Netherlands Facts

Netherlands, State of North-West Europe; 41,860 km², 17.2 million residents (2019).The Netherlands is located on the North Sea and borders south to Belgium and east to Germany. Of the once extensive colonial empire of the Netherlands, only the Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles are located in the Caribbean with a total of about 300,000 residents (both have internal autonomy). The capital is Amsterdam (823,800 residents, 2015), but parliament and government have their seat in The Hague.

Country facts

• Kingdom of the Netherlands / Kingdom of the Netherlands
• Country abbreviation: NL
• Area: 41 860 km²
• Population (2019): 17.2 million residents
• Capital: Amsterdam
• Main language: Dutch
• State: Monarchy
• Head of State: Willem-Alexander (Monarch)
• Head of Government: Mark Rutte
• Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 53,024
• GNI per capita (2018): US $ 51,260
• Currency unit: euro
• Currency code: EUR
• Country number (telephony): 31
• Internet domain name: nl
• Time difference compared to Sweden: 0
• National Day: April 27 (King William-Alexander’s Birthday)

Nature

• Land use: forest (11%), agricultural land (57%), other (32%)
• Highest mountain: Vaalserberg (322 meters above sea level)

Population

• Population density (2019): 411 residents per km²
• Natural population growth (2019): 0.1%; birth rate 10 ‰, death rate 9 ‰
• Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (16%), 15-64 (65%), 65- (19%)
• Life expectancy (2019): men 80 years, women 83 years
• Infant mortality (2019): 3 per 1,000 live births
• Population forecast 2050: 18 million residents
• HDI (2017): 0.931 (place 10 of 189)
• Urbanization rate (2019): 92%
• Most populous cities (2015): Amsterdam (823,800 residents), Rotterdam (625,300), The Hague (515,000)

Business

• Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (2%), industry (18%), service (80%)
• Exports of goods (2017): US $ 555,600 million
• Main export products: machinery, chemicals, fuel
• Main exporting countries: Germany, Belgium, United Kingdom
• Imports of goods (2017): US $ 453,800 million
• Main import products: machinery, means of transport, chemicals
• Main importing countries: China, Germany, Belgium
• Railway network (2016): 3 100 km

Geography of the Netherlands

Location

The Netherlands is located in Western Europe, bordered by Germany to the east, Belgium to the south, and the North Sea to the northwest. The country’s geographical position places it at the crossroads of Western Europe, and it has long been a significant center for trade, commerce, and culture. The Netherlands also has maritime borders with the United Kingdom to the northwest, further solidifying its position as a hub for international commerce and shipping.

Topography

The topography of the Netherlands is renowned for being flat and low-lying, with around a quarter of the country situated below sea level. The landscape is dominated by canals, rivers, polders, and reclaimed land. Polders are areas of land that have been reclaimed from the sea through the use of dikes and pumps, a testament to the Dutch expertise in hydraulic engineering. The country’s tallest point is Vaalserberg in the southeastern province of Limburg, which reaches an elevation of just 322 meters (1,057 feet). Most of the Netherlands, however, is at or below sea level, contributing to its unique approach to water management and infrastructure.

Rivers and Water Bodies

Rivers and lakes play an essential role in the geography of the Netherlands. The major rivers include the Rhine, the Maas (Meuse), and the Scheldt, which flow through the country and serve as important waterways for transportation and commerce. The Rhine River is particularly significant, as it connects the Netherlands to Germany and the rest of Europe. Alongside the rivers, the Netherlands is also home to numerous lakes, such as the IJsselmeer, an inland lake created by the Zuiderzee Works, which is crucial for flood control and water management.

Coastal Features and Dikes

The country’s extensive coastline along the North Sea is marked by sandy beaches, dunes, and estuaries. The Netherlands’ coast is characterized by a series of dikes, dams, and other forms of coastal defense, which protect the land from the sea and manage water levels. The innovative Delta Works project, a series of dams, sluices, locks, dikes, and storm surge barriers, was designed to protect the low-lying regions of the country from flooding, particularly after the catastrophic 1953 North Sea Flood.

Climate of the Netherlands

Maritime Climate

The climate in the Netherlands is classified as temperate maritime, influenced by the North Sea and the prevailing westerly winds. This means the country experiences mild winters and cool summers. The average temperature in winter rarely falls below freezing, while summer temperatures typically hover around 17°C to 20°C (63°F to 68°F). The coastal areas have more moderate temperatures compared to the inland regions, due to the tempering effect of the sea.

Rainfall and Winds

The Netherlands receives moderate rainfall throughout the year, with precipitation fairly evenly distributed across the seasons. Rainfall is frequent, but not intense, with an annual average of around 800–1,000 millimeters (31–39 inches). The country is also known for its wind, especially in the coastal and lowland regions, where strong gusts are common. In the winter, the winds often bring mild, wet conditions, while in the summer, they can cause cooler temperatures.

Influence of the North Sea

The North Sea plays a critical role in shaping the Netherlands’ climate, particularly influencing the country’s humidity and wind patterns. During the winter months, the North Sea helps to keep temperatures milder compared to other regions at similar latitudes, but it also brings storms and high winds. The proximity to the North Sea also means that the country faces the constant challenge of managing water levels to prevent flooding, which has shaped much of its infrastructure and land reclamation efforts.

People of the Netherlands

Population

The Netherlands has a population of approximately 17 million people. It is one of the most densely populated countries in the world, with a high urbanization rate. Most of the population lives in cities and towns, particularly in the western part of the country, including major cities like Amsterdam, Rotterdam, The Hague, and Utrecht. The Dutch are known for their open-mindedness and progressive social policies, which are reflected in their strong traditions of social welfare, environmental protection, and human rights.

Ethnic Composition

The Netherlands has a diverse population, with a mix of indigenous Dutch people and immigrants from a wide range of countries. While the majority of the population is of Dutch descent, significant communities of people with immigrant backgrounds have settled in the country, particularly from former colonies like Indonesia, Suriname, and the Caribbean. There are also sizable populations of Turkish, Moroccan, and other European immigrants, reflecting the Netherlands’ historical role as a trade and colonial power.

Language

The official language of the Netherlands is Dutch, a Germanic language closely related to German and English. Dutch is spoken by nearly the entire population, and it is the primary language of government, education, and business. In addition to Dutch, Frisian is an officially recognized language in Friesland, a province in the northern part of the country. English is widely spoken throughout the Netherlands, and many Dutch people are fluent in multiple languages, reflecting the country’s global outlook and strong international connections.

Religion

The Netherlands has a rich religious history, although it is now one of the most secular countries in the world. Christianity has traditionally been the dominant religion, with Roman Catholicism and Protestantism being the two main branches. The country experienced a wave of secularization in the 20th century, and today, the majority of the Dutch population identifies as non-religious. Despite this, religious festivals, such as Christmas and Easter, are still widely celebrated, and there are small but vibrant communities of Muslims, Hindus, and Jews living in the country.

Economy of the Netherlands

Key Industries

The Netherlands has a highly developed and diversified economy, which is one of the most competitive in the world. It is known for its strong agricultural sector, advanced technology industries, and high-quality infrastructure. Agriculture plays an essential role in the economy, with the Netherlands being a major exporter of agricultural products like flowers, vegetables, cheese, and meat. The country is also a global leader in the flower industry, particularly the export of tulips and other flowers.

The Netherlands has a highly developed industrial sector, with a focus on chemicals, machinery, electronics, and high-tech engineering. Companies like Royal Philips, ASML, and Shell have made the Netherlands an important hub for innovation, particularly in technology and sustainability. The country is also known for its advanced logistics and transport sector, with major ports like the Port of Rotterdam, one of the largest in the world, facilitating international trade.

Services and Financial Sector

The services sector is a significant contributor to the Dutch economy, particularly finance, real estate, and insurance. Amsterdam is a major financial center, with institutions like ING and ABN AMRO playing important roles in the global financial system. The Netherlands also has a well-developed tourism industry, attracting millions of visitors annually who come to experience its historic cities, countryside, and cultural landmarks.

The country is also a leader in sustainable energy and environmental technologies, with the government implementing policies to reduce carbon emissions and promote renewable energy sources like wind, solar, and biomass. Dutch companies are at the forefront of clean energy innovation, with many engaged in global projects related to wind energy and environmental sustainability.

Trade and Global Position

As a highly export-oriented economy, the Netherlands is one of the world’s largest exporters of goods and services. The country’s major trading partners include Germany, Belgium, France, the United States, and China. Its strategic location in Europe, excellent transport infrastructure, and well-developed financial services sector make the Netherlands a key gateway for trade within the European Union and beyond.

The Netherlands is also a founding member of the European Union, the Eurozone, and NATO, contributing to its position as a key player in European and global politics. The country’s open trade policies and commitment to free markets have helped it maintain a competitive economy, attracting foreign direct investment and making it an important player in global trade.

Economic Challenges

Despite its economic success, the Netherlands faces a number of challenges. Housing affordability has become a growing issue, particularly in major cities like Amsterdam and Rotterdam, where rising property prices and rents are making it more difficult for people to find affordable housing. The country also faces pressure to address environmental concerns, particularly related to agricultural practices, carbon emissions, and water management. Additionally, the Netherlands is working to balance its international economic commitments with efforts to promote sustainability and environmental protection.

Government of the Netherlands

Political Structure

The Netherlands is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary system of government. The Dutch monarchy is one of the oldest in Europe, and while the king or queen holds a largely ceremonial role, the monarchy remains a significant symbol of national unity and continuity. The current monarch, King Willem-Alexander, has been in power since 2013. The political system is democratic, with a separation of powers between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

The Executive

The executive branch of the Netherlands is headed by the prime minister, who is the leader of the largest party in the House of Representatives. The prime minister leads the government and is responsible for setting policy, managing the administration, and representing the country internationally. The cabinet, which consists of ministers appointed by the prime minister, is responsible for implementing government policies and overseeing various departments, such as foreign affairs, defense, and finance.

The Legislature

The Dutch Parliament, known as the States General, consists of two chambers: the House of Representatives and the Senate. The House of Representatives is the lower house and is composed of 150 members elected every four years. The House of Representatives has the power to propose and amend legislation, scrutinize the government, and hold ministers accountable. The Senate, which has 75 members, is the upper house and reviews legislation passed by the House of Representatives. Senators are not directly elected; they are appointed by the provincial legislatures.

Judiciary

The judicial system in the Netherlands is independent, with the Supreme Court serving as the highest court in the country. The judiciary interprets laws, resolves disputes, and ensures that the government operates within the bounds of the constitution. The legal system is based on civil law principles, and the judiciary is tasked with protecting individual rights and upholding the rule of law. In addition to the Supreme Court, there are a number of lower courts, including district courts and courts of appeal, that handle criminal, civil, and administrative cases.

Culture of the Netherlands

Art and Architecture

The Netherlands has a rich cultural heritage, particularly in the fields of art and architecture. The country is famous for its contributions to the world of visual art, with painters like Rembrandt, Vincent van Gogh, and Johannes Vermeer being among the most famous figures in art history. The Golden Age of Dutch painting in the 17th century marked a period of immense artistic achievement, and today, the Netherlands is home to world-class museums, such as the Rijksmuseum and the Van Gogh Museum in Amsterdam.

Dutch architecture is equally notable, with a blend of historic buildings, modernist designs, and innovative structures. The country’s urban planning often incorporates elements of water management, such as canals, which are an iconic feature of cities like Amsterdam.

Music and Performing Arts

Music and performing arts are integral to Dutch culture. The country has a rich tradition of classical music, with composers like Jan Pieterszoon Sweelinck and Louis Andriessen contributing to its musical legacy. The Netherlands also has a vibrant contemporary music scene, with genres ranging from electronic music to jazz and hip-hop. The country is home to many prestigious orchestras and music festivals, and cities like Amsterdam and Rotterdam host world-renowned events, such as the Amsterdam Dance Event.

Festivals and Celebrations

Dutch culture is filled with festivals and public celebrations. King’s Day, celebrated on April 27th, is the most significant national holiday, where people dress in orange to celebrate the monarch’s birthday. Other notable festivals include Sinterklaas (celebrated on December 5th), which marks the arrival of Saint Nicholas, and the tulip festivals, which celebrate the blooming of the iconic flowers in spring. The Netherlands also celebrates various regional festivals, such as Carnival in the southern provinces and the Amsterdam Light Festival.

Cuisine

Dutch cuisine is characterized by its simplicity and heartiness, with an emphasis on dairy products, potatoes, and vegetables. The Netherlands is known for its cheese, particularly varieties like Gouda and Edam, which are exported worldwide. Other traditional dishes include stamppot, a mashed potato dish typically served with sausage, and herring, which is eaten raw and often enjoyed with onions and pickles. The Dutch also have a strong tradition of baking, with pastries like stroopwafels and poffertjes being popular treats.

History of the Netherlands

Early History and the Golden Age

The history of the Netherlands can be traced back to ancient times, with settlements dating as far back as the Roman Empire. During the Middle Ages, the region was part of the Holy Roman Empire, and in the 16th century, it became the battleground for the Eighty Years’ War against Spain. The revolt led to the formation of the Dutch Republic, which became a major maritime and trading power during the 17th century. The Dutch Golden Age saw a flourishing of art, science, and global trade, with Amsterdam becoming one of the wealthiest cities in the world.

Colonial Era and Modern History

In the 18th and 19th centuries, the Netherlands experienced a decline in power, due to wars and economic challenges. The country was occupied by France during the Napoleonic era and later became a kingdom under the House of Orange-Nassau. In the 20th century, the Netherlands faced the challenges of both World Wars, with German occupation during World War II causing significant destruction. After the war, the country rebuilt and became a founding member of NATO, the European Union, and the United Nations.

Post-War and Contemporary Era

In the post-war period, the Netherlands became one of the most developed nations in Europe, focusing on modernization, social welfare, and environmental sustainability. The country has maintained its reputation for progressive policies, particularly in areas such as drug decriminalization, LGBTQ+ rights, and euthanasia. The Netherlands continues to be a global leader in trade, culture, and diplomacy, with a strong commitment to human rights, peace, and environmental protection.

Netherlands Map