History of Bell County, Texas

Bell County, Texas, located in Central Texas, has a rich and diverse history that spans thousands of years. It was originally home to indigenous Native American tribes, followed by Spanish explorers and settlers in the 18th century. The county played a significant role in the state’s development during the Texas Revolution and Civil War, and later became an important agricultural and military hub. Established in 1850 and named after Peter Hansborough Bell, a former governor of Texas, Bell County has evolved from a frontier region into a thriving area with a blend of historical sites, vibrant cities, and scenic landscapes.

Origins and Early History

Indigenous Peoples

History of Bell County, Texas

Long before European settlers arrived in what is now Bell County, the area was inhabited by various Native American tribes, including the Tonkawa, Comanche, and Lipan Apache. These tribes lived off the land, hunting bison and smaller game, fishing in the area’s rivers, and gathering edible plants. The region’s fertile soil, abundant water resources, and strategic location made it an ideal place for indigenous populations to settle.

The Tonkawa people, in particular, were known to live in the area, with their territory stretching across Central Texas. The Comanches, one of the most powerful tribes in the region, also frequented Bell County. The Lipan Apaches were another significant group, engaging in trade and conflict with neighboring tribes and European settlers.

Spanish and Early European Exploration

Spanish explorers and missionaries were among the first Europeans to explore the region in the 17th and 18th centuries. In the 1700s, Spain was focused on expanding its empire into North America, and the area that would later become Bell County was part of Spain’s New World territories. Spanish missions were established along the San Antonio Road (also known as the Camino Real), which passed through the area, but the missions were often short-lived due to conflicts with Native American tribes.

In the late 18th century, settlers of Spanish and later Mexican descent moved into the area. They were attracted by the fertile soil and abundant natural resources. Spanish settlers established cattle ranches, farms, and trading posts, but the area remained sparsely populated. The land was a remote outpost of Mexico, and European-American settlers would not significantly impact the region until the 19th century.

Early Anglo Settlement

Following Mexico’s independence from Spain in 1821, the land that is now Bell County was part of the newly formed Mexican territory of Coahuila y Tejas. However, the influx of Anglo settlers, encouraged by the Mexican government’s land grants to Americans in the 1820s, led to the displacement of Native American populations and a growing demand for resources.

In 1835, during the early years of Anglo settlement in Texas, conflicts between settlers and Native Americans escalated. Many settlers in Central Texas became involved in the Texas Revolution, and Bell County, though not a major battle site, played a supportive role. After Texas won independence from Mexico in 1836, the county’s population began to grow rapidly as settlers moved westward.

Key Historical Events

Formation of Bell County

Bell County was officially created in 1850 by the Texas Legislature. It was named after Peter Hansborough Bell, a prominent political figure and the governor of Texas from 1849 to 1853. Bell County’s establishment was part of a broader effort to organize the rapidly growing state into smaller administrative units, making it easier for settlers to establish local governments and services.

At the time of its creation, the county was sparsely populated, with few established towns. The county seat was initially located in the town of Belton, which had become an important trade center due to its location near the Lampasas River.

The Civil War and Post-War Era

Bell County, like much of Texas, was heavily impacted by the Civil War. The county’s proximity to key military routes and its agricultural economy made it a strategic area for both Confederate and Union forces. While no major battles took place in Bell County, the region was a site for military encampments and skirmishes, and local civilians were deeply divided over the issue of slavery and secession.

After the war, Bell County experienced economic and social challenges, including Reconstruction, the collapse of the Confederacy, and the readmission of Texas into the Union. During this time, the county’s economy was transitioning from an agricultural to a more industrial-based economy. The establishment of railroads and the development of military installations, including Fort Hood, later played a key role in the area’s economic recovery and growth.

Fort Hood and Military Influence

Fort Hood, established in 1942 during World War II, is one of the largest military installations in the world and has played a pivotal role in Bell County’s development. Located near the city of Killeen, Fort Hood’s establishment brought significant economic growth to the region, as thousands of military personnel and their families settled in the area. The military presence helped transform Bell County from a primarily rural and agricultural region into a thriving hub of commerce and industry.

Over the years, Fort Hood has been a key part of the U.S. military’s readiness efforts and has contributed to the growth of surrounding cities, including Killeen and Harker Heights. The post’s role in training and deploying military units has brought national attention to the area, making it a focal point of both economic and cultural development.

The Rise of Killeen and the Impact of Transportation

The city of Killeen, now the largest city in Bell County, grew rapidly throughout the 20th century. The establishment of railroads and later highways contributed to Killeen’s economic development. Once a small rural settlement, Killeen began to attract businesses and residents as the area became more accessible. With the growth of Fort Hood and its military presence, Killeen expanded rapidly after World War II and became a key part of the region’s urbanization.

The continued development of transportation infrastructure, including major highways like Interstate 35, further facilitated growth and connected Bell County to other parts of Texas and the nation.

Historical Sites in Bell County

1. Bell County Museum

Overview and Location

Located in Belton, the Bell County Museum offers a rich history of the region, showcasing artifacts from Native American cultures, the era of early settlers, and the county’s role in the Civil War and beyond. The museum features exhibits on the development of agriculture, railroads, and military presence in the area.

  • Address: 201 N Main St, Belton, TX 76513
  • Admission: $5 for adults, $3 for students
  • Parking: Free parking is available near the museum.

2. Fort Hood

Overview and Location

Fort Hood, located just outside of Killeen, is not only a vital military installation but also an important historical site. Visitors can explore the history of the U.S. Army’s presence in Central Texas and view artifacts from World War II to the present. The post regularly offers public events, military museums, and guided tours.

  • Address: 31st St, Fort Hood, TX 76544
  • Admission: Varies based on event; some areas are open to the public with proper security clearance.
  • Parking: Parking available on-site, but expect strict security checks.

3. Historic Belton

Overview and Location

Belton, the county seat, is home to several historic buildings and landmarks, including the Bell County Courthouse. Visitors can take a walking tour of the historic district to see well-preserved 19th-century architecture and learn about the town’s role in early Texas history.

  • Address: Downtown Belton, TX 76513
  • Admission: Free
  • Parking: Free parking in the downtown area.

4. Mill Creek Park

Overview and Location

Mill Creek Park in Belton is a historical site that offers scenic views and a glimpse into the county’s early agricultural past. The park features walking trails, a historical water mill, and access to the Lampasas River, once crucial for early settlers and transportation.

  • Address: 1250 S. Main St, Belton, TX 76513
  • Admission: Free
  • Parking: Free parking on-site.

County Facts

Geography and Climate

Bell County is located in Central Texas, positioned between the Hill Country and the Prairies and Lakes regions. The county is characterized by gently rolling hills, grasslands, and numerous rivers and lakes, including the Lampasas River and Stillhouse Hollow Lake. The area is part of the larger Central Texas ecosystem, with diverse wildlife and plant species.

Bell County’s climate is classified as humid subtropical, with hot summers and mild winters. Summers are typically hot, with temperatures often exceeding 100°F (38°C), while winters are cool and relatively mild, with average low temperatures in the 40s and 50s°F (5-15°C). Rainfall is spread throughout the year, with the majority falling in the spring and early summer months.

Key County Facts

  • Year Founded: 1850
  • County Seat: Belton
  • Population: Approximately 380,000 (2020 Census)
  • Population Density: 276 people per square mile
  • Largest Cities: Killeen, Temple, Harker Heights
  • Major Highways: Interstate 35, U.S. Route 190, U.S. Route 190A
  • Adjacent Counties: Coryell, Hamilton, Lampasas, Milam, Falls, and Williamson counties