Guatemala Facts

by countryaah · Published June 3, 2019 · Updated December 12, 2024

Guatemala, State of Central America; 109,000 km², 17.2 million residents (2019).Guatemala borders west and north to Mexico, northeast to Belize and southeast to El Salvador and Honduras, and has a south coastal strip to the Pacific and to the east a narrow coastal strip to the Atlantic. The capital is Guatemala City (994,300 residents, 2018).

Country facts

Republic of Guatemala / Republic of Guatemala
Country abbreviation: GT
Area: 109 000 km²
Population (2019): 17.2 million residents
Capital: Guatemala City
Main language: Spanish
State: Republic
Head of State and Head of Government: Alejandro Giammattei (President)
Per capita GDP (2018): US $ 4,549
GNI per capita (2018): US $ 4,410
Currency unit: 1 quetzal = 100 centavos
Currency code: GTQ
Country number (telephony): 502
Internet Domain Name: gt
Time difference compared to Sweden: −7
National Day: September 15 (Independence Day, 1821)

Nature

Land use: forest (53%), agricultural land (16%), other (31%)
Highest mountain: Tajumulco (4,220 m above sea level)

Population

Population density (2019): 158 residents per km²
Natural population growth (2019): 1.8%; birthrate 23 ‰, death count 5 ‰
Age structure (2019): 0-14 years (35%), 15-64 (60%), 65- (5%)
Life expectancy (2019): men 69 years, women 76 years
Infant mortality (2019): 20 per 1,000 live births
Population forecast 2050: 27 million residents
HDI (2017): 0.650 (place 127 of 189)
Urbanization rate (2019): 51%
Most populous cities (2018): Guatemala City (994,300 residents), Villa Nueva (489,000), Mixco (474,400)

Business

Industry’s contribution to GDP (2017): agriculture (13%), industry (24%), service (63%)
Exports (2017): USD 11,120 million
Main export products: textiles, coffee, sugar, oil
Main exporting countries: USA, El Salvador, Honduras
Imports (2017): US $ 17,110 million
Main import products: oil, machinery, building materials
Main importing countries: USA, China, Mexico
Railway network (2018): 800 km

Geography

Location and Borders

Guatemala is located in Central America, bordered by Mexico to the north and west, Belize to the northeast, Honduras to the east, and El Salvador to the southeast. To the south, Guatemala has a coastline along the Pacific Ocean, while its northern border is defined by dense rainforests and the Yucatán Peninsula. With an area of approximately 108,889 square kilometers, it is the most populous country in Central America and one of the most diverse in terms of geography, culture, and history.

Guatemala’s strategic location at the crossroads of North and South America has historically made it a critical point for trade and migration. The country has access to both the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean, enhancing its role in regional maritime activities. Guatemala’s location in the tropics means it is part of the hurricane belt, making it susceptible to the effects of tropical storms, particularly in the rainy season.

Major Landforms

Guatemala’s geography is defined by dramatic landscapes, which include highland mountains, valleys, lakes, and coastal plains. The country is situated along the Pacific Ring of Fire, which contributes to its tectonic activity, including frequent earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. The Sierra Madre mountain range runs through the country, creating a rugged terrain of volcanic peaks and highlands. The highest point in Guatemala is Volcano Tajumulco, standing at 4,220 meters (13,845 feet) above sea level.

In the central and southern regions, the land is dominated by a series of volcanoes and mountain ranges, making these areas fertile for agriculture. The volcanic soils, rich in nutrients, have allowed Guatemala to grow a variety of crops, including coffee, vegetables, and fruits. This mountainous region also contains deep valleys, which have historically been important for settlement and agriculture. Guatemala’s lowland regions, such as the Petén in the north, consist of tropical forests and wetlands that are rich in biodiversity.

The country is also home to numerous lakes, including Lake Atitlán, which is considered one of the most beautiful lakes in the world. It is surrounded by volcanoes, making it a popular tourist destination. Additionally, Lake Izabal, located in the eastern region of the country, is Guatemala’s largest lake and serves as a key point for water transport.

Rivers and Lakes

Guatemala is home to several important rivers that flow from the highlands into the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. The Motagua River, one of the longest in the country, runs from the Guatemalan highlands to the Caribbean coast. It is an essential waterway for transportation and has historically been significant for trade.

Another notable river is the Usumacinta, which forms part of Guatemala’s border with Mexico. The Usumacinta is one of Central America’s most powerful rivers and plays a key role in the regional ecosystem, with fertile floodplains that support diverse agricultural activities. Guatemala’s rivers are vital for agriculture, transportation, and hydroelectric power generation, with many of them feeding into reservoirs for irrigation.

Guatemala’s lakes are also significant to its geography and cultural heritage. Lake Atitlán, in particular, is an important cultural and natural landmark. It is surrounded by several indigenous Mayan villages and is a major tourist attraction due to its scenic beauty and the surrounding volcanoes. Lake Izabal in the east also plays an important role in both regional trade and local biodiversity.

Climate

Tropical Climate Zones

Guatemala has a predominantly tropical climate, but its diverse topography creates a variety of microclimates across the country. In the lowlands along the Pacific coast and in the northern regions, temperatures are typically hot and humid year-round, with average temperatures ranging from 26°C to 30°C (79°F to 86°F). The country’s tropical climate means that it experiences significant rainfall during the wet season, which lasts from May to October. This seasonal variation in precipitation has a profound impact on agriculture and the overall ecosystem.

The highlands, including cities such as Antigua and Quetzaltenango, enjoy a temperate climate, with cooler temperatures due to the elevation. In these regions, daytime temperatures are usually more moderate, ranging from 18°C to 24°C (64°F to 75°F), while nights can be much cooler, especially at higher altitudes. The mountainous climate makes these areas ideal for growing crops such as coffee, which thrives in cooler temperatures and fertile volcanic soils.

The Caribbean coast of Guatemala has a more humid and tropical climate, influenced by the trade winds coming off the Atlantic Ocean. The eastern part of the country, particularly in the lowland regions of the Petén, experiences hotter and wetter conditions, with frequent rainfall and high humidity levels.

Seasonal Variation

Guatemala experiences two primary seasons: the wet season and the dry season. The wet season lasts from May to October, during which heavy rainfall is common. This is also the time when the country is at its greenest, as the tropical forests and highlands benefit from the moisture. Agriculture during this period is mainly focused on crops that require significant water, such as rice, corn, and beans.

The dry season, from November to April, brings significantly lower rainfall, with hotter and drier conditions across the country. During this period, farmers prepare for the planting season, and many crops such as vegetables and fruits are harvested. The dry season is also the peak of the tourism season in Guatemala, as the weather is more conducive to outdoor activities and exploring the country’s natural and cultural heritage.

Seasonal variation is particularly pronounced in the agricultural sector. The wet season provides essential water for crops, but excessive rainfall can lead to flooding and landslides, especially in rural areas with limited infrastructure. The dry season, on the other hand, can lead to droughts, especially in the more arid regions of the country, putting pressure on water supplies for both rural and urban populations.

People

Demographics

Guatemala has a population of about 19 million people, making it the most populous country in Central America. The population is ethnically diverse, with the majority of Guatemalans identifying as mestizo, a mix of indigenous and European heritage. However, Guatemala is also home to a significant indigenous population, which makes up about 40% of the population. These indigenous groups are primarily from the Maya culture, with many people belonging to various Maya subgroups, including the K’iche’, Kaqchikel, Mam, and Q’eqchi’.

The indigenous populations predominantly live in the highlands and rural areas, where they maintain traditional languages, customs, and ways of life. These communities are often more marginalized economically and socially, facing significant challenges in terms of education, healthcare, and access to resources. In addition to indigenous people, there are also smaller Afro-Guatemalan, Garífuna, and Xinca communities.

Urbanization in Guatemala has increased in recent decades, with the capital, Ciudad de Guatemala (Guatemala City), serving as the primary urban center. The city is home to a significant portion of the population and is the political, economic, and cultural hub of the country. Other major cities include Quetzaltenango and Escuintla, though much of the population still resides in rural areas.

Language and Religion

Spanish is the official language of Guatemala and is spoken by the vast majority of the population, especially in urban areas. However, Guatemala has a rich linguistic heritage, with over 20 indigenous languages spoken by various communities, particularly in the highlands. These languages, such as K’iche’, Kaqchikel, and Mam, are a significant part of the country’s cultural identity and are still widely spoken, although their use is often confined to specific ethnic groups.

Guatemala is predominantly Roman Catholic, with approximately 40% of the population identifying as Catholic. Protestantism, particularly evangelical Christianity, has grown in recent decades, with a notable portion of the population adhering to various Protestant denominations. There are also smaller communities of indigenous religious groups, such as those practicing traditional Maya spiritual practices.

Religion plays an important role in the daily life of Guatemalans, and religious festivals are an integral part of the country’s culture. Holy Week, or Semana Santa, is one of the most significant events in the country, with processions, music, and religious observances taking place in many cities, particularly in Antigua. Indigenous religious practices, particularly those related to Mayan spirituality, are also important in rural areas, where ceremonies and rituals are carried out to honor ancestors and the natural world.

Economy

Economic Overview

Guatemala has a mixed economy, with significant contributions from agriculture, manufacturing, and services. The country has long been reliant on its agricultural sector, particularly the cultivation of crops like coffee, bananas, sugar, and vegetables. The country is one of the largest exporters of coffee in the world and remains heavily dependent on agricultural exports for its economic stability.

The industrial sector in Guatemala has grown steadily over the years, particularly in the production of textiles, apparel, and food products. The country has also seen growth in sectors such as construction, telecommunications, and tourism. The service sector, including finance, retail, and hospitality, is growing rapidly, especially in urban areas like Guatemala City, which is becoming an economic hub for the region.

Despite its rich natural resources, Guatemala faces significant economic challenges. The country is one of the poorest in Latin America, with a large portion of the population living in poverty, particularly in rural areas. Income inequality is widespread, and the country struggles with issues related to corruption, inadequate infrastructure, and limited access to education and healthcare. The government is working to improve these conditions, but political instability and the need for comprehensive economic reforms continue to hinder long-term growth.

Challenges and Opportunities

Guatemala’s economy faces several challenges, particularly related to poverty, unemployment, and inequality. Rural poverty is widespread, and indigenous populations are often disproportionately affected by limited access to education, healthcare, and economic opportunities. Corruption is a significant issue in both the public and private sectors, and there are ongoing struggles to reform government institutions and strengthen the rule of law.

On the other hand, Guatemala has several key opportunities for growth. The country’s natural resources, particularly in agriculture and mining, provide a solid foundation for economic development. Coffee, bananas, and vegetables remain important export products, and the development of sustainable agricultural practices could help boost productivity and improve food security. The country’s growing manufacturing and service sectors offer opportunities for diversification, and investments in infrastructure, education, and healthcare could support long-term economic growth.

Tourism, driven by Guatemala’s rich cultural heritage and natural beauty, is another area with significant potential. The country is home to numerous UNESCO World Heritage sites, including the ancient Maya city of Tikal, the colonial city of Antigua, and the beautiful Lake Atitlán, which attract visitors from around the world.

Government

Political Structure

Guatemala is a democratic republic with a presidential system of government. The president is both the head of state and head of government and is elected for a four-year term. The president has significant executive powers, including the ability to appoint ministers, veto legislation, and direct the country’s policies. The president is limited to one term, though they can run for re-election after a gap of one term.

Guatemala’s legislature consists of a unicameral Congress, which is made up of 158 members elected for four-year terms. The Congress is responsible for passing laws, approving the budget, and overseeing the executive branch. Members of Congress represent various political parties, and Guatemala’s political landscape is highly fragmented, with multiple parties vying for power.

The judiciary in Guatemala is independent, and the country’s legal system is based on civil law. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the country and is responsible for interpreting the constitution and ensuring that laws are applied fairly. However, Guatemala’s judicial system has been criticized for corruption, inefficiency, and political interference, which has undermined the rule of law in some cases.

Political History

Guatemala’s political history has been marked by a series of struggles for democracy and independence, as well as periods of authoritarian rule and civil conflict. The country gained independence from Spain in 1821 and initially joined the Mexican Empire before becoming a part of the United Provinces of Central America. However, Guatemala’s political landscape was shaped by instability and conflict, with frequent changes in government, military coups, and foreign influence.

In the mid-20th century, Guatemala experienced a period of political and social reform under President Jacobo Árbenz, who attempted to implement agrarian reforms to improve the living conditions of rural populations. However, these reforms were opposed by wealthy landowners and the United States, leading to a coup in 1954 that installed a military dictatorship. This event marked the beginning of a long period of civil conflict, with left-wing insurgents fighting against the government’s military regime.

The Guatemalan Civil War, which lasted from 1960 to 1996, was a brutal conflict that resulted in the deaths of an estimated 200,000 people, most of whom were indigenous civilians. The war ended with the signing of the Peace Accords in 1996, but the legacy of violence and political instability has continued to affect the country’s development.

Since the end of the civil war, Guatemala has made significant progress in establishing democratic institutions and improving governance, but challenges remain, including corruption, violence, and social inequality. The country has experienced a series of presidential elections, with peaceful transitions of power, but political instability and crime remain persistent issues.

Culture

Art and Music

Guatemala has a rich cultural heritage, with deep roots in its indigenous Maya traditions, as well as influences from Spanish colonialism. Guatemalan art is known for its vibrant colors, intricate patterns, and symbolic representations of nature, spirituality, and history. Traditional crafts such as textiles, pottery, and wood carving are an important part of the country’s cultural expression, and many of these crafts are passed down through generations of indigenous communities.

Music is an essential part of Guatemalan culture, with genres such as marimba, ranchera, and salsa being popular throughout the country. The marimba, a type of xylophone, is a particularly important instrument in Guatemalan folk music, and marimba bands can be heard during festivals and celebrations. Traditional dances, such as the “baile de la conquista,” are performed during important cultural and religious events.

Festivals and Cuisine

Guatemala’s festivals are colorful celebrations that reflect the country’s rich cultural diversity and religious traditions. One of the most significant celebrations is Semana Santa (Holy Week), which is marked by elaborate processions, religious ceremonies, and street festivals throughout the country, particularly in Antigua. These processions, which feature the carrying of religious statues and images, are an expression of devotion and a display of Guatemala’s Catholic heritage.

Other important festivals include the Day of the Dead (Día de los Muertos), where families gather to honor deceased loved ones, and the Feast of Our Lady of Candelaria, celebrated in many towns and villages with music, dancing, and religious rituals. Mayan festivals, which coincide with the agricultural cycle, also play a crucial role in local communities.

Guatemalan cuisine is diverse and reflects the country’s cultural influences, with staple foods such as corn, beans, rice, and tortillas at the heart of most meals. Popular dishes include “pepian” (a rich, spicy stew), “kachikeles” (a dish made from chicken, rice, and vegetables), and “tamales,” which are made from masa (corn dough) filled with meats or vegetables and wrapped in banana leaves. Traditional drinks include “atol” (a warm, corn-based beverage) and “horrchata” (a sweet, rice-based drink).

Literature and Cinema

Guatemalan literature is deeply influenced by the country’s history, particularly its indigenous heritage, colonial past, and the struggles of the civil war. Authors like Miguel Ángel Asturias, who won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1967, have written about the complexities of Guatemalan identity and the impact of political instability. Asturias’s works, such as El Señor Presidente and Men of Maize, explore the themes of authoritarianism, corruption, and the plight of indigenous people in Guatemala.

Guatemalan cinema, although less developed than in some other countries, has seen significant strides in recent years. Filmmakers such as Jayro Bustamante have gained international recognition with films like Ixcanul and Temblores, which explore the struggles of indigenous people and the impact of social and political issues on everyday lives. Guatemalan cinema is characterized by its focus on social justice, indigenous rights, and historical memory, providing a unique perspective on the country’s culture and history.