History of Bexar County, Texas
Bexar County, located in south-central Texas, has a rich and diverse history, serving as a key cultural and political center throughout the state’s development. Founded in 1836, shortly after Texas won independence from Mexico, Bexar County became the site of many critical events in Texas history, including the Battle of the Alamo. The county’s early history is marked by its colonial roots, its role in the Texas Revolution, and its growth as a significant trade and military hub. Today, Bexar County is home to San Antonio, one of the largest cities in Texas, and continues to be a focal point of Texas culture and history.
Origins of Bexar County
Native American and Spanish Colonial Era
Before the arrival of Europeans, the area now known as Bexar County was inhabited by various Native American tribes, including the Coahuiltecans, Karankawas, and Lipan Apache. These indigenous groups lived in the region for thousands of years, relying on hunting, fishing, and gathering for sustenance. The San Antonio River, which runs through Bexar County, was a crucial resource for the indigenous people as well as for the Spanish settlers who would follow.
The first European exploration of the area began in the early 1700s when Spanish explorers, including Don Domingo Terán de los Ríos, arrived in the region. In 1718, the Spanish established the first permanent settlement in the area, naming it San Antonio de Padua. The mission of San Antonio de Padua was part of Spain’s larger effort to expand its influence in the Americas and to convert Native Americans to Christianity.
The Spanish settlement rapidly grew, and in 1731, San Antonio was officially established as a presidio (military post) and mission complex. Over time, the area became an important military and trade center, serving as a critical outpost for Spain’s efforts to protect its northern borderlands from French encroachment. The settlement grew around the missions, with settlers establishing farms and ranches along the fertile banks of the San Antonio River.
The Mexican Era and Texas Independence
In 1821, Mexico gained independence from Spain, and the territory of Texas became part of the newly formed Mexican Republic. The region that would later become Bexar County was part of the larger Coahuila y Tejas province. During the early 19th century, tensions between Anglo settlers and the Mexican government escalated, primarily due to the differing views on governance, land rights, and the issue of slavery.
In 1835, as the Texas Revolution began to take shape, Bexar County became a significant battleground. The Siege of Bexar was one of the pivotal moments in the revolution, where Texian forces successfully captured San Antonio from the Mexican army in December 1835. The victory gave the Texian rebels control over the city and set the stage for the Battle of the Alamo the following year.
The Battle of the Alamo, which took place in February and March of 1836, became one of the most iconic events in Texas history. A small group of Texian defenders, including famous figures like James Bowie, William B. Travis, and Davy Crockett, held out against a much larger Mexican force led by General Antonio López de Santa Anna. Despite their bravery, the Texian defenders were killed, but their sacrifice galvanized the Texian forces and led to the decisive Battle of San Jacinto in April 1836, which secured Texas’ independence from Mexico.
Following the Texas Revolution, Bexar County became part of the newly established Republic of Texas. It continued to serve as a key location for both military operations and trade during this period. In 1837, San Antonio became the capital of the Republic of Texas for a brief period before the capital was moved to Austin.
Statehood and Growth
Bexar County’s significance continued to grow after Texas became a state in 1845. The county’s economy was initially based on agriculture, cattle ranching, and military trade. San Antonio emerged as a critical urban center, and its strategic location along the San Antonio River and near key military forts made it a prime area for commerce.
San Antonio also played an essential role during the Civil War. As Texas joined the Confederacy, San Antonio became a major military post for the South, housing thousands of Confederate soldiers. The city itself was occupied by Union troops during parts of the war, and although Bexar County did not see any significant battles during the conflict, the war had a profound effect on the region’s economy and social fabric.
After the war, San Antonio and Bexar County underwent a period of reconstruction and growth. The introduction of railroads to the area in the late 19th century spurred further development, as San Antonio became a transportation and trade hub. The construction of military bases, including Fort Sam Houston in 1876, also contributed to the county’s growth.
Key Historical Events in Bexar County
The Battle of the Alamo
The Battle of the Alamo is one of the most significant events in Texas history. Occurring from February 23 to March 6, 1836, the battle was fought at the Alamo Mission in San Antonio, which was a former Spanish Franciscan mission. Texian defenders, including Davy Crockett, Jim Bowie, and William B. Travis, were besieged by the Mexican army under General Santa Anna. Despite a valiant defense, all Texian defenders were killed when the Mexican army stormed the fort.
While the battle was a defeat for the Texians, the event became a rallying cry for Texian forces and is often remembered for the phrase “Remember the Alamo,” symbolizing the determination and sacrifice of the Texian fighters.
The Battle of San Jacinto
After the fall of the Alamo, the Texian army, led by General Sam Houston, regrouped and launched a decisive attack on the Mexican forces at San Jacinto on April 21, 1836. The Texian forces, numbering about 900, surprised Santa Anna’s army of over 1,300 soldiers, defeating them in just 18 minutes. Santa Anna was captured, and the victory led to the signing of the Treaty of Velasco, which secured Texas’ independence from Mexico.
The Military Influence of Fort Sam Houston
Established in 1876, Fort Sam Houston became a vital military installation, and it played a central role in both the Spanish-American War and World War I. It was one of the largest and most important military posts in the region and contributed to San Antonio’s identity as “Military City, USA”. Today, Fort Sam Houston is part of the Joint Base San Antonio and remains an active military installation.
Historical Sites in Bexar County
1. The Alamo
Overview:
The Alamo is perhaps the most famous historical site in Texas, known worldwide for its role in the Texas Revolution. The site, which was originally a Spanish mission, became the location of the Battle of the Alamo in 1836. Today, the Alamo is a museum and shrine to those who fought and died there, attracting millions of visitors each year.
Location:
300 Alamo Plaza, San Antonio, TX 78205
Ticket Price:
- Adults: $15
- Children (under 12): Free
- Military: Free
Parking Information:
Public parking is available near the Alamo, though it can be limited due to its downtown location.
2. San Antonio Missions National Historical Park
Overview:
The San Antonio Missions National Historical Park includes four 18th-century Spanish missions, including the Mission San José, Mission San Juan, Mission Espada, and Mission Concepción. These missions were founded by Spanish missionaries to spread Christianity among the Native American tribes. The park is designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site and offers visitors a glimpse into the early colonial history of Texas.
Location:
2202 Roosevelt Ave, San Antonio, TX 78210
Ticket Price:
- Free (Donations accepted)
Parking Information:
Free parking is available at the visitor center and along the park grounds.
3. The Spanish Governor’s Palace
Overview:
The Spanish Governor’s Palace was the residence of the Spanish governor of Texas in the 18th century. Built in the late 1700s, it is one of the oldest standing buildings in San Antonio. The palace is now a museum showcasing the history of Spain’s influence on Texas. The building’s Spanish Colonial architecture provides a glimpse into the lifestyle of the early settlers.
Location:
105 Plaza de Armas, San Antonio, TX 78205
Ticket Price:
- Adults: $10
- Seniors and Military: $8
- Children: $5
Parking Information:
Parking is available in nearby downtown garages.
County Facts
Geography and Climate
Bexar County is located in the South Texas region, situated within the Balcones Escarpment, which creates a transition between the hill country and the plains. The county is dominated by the San Antonio River, and its geography includes rolling hills, dense woodlands, and flat prairies. The climate of Bexar County is classified as humid subtropical, with hot summers and mild winters. Precipitation is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, with summer storms often bringing heavy rainfall.
County Facts:
- Year Founded: 1836
- County Seat: San Antonio
- Population: 2,003,554 (2020 Census)
- Population Density: 1,275 people per square mile
- Largest Cities: San Antonio, Converse, Universal City
- Major Highways: Interstate 10, Interstate 35, U.S. Route 281, U.S. Route 90
- Adjacent Counties:
- Comal County
- Guadalupe County
- Medina County
- Bexar County borders Atascosa, Kendall, Wilson, and Kerr Counties.