Poland Facts

by countryaah · Published June 3, 2019 · Updated December 12, 2024

Poland, state of central Europe; 312,680 km², 38 million residents (2019).Poland borders in the west to Germany, in the southwest to the Czech Republic, in the south to Slovakia, in the east to Ukraine and Belarus, in the northeast to Lithuania and in the north to the Russian exclave Kaliningrad and to the coast of the Baltic Sea in the north. The capital is Warsaw.

Country facts

Rzeczpospolita Polska / Republic of Poland
Country abbreviation: PL
Area: 312 680 km²
Population (2019): 38 million residents
Capital: Warsaw
Main language: Polish
State: Republic
Head of State: Andrzej Duda (President)
Head of Government: Mateusz Morawiecki
Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 15,424
GNI per capita (2018): US $ 14,150
Currency unit: 1 złoty = 100 groszy
Currency code: PLN
Country number (telephony): 48
Internet domain name: pl
Time difference compared to Sweden: 0
National Day: May 3 (First Constitution, 1791)

Nature

Land use: forest (31%), agricultural land (53%), other (16%)
Highest mountain: Rysy (2,499 m above sea level)
Longest river: Wisła (1 100 km)

Population

Population density (2019): 122 residents per km²
Natural population growth (2019): -0.1%; birth number 10 ‰, death number 11 ‰
Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (15%), 15-64 (67%), 65- (18%)
Life expectancy (2019): men 74 years, women 82 years
Infant mortality (2019): 4 per 1,000 live births
Population forecast 2050: 34 million residents
HDI (2017): 0.865 (place 33 of 189)
Urbanization rate (2019): 60%
Most populous cities (2014): Warsaw (1.7 million residents), Kraków (759,000) and Łódź (711,300)

Business

Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (2%), industry (40%), service (58%)
Exports (2017): US $ 224,600 million
Main export products: machinery and transport equipment, furniture and wood products, clothing, food
Main exporting countries: Germany, Czech Republic, United Kingdom
Imports (2017): US $ 223,800 million
Main import products: machinery and means of transport, chemicals, fuel
Main importing countries: Germany, China, Russian Federation
Railway network (2014): 19 200 km

Geography of Poland

Location and Borders

Poland is located in Central Europe and is bordered by seven countries. To the west, it shares borders with Germany; to the south, it is bordered by the Czech Republic and Slovakia; to the east, Poland shares a boundary with Ukraine, Belarus, and Lithuania; and to the north, it has a coastline along the Baltic Sea. This central location has historically positioned Poland as a crossroads of trade and cultural exchange between Eastern and Western Europe.

Poland’s geographical position has also played a pivotal role in its history, as it has been both a target for foreign invasions and a gateway for cultural influences from both east and west. The country spans a vast area of approximately 312,696 square kilometers, making it the 9th largest country in Europe, and it has a diverse landscape that includes mountains, forests, rivers, and a long coastline along the Baltic Sea.

Terrain and Landscape

Poland’s terrain is highly varied, featuring plains, mountains, lakes, and forests. The northern part of the country is dominated by the Baltic Sea coastline, with sandy beaches, dunes, and marshlands. Further inland, the country is primarily made up of flat plains, particularly in the central and western regions, where agriculture is prominent. In the south, Poland is marked by the Carpathian Mountains, which include the Tatra Mountains, the highest range in Poland. The Tatra Mountains are a popular destination for tourists, offering opportunities for hiking, skiing, and mountaineering.

In addition to the mountains, Poland is rich in rivers and lakes, particularly in the northeastern region. The Vistula River, the longest river in Poland, flows from the south to the north, cutting through the heart of the country and draining into the Baltic Sea. The country also has a number of large lakes, especially in the Masurian Lake District in the northeast, which is known for its scenic beauty and popular for boating and water sports.

Natural Resources

Poland has an abundance of natural resources, which have contributed significantly to its economy. The country is one of the largest producers of coal in Europe, and its vast coal reserves are a crucial component of the energy sector. Poland is also known for its copper, silver, and zinc production, and it is one of the world’s largest producers of these minerals. Other natural resources include sulfur, natural gas, and oil, though these are less abundant compared to coal.

In addition to minerals, Poland has fertile agricultural land, particularly in the central and northern regions. The country produces a variety of crops, including cereals, potatoes, vegetables, and fruits, and it is also known for its livestock production, particularly pigs and cattle. Poland’s forests, which cover about 30% of the country, are an important resource, both for timber and for the rich biodiversity they support.

Climate of Poland

General Climate Zones

Poland has a temperate climate, influenced by both maritime and continental factors. The climate is characterized by four distinct seasons: spring, summer, autumn, and winter. The country experiences significant temperature differences between the summer and winter months, and the weather can vary considerably depending on the region.

The climate in the north of Poland is more influenced by the Baltic Sea, resulting in cooler summers and milder winters compared to the inland areas. The further south one travels, the more continental the climate becomes, with hotter summers and colder winters. This is particularly evident in the southern mountainous regions, which experience colder and harsher winters due to their elevation.

Temperature and Weather Patterns

In the summer months, Poland typically experiences moderate to warm temperatures, with average highs ranging from 18°C (64°F) in the northern regions to 25°C (77°F) in the southern parts of the country. During this time, rainfall is relatively frequent, particularly in the mountains, where thunderstorms can occur. In contrast, winter temperatures can be cold, with average lows ranging from -3°C (27°F) in the northern lowlands to -10°C (14°F) in the mountains. Snow is common in the winter months, particularly in the south, where the Tatra Mountains receive significant snowfall.

Poland’s weather is also influenced by winds from the west, which bring moist air from the Atlantic Ocean. These winds lead to wetter conditions, particularly in the western and northern parts of the country. The central and eastern regions of Poland tend to be drier, and the climate in these areas is more continental, with greater extremes in temperature between summer and winter.

Environmental Issues

Poland faces a number of environmental challenges, many of which stem from its heavy reliance on coal for energy production. Air pollution, particularly in urban areas and regions with high coal usage, is a significant concern, and the country has worked to improve air quality and reduce emissions in recent years. Additionally, deforestation, particularly in the northeast, has been an issue, though the country has been working to promote sustainable forestry practices.

Climate change has also posed challenges to Poland, particularly in the form of increased flooding due to rising river levels and extreme weather events such as heatwaves and droughts. Poland has made significant investments in renewable energy, including wind and solar power, in order to reduce its carbon footprint and diversify its energy sources.

People of Poland

Ethnic Composition

Poland is a relatively homogeneous country in terms of ethnicity, with the vast majority of the population being of Polish descent. Approximately 97% of the population is Polish, while the remaining 3% consists of various minority groups, including Germans, Ukrainians, Belarusians, and Lithuanians. There are also smaller communities of Romani people, Jews, and Russians, particularly in larger cities.

The Polish people share a common language, culture, and history, which plays an important role in the country’s national identity. While ethnic minorities are present in Poland, their numbers are small, and the country’s social fabric is largely shaped by its majority population.

Language and Religion

Polish is the official language of Poland and is spoken by almost the entire population. It is a Slavic language that uses the Latin alphabet, and there are regional dialects spoken throughout the country. Polish is one of the most widely spoken Slavic languages, and it has a rich literary tradition, with works by famous authors such as Adam Mickiewicz and Wisława Szymborska.

The predominant religion in Poland is Roman Catholicism, with approximately 87% of the population identifying as Catholic. Catholicism plays a significant role in Polish culture, particularly in terms of family life, holidays, and traditions. The church has been a central institution in Poland, both during the country’s history of foreign domination and in its post-communist era. Poland is also home to small communities of Protestants, Orthodox Christians, Jews, and Muslims.

Population and Demographics

Poland has a population of approximately 38 million people, making it the 6th most populous country in the European Union. The population is aging, with a median age of around 43 years, reflecting a low birth rate and increasing life expectancy. Poland’s population density is relatively high, particularly in urban areas, with about 60% of the population living in cities. Warsaw, the capital, is the largest city in Poland, followed by Kraków, Łódź, and Wrocław.

Poland has seen significant emigration in recent decades, particularly to countries such as the United Kingdom, Germany, and the United States. However, in recent years, Poland has also seen an influx of immigrants, particularly from Ukraine, due to political and economic reasons. This has led to some demographic changes, with a growing number of foreign-born residents.

Economy of Poland

Industry and Agriculture

Poland has a diverse and growing economy, with key sectors including manufacturing, agriculture, and services. The country’s industrial sector is highly developed, and Poland is a major producer of machinery, electronics, and chemicals. The automotive industry is particularly important, with numerous multinational companies, such as Volkswagen and Fiat, having factories in the country. The textile and apparel industry is also significant, as are the steel, cement, and food processing industries.

Agriculture continues to play a vital role in Poland’s economy, particularly in rural areas. The country produces a variety of crops, including wheat, rye, barley, potatoes, and sugar beets, as well as fruits and vegetables. Poland is one of the largest producers of apples in the world, and its dairy and meat industries are also significant contributors to the economy.

Services and Tourism

The services sector is the fastest-growing part of Poland’s economy, particularly in finance, information technology, and business services. Warsaw, Kraków, and other cities have become regional hubs for technology and outsourcing companies, attracting foreign investment and providing job opportunities for skilled workers. Poland is also a popular destination for international students, particularly in fields such as engineering, medicine, and the sciences.

Tourism is an important contributor to the Polish economy, with the country’s rich history, architecture, and natural beauty attracting millions of visitors each year. Cities like Kraków, Gdańsk, and Warsaw are popular for their historical sites, while the Tatra Mountains and Masurian Lakes are destinations for nature lovers. Poland’s historical landmarks, such as Auschwitz-Birkenau, have made it a significant destination for educational tourism as well.

Economic Growth and Challenges

Poland has experienced remarkable economic growth since the fall of communism in 1989. The country transitioned from a centrally planned economy to a market-based economy, and since joining the European Union in 2004, Poland has benefited from access to EU funding, trade, and investment. This has led to significant improvements in infrastructure, education, and healthcare.

However, Poland faces several economic challenges, including regional disparities, an aging population, and reliance on coal for energy. The country’s labor market also faces challenges, particularly in terms of wage inequality and unemployment among younger workers. Despite these challenges, Poland remains one of the most dynamic economies in Central Europe, with continued growth prospects in technology, manufacturing, and services.

Government of Poland

Political Structure

Poland is a democratic republic with a parliamentary system. The government is divided into three branches: the executive, the legislative, and the judiciary. The president of Poland serves as the head of state and is elected for a five-year term. The president’s role is largely ceremonial, although they do have some powers in areas such as foreign policy and national defense. The president appoints the prime minister, who is the head of government and exercises executive authority.

The Polish Parliament, known as the Sejm, is a bicameral legislature composed of two chambers: the Sejm (lower house) and the Senate (upper house). The Sejm has 460 members, while the Senate has 100 members. The Sejm is responsible for passing laws, approving the budget, and overseeing the government.

Recent Political Developments

Poland has undergone significant political and economic reforms since the fall of communism in 1989, transitioning to a democratic political system and a market-based economy. The country became a member of the European Union in 2004 and has been an active participant in EU policies and initiatives. The government has shifted between different political parties, with the conservative Law and Justice (PiS) party currently holding power.

In recent years, there have been debates and protests over judicial reforms and government control of the media, with critics arguing that the government has undermined the independence of the judiciary and limited press freedoms. Despite these concerns, Poland continues to be a stable democracy with a vibrant political landscape.

Culture of Poland

Traditional Arts and Crafts

Polish culture is rich in traditions that date back centuries. The country has a long history of art, literature, music, and architecture. Traditional Polish crafts include intricate wooden carvings, pottery, and embroidery. Polish folk art is renowned for its colorful and symbolic designs, often reflecting the country’s rural heritage.

Poland has a vibrant literary tradition, with notable authors such as Adam Mickiewicz, Stanisław Lem, and Wisława Szymborska. Polish poetry and literature have played an important role in shaping the country’s national identity, particularly during times of political turmoil and occupation.

Music and Dance

Music is an essential part of Polish culture, with classical composers such as Fryderyk Chopin and Krzysztof Penderecki gaining international acclaim. Traditional Polish music, including folk songs and dances such as the mazurka and polonaise, remains an important part of the country’s cultural identity. These traditional dances are often performed at festivals and celebrations, particularly in rural areas.

Poland also has a thriving contemporary music scene, with popular genres including rock, jazz, electronic music, and hip-hop. The country hosts several international music festivals, including the Warsaw Autumn Festival, which is dedicated to contemporary classical music.

Cuisine and Traditions

Polish cuisine is hearty and diverse, reflecting the country’s agricultural heritage. Staples include potatoes, cabbage, meat, and rye, with dishes such as pierogi (dumplings), kielbasa (sausage), and bigos (hunter’s stew) being particularly popular. Polish cuisine is often flavored with dill, horseradish, and mustard, and meals are typically served with bread and sourdough.

Poland has a rich tradition of festivals and celebrations, many of which are rooted in Catholicism. Christmas and Easter are important holidays, with traditional meals and customs, such as the sharing of opłatek (Christmas wafer) and the blessing of Easter baskets. Poland also celebrates numerous cultural festivals, including the Wianki festival in Kraków and the St. Andrew’s Day celebration.

History of Poland

Early History and Kingdom of Poland

Poland’s history dates back to the 10th century, when it was first unified under the rule of Mieszko I, the first ruler of the Piast dynasty. The country converted to Christianity in 966, marking the beginning of its close ties with Western Europe. The Kingdom of Poland flourished in the Middle Ages, particularly under the rule of Bolesław I and Casimir the Great. Poland’s territorial influence extended into modern-day Ukraine, Belarus, and Lithuania.

Partition and Independence

In the late 18th century, Poland was partitioned by neighboring powers, including Russia, Prussia, and Austria, and it ceased to exist as an independent state for over a century. During this time, Poland struggled for independence, and uprisings in the 19th century were met with repression.

Poland regained its independence in 1918 following World War I, but its newfound sovereignty was short-lived. In 1939, Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, leading to the devastation of the country during World War II. The country suffered massive losses during the war, including the destruction of Warsaw and the loss of millions of lives.

Post-War and Communist Era

After World War II, Poland became a communist state under Soviet influence, and the country’s political landscape was shaped by communist rule for several decades. In the 1980s, the Solidarity movement, led by Lech Wałęsa, gained significant support and played a key role in the eventual collapse of the communist regime. Poland transitioned to a democratic system in 1989 and became a member of NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004.

Modern Poland

Since the fall of communism, Poland has experienced significant economic growth, political stability, and integration into the European Union. The country remains a key player in Central Europe, with a strong economy and a growing role in international diplomacy. However, Poland still faces challenges related to political polarization, environmental issues, and balancing its historical identity with modern European integration.