History of Andrews County, Texas

Andrews County, located in the western part of Texas, was established in 1876 and named after Richard Andrews, a fallen hero of the Texas Revolution. The county’s early history was marked by its semi-arid climate, vast open plains, and a ranching economy. For much of its existence, Andrews County was a rural area that thrived on agriculture and oil production, especially after the discovery of oil in the 1940s. Over time, it has transformed into an important region for both energy production and agriculture, playing a key role in West Texas‘ economic development. Today, it is a thriving community with a rich historical background.

Origins and Early History

Native American and Spanish Influence

Before the arrival of European settlers, the land that would become Andrews County was inhabited by various Native American tribes, most notably the Comanche, Apache, and Kiowa. These tribes relied on the region’s natural resources, including the abundant game and water sources from the Texas Panhandle. The Comanche in particular were the dominant tribe in the area and controlled much of the west Texas plains. They were known for their horseback skills and fierce resistance to European settlement.

Spanish exploration in Texas began in the 16th century, but it was not until the 18th century that more significant interactions with Native American tribes and settlers occurred in the region. The Spanish established missions and presidios, but due to the harsh environment and conflicts with Native Americans, settlement in this part of Texas remained sparse.

The region that is now Andrews County was part of the larger Spanish land grants given to early settlers. However, the area remained largely unsettled until the mid-19th century due to its remote location and challenging terrain.

Early American Settlement and the Role in the Texas Revolution

The history of Andrews County as part of U.S. territory began after the Texas Revolution and the subsequent annexation of Texas by the United States in 1845. As part of the broader West Texas region, the land was sparsely populated until the establishment of ranching settlements in the mid-1800s.

The area became officially recognized as part of Bexar County under Spanish Texas, but following Texas’ independence, the land was transferred to Ector County in the mid-19th century. Andrews County itself wasn’t created until 1876, when it was carved out of Gaines County and Ector County. The county was named after Richard Andrews, a soldier in the Texas Revolution who was killed in the Battle of Goliad.

In the early years after its establishment, the county was mainly used for ranching, and small settlements started to emerge. The establishment of railroads in the late 1800s helped foster growth in the area, facilitating the transportation of cattle and goods to larger cities and markets in the state.

Key Historical Events

The Rise of Ranching and Agriculture

During the late 19th century, Andrews County began to develop a strong ranching and agricultural economy. The fertile land supported cattle ranching, and settlers made use of the open plains to raise cattle and farm crops like cotton, wheat, and corn. Ranching was the primary livelihood for early settlers in the area, and the introduction of railroad lines in the 1880s brought commercial opportunities to the region.

By the early 20th century, however, farming and ranching had started to compete with the growing industrial economy in other parts of Texas. In Andrews County, this shift was slow but sure, as the population continued to grow steadily.

The Discovery of Oil

The most significant turning point in the history of Andrews County came with the discovery of oil in the 1940s. This momentous event would dramatically change the county’s economic landscape, moving it from a primarily agricultural base to an oil-driven economy. In 1928, petroleum was first discovered near the town of Andrews at the Gordon oil field, but it wasn’t until the Andrews Field was discovered in 1942 that oil production became a major industry.

The discovery of oil transformed the local economy, attracting workers and investors from across the country. The Gulf Oil Corporation and other companies began developing extensive drilling operations throughout the county. The Andrews Oil Field was one of the most productive in Texas, contributing significantly to the state’s oil reserves.

Growth in Population and Infrastructure

The rise of oil production brought significant population growth to Andrews County. The construction of refineries, oil rigs, and pipelines transformed Andrews from a small rural settlement into an industrial hub. This oil boom also led to the development of better infrastructure, including schools, hospitals, and retail establishments. The population of the town of Andrews grew rapidly during this time, and its role as the county seat became more solidified.

The oil boom led to the establishment of permanent infrastructure, such as roads and utilities, which set the stage for future growth. However, like many oil-producing regions in Texas, the boom did not last indefinitely. By the mid-1970s, oil production had begun to taper off, and the county’s economy needed to diversify once again.

The Modern Era: Diversification and Economic Resilience

Today, Andrews County has successfully diversified its economy, with agriculture, energy, and manufacturing being key sectors. The county still produces oil, but other industries like wind energy and natural gas have found a foothold. Furthermore, Andrews County is known for its excellent school systems, healthcare facilities, and growing tourism sector, which has helped foster economic resilience.

Andrews itself remains a thriving city with a modern infrastructure and amenities, catering to a growing population and adapting to the demands of the 21st century.

Historical Sites

Andrews County Courthouse

Overview

The Andrews County Courthouse, built in 1910, is a central feature of Andrews and a key historical landmark for the county. The building showcases a combination of Classical Revival and Beaux-Arts architectural styles, reflecting the prosperity of the early 20th century. The courthouse is located in the town’s central district and has been a hub for local governance for over a century.

Location

Andrews County Courthouse, 201 N Main St, Andrews, TX.

Ticket Price

The courthouse is open to the public, and there is no admission fee for visitors.

Parking Information

Parking is available around the courthouse square, with free public parking lots and street parking in the area.

Andrews County Historical Museum

Overview

The Andrews County Historical Museum offers an in-depth look at the region’s past, from its Native American heritage to the oil boom and its role in Texas history. The museum features exhibits on early ranching, the oil industry, and the cultural influences that shaped the county. Visitors can view artifacts from the Texas Revolution, early settler tools, oil rig models, and documents that tell the story of the county’s development.

Location

Andrews County Historical Museum, 201 NE 1st St, Andrews, TX.

Ticket Price

Admission to the museum is free, though donations are appreciated to support ongoing educational programs.

Parking Information

Free parking is available at the museum site, with additional parking available nearby on the street.

The Oilfield Legacy Trail

Overview

The Oilfield Legacy Trail is a self-guided driving tour that takes visitors through the historical sites related to the oil boom in Andrews County. The trail features several points of interest, including historical oil rigs, production sites, and informational markers that explain the history of the county’s oil industry. It’s an excellent way to learn about how Andrews County transformed from an agricultural economy to one driven by energy.

Location

The Oilfield Legacy Trail begins in Andrews and extends throughout the county, including several oil fields, production facilities, and other key sites.

Ticket Price

The Oilfield Legacy Trail is free to visit and open year-round.

Parking Information

Parking is available at each historical stop along the trail. Some locations may require parking at designated sites or along nearby roads.

Red Rock Park

Overview

Red Rock Park, located just outside of Andrews, is a recreational area that showcases the natural beauty of West Texas. The park features picnic areas, hiking trails, and wildlife viewing, providing visitors with a scenic break from the area’s industrial landscape. Red Rock is particularly popular for birdwatching and is home to a variety of local species.

Location

Red Rock Park, 10 miles north of Andrews, TX on Highway 385.

Ticket Price

Admission to the park is free, although some activities, such as camping, may require a fee.

Parking Information

Free parking is available at designated areas near the park entrance.

County Facts

Geography and Climate

Andrews County is located in the Permian Basin, a major oil-producing region in the western part of Texas. The county is characterized by flat plains, desert landscapes, and relatively dry conditions. The county is also known for its natural resources, which include oil, natural gas, and wind energy potential. Andrews and much of the county rely on the Ogallala Aquifer for water supply.

The climate in Andrews County is semi-arid, with hot summers and mild winters. Average summer temperatures can exceed 100°F, while winter temperatures typically range from 40°F to 60°F. Rainfall is sparse, averaging less than 20 inches annually.

Key County Facts

• Year Founded: 1876
• County Seat: Andrews
• Population: Approximately 18,000
• Population Density: 16.8 people per square mile
• Largest Cities: Andrews, Barnhart, Goldsmith
• Major Highways: U.S. Highway 385, State Highway 115, U.S. Highway 176
• Adjacent Counties:
  • To the north: Gaines County
  • To the south: Reagan County
  • To the east: Ector County
  • To the west: Loving County (New Mexico)