Angola Facts

Angola, State of South West Africa; 1.3 million km², 30.8 million residents (2019).Angola, located on the west coast of Africa, borders north to Congo (Kinshasa), east to Congo (Kinshasa) and Zambia and south to Namibia. The capital is Luanda (2.8 million residents, 2011).

Country facts

• Republic of Angola / Republic of Angola
• Country abbreviation: AO
• Area: 1.3 million km²
• Population (2019): 30.8 million residents
• Capital: Luanda
• Main languages: Portuguese, Bantu languages
• State: Republic
• Head of State and Head of Government: João Lourenço (President)
• Per capita GDP (2017): US $ 3,111
• GNI per capita (2017): US $ 3,432
• Coin unit: 1 quanza = 100 lwei
• Currency code: AOA
• Country number (telephony): 244
• Internet Domain Name: ao
• Time difference compared to Sweden: 0
• National Day: November 11 (Liberation Day, 1975)

Nature

• Land use: forest (40%), agricultural land (3%), other (57%)
• Highest mountain: Môco (2,620 m above sea level)

Population

• Population density (2019): 24 residents per km²
• Natural population growth (2019): 3.5%; birth number 44 ‰, death number 9 ‰
• Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (48%), 15-64 (50%), 65- (2%)
• Life expectancy (2019): men 58 years, women 62 years
• Infant mortality (2019): 68 per 1,000 live births
• Population forecast 2050: 82 million residents
• HDI (2017): 0.581 (place 147 of 189)
• Urbanization rate (2019): 63%
• Most populous city (2011): Luanda (2.8 million residents)

Business

• Industry’s contribution to GDP (2011): agriculture (10%), industry (61%), service (29%)
• Exports (2017): US $ 33,070 million
• Main export products: oil, gas, diamonds
• Main exporting countries: China, India, USA
• Imports (2017): US $ 19,500 million
• Main import products: machinery, vehicles, spare parts, food
• Main importing countries: Portugal, China, USA
• Railway network (2014): 2 850 km

Geography

Location and Borders

Angola is situated on the southwestern coast of Africa, bordered by Namibia to the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, and Zambia to the east. To the west, it has a lengthy coastline along the Atlantic Ocean, stretching approximately 1,600 kilometers. This strategic position places Angola at the convergence of several major geographical regions, influencing its climate, biodiversity, and economic activities. The country’s location also serves as a critical point for maritime trade routes between the interior of Africa and the Atlantic markets.

Topography

The landscape of Angola is remarkably diverse, featuring a range of geographical formations from coastal plains to highland plateaus. The western coastal area consists of low-lying sandy beaches and estuaries, gradually rising to hills and mountains as one moves inland. The central region is dominated by the extensive highlands, which include the Bié Plateau, characterized by rolling hills and fertile soils suitable for agriculture. The eastern part of the country is marked by the vast Congo Basin rainforest, which is one of the most extensive and ecologically significant tropical rainforests in the world. Additionally, Angola is home to the Serra da Leba mountain range, which includes some of the highest peaks in the country, offering stunning vistas and rich biodiversity.

Natural Resources

Angola is endowed with a wealth of natural resources that play a pivotal role in its economy. The most prominent among these is oil, which accounts for a significant portion of the nation’s GDP and export revenues. The country also possesses substantial reserves of diamonds, contributing to its status as one of the world’s leading diamond producers. Other mineral resources include iron ore, copper, gold, and phosphates. Beyond minerals, Angola’s extensive arable land supports agriculture, with products such as coffee, cotton, and sugarcane being major exports. The country’s vast forested areas provide timber and other forest products, while its rich marine environments support a thriving fishing industry.

Climate

Climate Zones

Angola experiences a variety of climate zones due to its diverse topography and geographical location. The coastal regions have a tropical savanna climate, characterized by a distinct wet and dry season. Inland areas, particularly the highlands, exhibit a more temperate climate with cooler temperatures and higher precipitation levels. The eastern rainforest regions fall under a tropical rainforest climate, with consistently high humidity and abundant rainfall throughout the year. In contrast, the southern parts of Angola, bordering Namibia, experience a semi-arid climate, with lower rainfall and more extreme temperature variations.

Seasonal Patterns

Angola’s climate is heavily influenced by the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), which dictates the seasonal rainfall patterns. Typically, the wet season occurs from October to April, bringing heavy rains that are crucial for agriculture and water resources. The dry season spans from May to September, during which the country experiences reduced rainfall and lower humidity levels. These seasonal variations have significant implications for farming cycles, water management, and the prevalence of certain diseases such as malaria, which tends to surge during the rainy months.

Environmental Challenges

Angola faces several environmental challenges that threaten its natural ecosystems and the well-being of its population. Deforestation, driven by logging and agricultural expansion, is a major concern, particularly in the Congo Basin rainforest region. Soil erosion and land degradation are exacerbated by unsustainable farming practices and overgrazing. Additionally, Angola is vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, including increased frequency and intensity of droughts and floods, which can disrupt food production and water supply. Pollution from mining and oil extraction activities also poses significant risks to both terrestrial and marine environments, necessitating robust environmental policies and sustainable management practices.

People

Demographics

As of the latest estimates, Angola has a population of over 35 million people, making it one of the most populous countries in Africa. The population is characterized by a young median age, with a significant proportion under the age of 25. Urbanization is rapidly increasing, with major cities like Luanda, the capital, experiencing substantial growth due to rural-to-urban migration driven by economic opportunities and conflict-induced displacement. This demographic trend presents both opportunities for economic development and challenges related to infrastructure, education, and employment.

Ethnic Groups

Angola is home to a rich tapestry of ethnic groups, each contributing to the nation’s cultural diversity. The largest ethnic group is the Ovimbundu, primarily residing in the central highlands, followed by the Kimbundu in the north and the Bakongo in the northwest. Other significant groups include the Chokwe, Lunda, and Nyaneka, among others. These ethnic communities maintain distinct languages, traditions, and social structures, while also interacting and intermingling in various regions. The historical interactions among these groups have shaped Angola’s social fabric and continue to influence contemporary societal dynamics.

Languages

Portuguese is the official language of Angola, serving as a unifying medium in a country with numerous indigenous languages. It is widely used in government, education, and media, facilitating communication across different ethnic groups. Additionally, several Bantu languages are spoken throughout the country, including Umbundu, Kimbundu, and Kikongo, each associated with specific ethnic communities. These languages play a crucial role in preserving cultural heritage and are used in daily communication, traditional ceremonies, and local media.

Religion

Religion in Angola is diverse, reflecting the country’s varied cultural landscape. The majority of Angolans identify as Christian, with Roman Catholicism being the largest denomination, a legacy of Portuguese colonial influence. Protestantism and various evangelical movements also have a significant presence. Indigenous beliefs and practices remain integral to many communities, often coexisting with Christianity in syncretic forms. Additionally, there are small populations of Muslims and followers of other religions, contributing to the religious pluralism of the nation.

Economy

Economic Overview

Angola’s economy is one of the largest in Sub-Saharan Africa, heavily reliant on its abundant natural resources, particularly oil and diamonds. The discovery of oil in the 1950s transformed the economic landscape, making Angola a major oil exporter and a member of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). However, this dependence on oil has made the economy vulnerable to fluctuations in global oil prices. Efforts to diversify the economy are ongoing, with varying degrees of success, as the country seeks to reduce its reliance on the oil sector and develop other industries.

Key Industries

The oil and gas sector dominates Angola’s economy, accounting for a significant portion of GDP, government revenues, and export earnings. The diamond industry is another crucial sector, with Angola being one of the world’s top diamond producers, both in terms of quantity and value. Additionally, the mining sector includes the extraction of iron ore, copper, gold, and other minerals, contributing to export revenues and industrial development. Beyond mining, Angola has a growing construction sector, driven by urbanization and infrastructure projects, as well as a burgeoning telecommunications industry that is expanding access to technology and services.

Natural Resources and Oil

Angola’s oil reserves are among the largest in Africa, with offshore fields in the deepwater regions contributing significantly to production. The country has attracted substantial foreign investment from major international oil companies, which have partnered with the Angolan government to develop its oil infrastructure. Revenue from oil exports has been a major driver of economic growth, funding public investments and social programs. However, the heavy reliance on oil has also posed challenges, including economic volatility and the need for effective management of oil revenues to ensure sustainable development and diversification.

Agriculture and Fisheries

Agriculture plays a vital role in Angola’s economy, employing a large portion of the population and contributing to food security. The country’s fertile highlands support the cultivation of crops such as maize, cassava, coffee, cotton, and sugarcane. Livestock farming, including cattle, goats, and sheep, is also significant, particularly in rural areas. Fisheries are another important sector, with Angola’s extensive coastline and rich marine resources supporting both commercial and artisanal fishing. The government is promoting agricultural modernization and sustainable practices to enhance productivity and reduce dependence on imports.

Economic Challenges

Despite its natural wealth, Angola faces several economic challenges that hinder its development. The heavy reliance on oil exports makes the economy susceptible to external shocks and price volatility. Diversification efforts have been slow, and other sectors such as agriculture and manufacturing require significant investment and modernization. High levels of poverty and income inequality persist, exacerbated by a history of conflict and underinvestment in social services. Corruption and bureaucratic inefficiencies also impede economic progress, while infrastructure deficits, particularly in transportation and energy, limit the country’s potential for growth and integration into regional and global markets.

Government

Political Structure

Angola operates as a presidential republic, with the President serving as both the head of state and government. The political system is characterized by a separation of powers among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. The President is elected by popular vote and has substantial authority over government policy and administration. The National Assembly is the legislative body, composed of members elected through a proportional representation system. The judiciary is intended to be independent, although in practice it faces challenges related to political influence and limited resources.

Recent Political History

Since gaining independence from Portugal in 1975, Angola has experienced significant political upheaval, including a protracted civil war that lasted until 2002. The conflict, primarily between the ruling MPLA and the opposition UNITA, devastated the country and hindered its development. The end of the civil war marked a turning point, leading to relative political stability and the establishment of multi-party elections. However, the MPLA has maintained a dominant position in Angolan politics, with President João Lourenço, who succeeded José Eduardo dos Santos in 2017, initiating anti-corruption campaigns and economic reforms aimed at diversifying the economy and reducing dependence on oil.

Administrative Divisions

Angola is divided into 18 provinces, each governed by a provincial administrator appointed by the central government. These provinces are further subdivided into municipalities and communes, which handle local administration and governance. The provincial structure is intended to facilitate decentralized administration and bring government services closer to the population. However, the effectiveness of this system is influenced by factors such as resource allocation, administrative capacity, and the level of autonomy granted to local authorities.

Culture

Languages and Literature

Angolan culture is a rich blend of indigenous traditions and Portuguese influences. Portuguese serves as the lingua franca and is the medium for formal education and literature. Angolan literature encompasses a variety of genres, including poetry, novels, and plays, often reflecting the country’s history, social issues, and cultural identity. Prominent writers such as José Luandino Vieira and Pepetela have gained international recognition for their contributions to African literature. Additionally, oral traditions and storytelling remain integral to preserving cultural heritage and transmitting knowledge across generations.

Music and Dance

Music and dance are central to Angolan cultural expression, with styles that reflect the country’s diverse ethnic influences. Traditional music genres include Semba, which is considered a precursor to Brazilian Samba, and Kizomba, a popular dance and music style that has gained international acclaim. Kuduro, a high-energy dance and music genre, originated in Angola and has become a significant cultural export. These musical forms often incorporate rhythmic percussion, melodic instrumentation, and vibrant dance movements, serving as both entertainment and a means of social commentary.

Art and Crafts

Angolan art is characterized by its vibrant use of color, intricate patterns, and incorporation of traditional motifs. Visual arts include sculpture, painting, and textiles, often drawing inspiration from indigenous beliefs and daily life. Traditional crafts such as pottery, weaving, and basket-making are practiced by various ethnic groups, preserving techniques passed down through generations. Contemporary Angolan artists also engage with global art movements, creating works that address social, political, and cultural themes while maintaining a distinct national identity.

Cuisine

Angolan cuisine reflects the country’s agricultural abundance and cultural diversity, featuring a variety of flavors and ingredients. Staples include maize, cassava, rice, and beans, often served with stews made from fish, chicken, or beef. Popular dishes include moamba de galinha (chicken stew with palm oil and vegetables), funge (a porridge-like dish made from cassava or maize flour), and calulu (a fish or meat stew with vegetables). Fruits such as bananas, mangoes, and pineapples are widely consumed, and street food like pastel (fried pastries) and moamba (savory snacks) are common in urban areas.

Festivals and Traditions

Angola celebrates a range of festivals and traditional ceremonies that showcase its cultural heritage. Carnival is a major event in cities like Luanda, featuring colorful parades, music, dance, and elaborate costumes. Religious festivals, particularly Catholic celebrations such as Christmas and Easter, are widely observed alongside indigenous rituals that honor ancestral spirits and natural elements. Traditional rites of passage, including initiation ceremonies and weddings, are significant cultural practices that reinforce community bonds and cultural identity. These festivals and traditions play a vital role in maintaining the social fabric and cultural continuity of Angolan society.

History

Pre-Colonial Period

Before the arrival of European explorers, the region now known as Angola was inhabited by various Bantu-speaking ethnic groups, including the Ovimbundu, Kimbundu, and Bakongo. These communities established complex societies with sophisticated agricultural practices, trade networks, and political structures. The Kingdom of Kongo, one of the most prominent pre-colonial states, exerted significant influence over the region, engaging in trade with neighboring African states and early European traders. The pre-colonial period was marked by rich cultural developments, including art, music, and oral literature, which laid the foundation for Angola’s diverse cultural landscape.

Colonial Era

The Portuguese began exploring the Angolan coast in the late 15th century, establishing trade posts and gradually asserting control over the interior regions. Angola became a key part of the Portuguese Empire, primarily due to its strategic location and its role in the transatlantic slave trade. The colonial administration imposed Portuguese culture, language, and economic systems, often exploiting local populations and resources. Resistance to colonial rule was persistent, with notable uprisings and the formation of nationalist movements in the early 20th century. The struggle for independence intensified after World War II, leading to the eventual liberation of Angola in 1975.

Independence and Civil War

Angola gained independence from Portugal on November 11, 1975, but the euphoria was short-lived as the country plunged into a civil war that lasted until 2002. The conflict was primarily between the MPLA (Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola), backed by the Soviet Union and Cuba, and UNITA (National Union for the Total Independence of Angola), supported by the United States and South Africa. The war was fueled by Cold War dynamics, ethnic tensions, and competition over Angola’s vast natural resources. It resulted in significant loss of life, displacement of millions, and extensive destruction of infrastructure, severely hampering the nation’s development.

Post-Civil War Developments

The end of the civil war in 2002 marked a new era for Angola, characterized by efforts to rebuild and reconcile. The government has focused on reconstruction, leveraging oil revenues to invest in infrastructure, healthcare, and education. Political stability has improved, although challenges remain, including governance issues, corruption, and economic diversification. The government has initiated policies aimed at reducing poverty, improving social services, and attracting foreign investment. Additionally, Angola has sought to strengthen regional and international ties, playing an active role in organizations such as the African Union and the Southern African Development Community (SADC). Despite progress, the legacy of the civil war continues to influence Angola’s social and political landscape, necessitating ongoing efforts towards sustainable development and national unity.

Angola Map