diverse Climate Zones

Due to its wide range of elevations, Nepal experiences a diverse range of climates, from tropical to alpine. The southern plains (Terai region) have a tropical climate, characterized by hot summers and mild winters. The temperature in the Terai region can soar above 40°C (104°F) in the summer, while winters are much cooler, with temperatures ranging from 5°C to 20°C (41°F to 68°F). The central hill region experiences a temperate climate, with mild to warm summers and cold winters, while the northern mountainous region, particularly the areas near the Himalayas, has an alpine climate, with freezing temperatures year-round at higher altitudes.

Monsoon Season

Nepal experiences a monsoon climate, with the monsoon season lasting from June to September. During this period, heavy rains brought by the southwest monsoon winds from the Bay of Bengal affect most of the country, especially the eastern and central regions. The rainfall is crucial for agriculture, as it sustains the crops grown in the Terai region and the mid-hills. However, the monsoon season also brings the risk of floods, landslides, and other natural disasters, which can disrupt lives and livelihoods. The winter months, from December to February, are typically dry, particularly in the Terai region, while the northern regions can experience heavy snowfall.

Impact of Climate on Agriculture

The diverse climate zones in Nepal have a direct impact on agricultural practices. In the Terai region, rice, maize, sugarcane, and other crops are grown due to the fertile soils and moderate climate. In the mid-hills, the climate is more suited for crops like wheat, barley, and millet, while high-altitude areas are primarily suited for livestock farming and the cultivation of crops like potatoes and barley. Climate change is becoming a significant concern in Nepal, with rising temperatures and erratic rainfall patterns threatening food security and the livelihoods of farmers.

People of Nepal

Population

Nepal has an estimated population of around 30 million people. Despite its small size, the country is ethnically diverse, with more than 120 different ethnic groups and over 120 languages spoken. The population is predominantly rural, with most people living in the mid-hill and Terai regions, though urbanization is increasing in cities like Kathmandu, Pokhara, and Lalitpur. The population is young, with a significant proportion of people under the age of 30, which presents both opportunities and challenges for the country’s development.

Ethnic and Linguistic Diversity

Nepal’s population is made up of various ethnic groups, with the largest groups being the Chhetri, Brahmin, and Magar. Other significant groups include the Tamang, Tharu, Gurung, Newar, Rai, Limbu, and Sherpa, among others. The diversity of ethnic groups is mirrored by a wide range of languages spoken across the country. Nepali is the official language and is spoken by the majority of the population, but many ethnic groups continue to speak their own languages, including Maithili, Bhojpuri, Tharu, Tamang, and Newar, to name just a few.

Religion

Hinduism is the dominant religion in Nepal, with approximately 80% of the population identifying as Hindu. The country is known as the birthplace of Lord Buddha, and Buddhism also has a significant presence, particularly among the Sherpa and Tibetan populations in the northern regions. There are also small communities of Muslims, Christians, and adherents of indigenous faiths, each contributing to the country’s rich religious diversity. Nepal’s religious life is deeply intertwined with its festivals, temples, and spiritual practices, with important religious events such as Dashain, Tihar, and Buddha Jayanti drawing millions of people each year.

Social Structure and Traditions

Nepalese society is traditionally structured around the caste system, particularly in the Hindu-majority communities. While caste-based discrimination is officially illegal, it continues to affect social interactions, especially in rural areas. Despite this, Nepalese society is generally known for its hospitality, community spirit, and reverence for elders. Family is a central unit of social life, and extended families often live together, with close bonds among members. Traditional clothing, such as the dhoti and sari for men and women, respectively, is still worn during festivals and important occasions.

Economy of Nepal

Agriculture

Agriculture is the cornerstone of Nepal’s economy, employing more than 60% of the workforce. The main agricultural products include rice, maize, wheat, barley, millet, sugarcane, and vegetables. Livestock farming, including cattle, buffalo, goats, and poultry, also plays an essential role in rural economies. Nepal’s agriculture is largely subsistence-based, and farmers face challenges due to limited access to modern farming techniques, irrigation, and financing. The country is also vulnerable to environmental factors such as droughts, floods, and landslides, which can disrupt agricultural productivity.

Tourism

Tourism is a vital part of Nepal’s economy, with the country attracting visitors for its stunning landscapes, trekking routes, and rich cultural heritage. The Himalayas, particularly Mount Everest, are major draws for international tourists, with trekking, mountaineering, and adventure tourism contributing significantly to the economy. Kathmandu, the capital, is the gateway for most international tourists, while the cities of Pokhara and Chitwan are also popular destinations for nature tourism, wildlife safaris, and cultural experiences. Despite the potential for growth, tourism is susceptible to global economic fluctuations, political instability, and natural disasters.

Remittances

A significant portion of Nepal’s economy relies on remittances sent by Nepali workers abroad. Millions of Nepali migrants are employed in countries such as India, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and Malaysia, sending money back to their families. These remittances contribute to household income and have a substantial impact on Nepal’s economy, accounting for over 25% of the country’s GDP. However, the dependence on remittances raises concerns about long-term sustainability and the well-being of migrant workers who often face difficult working conditions.

Challenges and Development

Despite its potential, Nepal’s economy faces numerous challenges. Infrastructure development remains limited, especially in rural areas, and access to healthcare, education, and sanitation is often inadequate. The country’s landlocked status, difficult terrain, and vulnerability to natural disasters further hinder economic development. Nepal has made significant strides in poverty reduction, but it still faces issues related to unemployment, income inequality, and political instability. The government is working to address these challenges by focusing on improving infrastructure, attracting foreign investment, and enhancing human capital.

Government of Nepal

Political System

Nepal is a federal democratic republic, having transitioned from a constitutional monarchy to a republic in 2008. The political system is based on multiparty democracy, and the country is governed by a constitution that outlines the rights and responsibilities of the state and citizens. The head of state is the President, while the head of government is the Prime Minister. Nepal’s political landscape has been characterized by instability and frequent changes in government, with periods of conflict, particularly during the decade-long Maoist insurgency that ended in 2006.

Executive Branch

The executive branch is headed by the President, who is elected by the members of the federal parliament. The President holds a largely ceremonial role, with executive powers primarily resting with the Prime Minister, who is the leader of the largest party in the legislature. The Prime Minister appoints ministers to the Cabinet, which is responsible for implementing government policies and managing state affairs. The executive branch is also responsible for foreign relations, defense, and national security.

Legislative Branch

Nepal has a bicameral legislature, consisting of the House of Representatives and the National Assembly. The House of Representatives has 275 members, of whom 165 are directly elected through a first-past-the-post system, and 110 are elected through proportional representation. The National Assembly has 59 members, with representatives chosen from various provincial assemblies. The legislature is responsible for passing laws, approving the budget, and overseeing the activities of the executive branch.

Judiciary

The judiciary in Nepal is independent, with the Supreme Court being the highest judicial authority. The judiciary is responsible for interpreting laws, resolving disputes, and ensuring the protection of human rights. Nepal’s legal system is based on a combination of common law, civil law, and customary law, with the country’s constitution serving as the highest legal document. The judiciary plays a vital role in maintaining checks and balances within the government and ensuring the rule of law.

Culture of Nepal

Festivals and Traditions

Nepal has a vibrant cultural heritage, heavily influenced by its Hindu and Buddhist traditions. Festivals play a central role in the lives of Nepalese people, and celebrations are characterized by elaborate rituals, dances, music, and food. Some of the most important festivals include Dashain, which celebrates the victory of good over evil, Tihar, the festival of lights, and Buddha Jayanti, which marks the birth of Lord Buddha. The festival of Holi, celebrated with colors, is also widely observed, particularly in the Terai region.

Art and Architecture

Nepal’s art and architecture reflect its cultural diversity, with Hindu and Buddhist influences evident in its temples, palaces, and monasteries. The Kathmandu Valley is home to several UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including the famous Swayambhunath (Monkey Temple), Pashupatinath Temple, and the Durbar Squares of Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, and Patan. Nepalese art is known for its intricate wood carvings, paintings, and metalwork, often depicting religious deities and scenes from Hindu and Buddhist mythology.

Cuisine

Nepali cuisine is influenced by the diverse ethnic groups in the country. Rice, dal (lentils), and vegetables are staples of the Nepali diet, and the combination of dal, bhat (rice), and tarkari (vegetables) is commonly consumed. Meat, particularly chicken, goat, and buffalo, is eaten on special occasions. Traditional dishes such as momo (dumplings), sel roti (rice doughnuts), and gundruk (fermented leafy greens) are popular in Nepalese cuisine. The food is typically mild, with spices and herbs used to enhance flavors.

History of Nepal

Early History

Nepal’s history dates back thousands of years, with early settlements along the banks of the Kathmandu Valley. The region was home to various kingdoms and dynasties, and by the 5th century BCE, the region had become a center of Buddhism. The country’s Hindu and Buddhist traditions have coexisted and shaped its culture over the centuries. The establishment of the Malla dynasty in the 12th century led to a period of cultural flourishing, with the building of temples, palaces, and monuments that still stand today.

The Shah Dynasty and Unification

In the 18th century, King Prithvi Narayan Shah of the Gorkha Kingdom unified Nepal through military conquest, consolidating the small kingdoms and principalities into one nation. The Shah dynasty ruled Nepal for several centuries, with the country remaining a monarchy until the early 21st century. During this period, Nepal’s relations with neighboring India and Tibet were characterized by both trade and conflict.

The Maoist Insurgency and Republic

In the late 20th century, Nepal’s political system began to face significant challenges, including political instability, economic stagnation, and dissatisfaction with the monarchy. In 1990, a popular uprising forced the king to restore a multi-party democracy, but tensions between the monarchy and democratic forces continued. In 2006, a decade-long Maoist insurgency culminated in the abolition of the monarchy and the declaration of Nepal as a federal democratic republic in 2008. Since then, Nepal has worked toward democratic governance, although challenges related to political instability, economic development, and social inequality remain.

Recent History and Challenges

Nepal continues to face challenges as it works to establish political stability and economic development. The country has made progress in reducing poverty, improving education, and enhancing healthcare, but it remains one of the least developed countries in the world. The 2015 earthquake, which devastated parts of the country, highlighted the vulnerability of Nepal to natural disasters. Despite these challenges, Nepal has a resilient population and is slowly working towards recovery and growth. The ongoing peace process and efforts to implement a new constitution represent significant steps in the country’s development.

Nepal Map