History of Arapahoe County, Colorado
Arapahoe County, located in Central Colorado, has played a pivotal role in the state’s development, from its early days as a home to Native American tribes to its growth as a major suburban area in the Denver metropolitan region. Formed in 1855, the county is named after the Arapaho tribe, who once lived in the area. Arapahoe County saw a diverse set of historical events, from the Gold Rush to its role in the expansion of railroads and its involvement in the Post-Civil War era. Today, the county combines rich history with modern development, preserving historical sites that tell the story of its transformative past.
Origins and Key Historical Events
Native American Presence and Early Settlement
Before European settlers arrived, the Arapaho and Cheyenne tribes inhabited the plains of what is now Arapahoe County. The Arapaho people were historically semi-nomadic, moving with the seasons to hunt bison and gather food. They established trade routes and maintained a culture deeply connected to the land. The county’s name honors this Native American tribe, whose territory extended over much of Colorado’s plains.
European-American settlers began arriving in the mid-1800s, driven by the promise of fertile land and resources. The discovery of gold in the Pikes Peak region in 1858, followed by the establishment of Denver, brought significant migration to the area. The county was officially established in 1855, just three years before Colorado became a territory. Early settlers engaged in farming, ranching, and trade, laying the foundation for the county’s future.
The Colorado Gold Rush and Development
The Pikes Peak Gold Rush of 1858-1859 had a lasting impact on Arapahoe County. As miners flooded the region, seeking their fortunes, the settlement around Denver City (now Denver) grew rapidly. While the gold rush was largely centered around the mountains, Arapahoe County’s proximity to Denver made it an important hub for supply routes, transportation, and services. The overland trails that passed through the county were vital for the transport of goods to and from the gold fields.
The railroad system, which developed in the late 19th century, further accelerated the growth of the county, connecting Arapahoe to both national and regional markets. As a result, agriculture and industry flourished, and by the turn of the century, the area became a key part of Colorado’s economy.
The Role in the Civil War and Reconstruction
Although Colorado was not a state during the Civil War, its inhabitants felt the effects of the national conflict. Arapahoe County, as part of the Union-controlled Colorado Territory, contributed to the war effort by providing troops to fight for the Union. Fort Sumner, near the current city of Englewood, served as a military outpost during the war, primarily used for defense against Native American tribes and as a staging area for Union soldiers.
After the war, Arapahoe County’s population continued to grow with the arrival of settlers looking for farmland and economic opportunities. This period also saw the establishment of several towns, such as Littleton, Englewood, and Aurora, which would later become integral parts of the county.
The Suburban Boom and Growth of Arapahoe County
In the mid-20th century, as the post-World War II economic boom unfolded, Arapahoe County experienced significant suburban growth. The completion of highways and the expansion of the Denver metropolitan area led to increased development in cities like Aurora, Littleton, and Englewood. As more people moved into the area, Arapahoe County became increasingly suburban, with residential, commercial, and industrial developments transforming its landscape.
Today, Arapahoe County is one of Colorado’s most populous counties, encompassing both historic towns and newer suburban areas, blending its agricultural heritage with modern development.
Historical Sites in Arapahoe County
1. Arapahoe County Heritage Center
Overview
The Arapahoe County Heritage Center is a historical museum that showcases the rich history of the county, from its Native American roots to its role in the Gold Rush and the development of modern Arapahoe County. The center features exhibits on early settlers, agriculture, industry, and the county’s development during the 20th century. It also hosts a variety of educational programs and events throughout the year.
Location:
5120 S. Parker Road, Aurora, CO 80015
Ticket Price:
- Adults: $5
- Children (under 12): Free
Parking Information:
Free parking is available at the museum.
2. Cherry Creek State Park and Reservoir
Overview
Located in the heart of Arapahoe County, Cherry Creek State Park is a popular recreational destination with historical significance. The park sits along the Cherry Creek, a key waterway that was essential for Native American tribes and early settlers. The area was once home to Native American tribes, and archeological sites are scattered throughout the park. The park is also home to the Cherry Creek Reservoir, which offers boating, fishing, and wildlife observation opportunities.
Location:
4201 S. Parker Road, Aurora, CO 80014
Ticket Price:
- Day use: $10 per vehicle
- Annual pass: $90
Parking Information:
There are several parking lots throughout the park, with ample space for visitors.
3. Historic Downtown Littleton
Overview
The historic downtown of Littleton is a well-preserved area that showcases the early development of Arapahoe County. Founded in 1859, Littleton was originally a mining town and quickly became a trading post along the South Platte River. Today, the downtown area features historic architecture, including buildings from the late 1800s. Visitors can explore museums, galleries, and shops that reflect the town’s heritage and the broader history of the county.
Location:
Main Street, Littleton, CO 80120
Ticket Price:
- Free to explore; some museums charge for entry.
Parking Information:
Public parking is available along Main Street and in nearby lots.
4. Plains Conservation Center
Overview
The Plains Conservation Center is a 1,100-acre nature preserve in the southeastern part of Arapahoe County that showcases the region’s natural history, including its historic role as part of the Great Plains. The center offers walking trails, wildlife viewing, and historical exhibits about the homesteading era and early ranching in the county. Visitors can explore replica prairie homes and barns to understand the daily lives of early settlers.
Location:
21901 E. Hampden Avenue, Aurora, CO 80013
Ticket Price:
- Adults: $5
- Children (under 12): Free
Parking Information:
Free parking is available at the center.
County Facts
Geography and Climate
Arapahoe County lies in the central portion of Colorado, forming part of the Denver metropolitan area. The county is characterized by a mix of urban, suburban, and rural landscapes. It is bordered by Douglas County to the south, Arapahoe County to the east, and Jefferson County to the west. The county features several mountain foothills, with the Rocky Mountains to the west and the Great Plains to the east.
Arapahoe County enjoys a semi-arid climate, with hot, dry summers and cold, snowy winters. Summer temperatures average in the 80s°F (around 30°C), while winter temperatures can drop to below freezing, with snowfall ranging between 40-60 inches annually. The area receives plenty of sunshine, with more than 300 days of sunlight each year.
Key County Statistics
- Year Founded: 1855
- County Seat: Littleton
- Population: Approximately 650,000
- Population Density: 1,145 people per square mile
- Largest Cities:
- Aurora
- Littleton
- Centennial
- Major Highways:
- Interstate 25
- Interstate 70
- State Highway 83
- Adjacent Counties:
- Douglas County (south)
- Elbert County (southeast)
- Lincoln County (east)
- Denver County (north)
- Jefferson County (west)