History of Bergen County, New Jersey
Bergen County, New Jersey, is one of the state’s most historically significant and populous regions. Established in 1683, it is the oldest county in New Jersey and played an essential role in the early history of the United States. Its strategic location near the Hudson River and proximity to New York City have made it a key area for trade, settlement, and military action throughout American history. From its early Native American inhabitants and Dutch settlers to its pivotal role during the Revolutionary War, Bergen County’s history is rich and diverse. Today, it remains a bustling suburban hub that preserves its historical heritage through numerous landmarks and attractions.
Origins and Early Settlement
Native American Inhabitants and Dutch Exploration
Before European settlers arrived, the area now known as Bergen County was inhabited by the Lenape Native Americans. These indigenous peoples lived in villages along the riverbanks, practicing fishing, hunting, and agriculture. The Lenape were part of a larger network of Native American tribes that stretched from the Delaware River to the Hudson River.
In the early 1600s, Dutch explorers and settlers began to establish trade posts in the region, marking the beginning of European colonization in what would later become New Jersey. The Dutch West India Company set up trading posts along the Hudson River, and by 1624, the Dutch had founded the first permanent European settlement in New Jersey at the town of Bergen (modern-day Jersey City). The town of Bergen, from which the county takes its name, was originally part of the larger Dutch New Netherland colony.
British and Colonial Rule
Following the English conquest of New Netherland in 1664, the area became part of the English colony of New Jersey. Bergen County, established in 1683, was originally part of the larger Bergen Precinct. It was initially populated by English settlers, but Dutch influence remained strong, as many Dutch families continued to live in the area. The county played a role in the agricultural economy, with crops like corn, wheat, and livestock being the primary products.
In the 18th century, the area around Bergen County saw increased European settlement, particularly along the Hudson River. The proximity to New York City made the county a key point for trade and transportation. By the time of the American Revolution, Bergen County had developed into a vital part of the region’s economy and was a strategic location during the conflict.
Key Historical Events
The American Revolution
Bergen County’s role in the American Revolution was significant due to its location just across the river from New York City, which was under British control during the war. As a result, Bergen County became a center of military activity, particularly for the Continental Army. Several important events took place within its borders, and many of its towns served as camps and supply points for American forces.
One of the most famous events in Bergen County’s Revolutionary War history occurred at the Battle of Fort Lee, fought in November 1776. Fort Lee, located near the modern-day town of Fort Lee, was a key defensive position for the Continental Army. After the British Army’s successful attack on the fort, General George Washington’s forces retreated to Pennsylvania. The battle was part of a broader series of events that led to the American retreat across New Jersey, but it also demonstrated the resilience of the Continental Army in the face of adversity.
The Battle of Teaneck, fought in early 1780, was another notable skirmish in the county. It was part of a larger campaign by the British to control New Jersey and force the American forces to surrender. Though the battle was small, it demonstrated the ongoing resistance of the American colonies and the support for independence in Bergen County.
19th Century Development and Industrialization
By the 19th century, Bergen County had shifted from an agricultural economy to a more industrialized one. The construction of the Erie Railroad in the mid-1800s made it easier to transport goods to New York City, leading to the development of industries such as coal, iron, and textiles in the county. Towns such as Hackensack and Paterson grew rapidly during this period, and the county became known for its manufacturing capacity.
The development of the Morris Canal and the opening of the Passaic River to shipping also helped Bergen County become a regional hub for trade and industry. The increase in population and industrial activity led to the growth of urban areas in the county, particularly along the Hackensack and Passaic Rivers.
Suburbanization in the 20th Century
In the early 20th century, Bergen County saw a dramatic transformation from a primarily rural region to a densely populated suburban area. The construction of bridges and highways connecting the county to New York City facilitated rapid suburban growth, especially after World War II. The county became a popular destination for people seeking a quieter, more affordable lifestyle while still being close to the city for work.
As the suburban population grew, so did the infrastructure, with new schools, hospitals, and businesses being established. The rise of the automobile further accelerated suburban development, as residents could commute to New York City or other metropolitan areas with ease. Bergen County became a bustling hub of commerce and residential living, and its population soared in the second half of the 20th century.
Historical Sites in Bergen County
1. The Battle of Fort Lee Historic Park
Overview:
The Battle of Fort Lee Historic Park commemorates the site of the Battle of Fort Lee, which was fought in November 1776 during the American Revolution. Visitors can explore the park, which features a reconstructed fort, a visitor center with exhibits, and views of the George Washington Bridge and the Hudson River. The park also hosts reenactments and educational programs that bring the Revolutionary War to life.
Location:
The park is located in Fort Lee, New Jersey, along the Hudson River.
Ticket Price:
Free, with a suggested donation for certain events.
Parking Information:
Free parking is available on-site, with spaces near the visitor center and the fort.
2. Bergen County Historical Society and East Jersey Old Town Village
Overview:
The Bergen County Historical Society operates the East Jersey Old Town Village, a living history museum that showcases colonial life in Bergen County. The village includes several restored buildings, such as a general store, a blacksmith shop, and a colonial-era church. Visitors can explore the site and learn about early American history through interactive exhibits and demonstrations.
Location:
The East Jersey Old Town Village is located in River Edge, New Jersey.
Ticket Price:
Adults: $5, Children: Free.
Parking Information:
Parking is available in the village parking lot and nearby streets.
3. The Van Saun County Park
Overview:
Van Saun County Park, located in Paramus, offers a variety of recreational opportunities, but it also has historical significance. The park was originally the estate of a wealthy New Jersey family in the 19th century and features several preserved structures from that time. The park includes walking trails, a zoo, a train ride, and picnic areas, making it a popular spot for families and history enthusiasts alike.
Location:
Van Saun County Park is located in Paramus, New Jersey.
Ticket Price:
Free entry, with a nominal fee for some attractions, like the zoo and train ride.
Parking Information:
The park has plenty of free parking available.
4. The John Fell House
Overview:
The John Fell House, located in the town of Rutherford, is a National Historic Landmark that dates back to 1700. It was built by one of the area’s earliest settlers and is one of the oldest houses in Bergen County. The house has been restored to its 18th-century appearance and is open to the public for tours, providing a glimpse into early colonial life in the region.
Location:
The John Fell House is located at 96 Passaic Avenue, Rutherford, New Jersey.
Ticket Price:
Free to visit (donations are welcome).
Parking Information:
Free parking is available in the lot adjacent to the house.
Geography and Climate of Bergen County
Geography:
Bergen County covers an area of approximately 246 square miles, located in the northeastern part of New Jersey. It is bordered by the Hudson River to the west, providing stunning views of Manhattan, and is adjacent to the New Jersey counties of Passaic, Essex, Hudson, and Rockland (New York). The county’s landscape is characterized by rolling hills, wooded areas, and a mix of suburban and urban environments. The northern part of the county is part of the Highlands region, while the southern portion is flatter and more developed.
Climate:
Bergen County experiences a humid subtropical climate, with four distinct seasons. Summers are hot and humid, with temperatures ranging from the low 70s to mid-90s°F, while winters are cold, with temperatures averaging between 25°F and 40°F. Snowfall is common in winter, but it rarely accumulates heavily. The spring and fall seasons bring mild temperatures, with average highs in the 50s and 60s°F. Rainfall is fairly evenly distributed throughout the year, with summer months being slightly wetter.
County Facts
- Year Founded: 1683
- County Seat: Hackensack
- Population: Approximately 955,000
- Population Density: 3,800 people per square mile
- Largest Cities: Hackensack, Teaneck, Englewood, Paramus, Ridgewood
- Major Highways: Interstate 95 (New Jersey Turnpike), Interstate 80, Route 4, Route 17
- Adjacent Counties: Passaic County, Essex County, Hudson County, Rockland County (New York)
Bergen County is a historically rich and geographically significant area, with a legacy that spans centuries. From its role in the American Revolution to its growth into a bustling suburban county, Bergen County offers a wealth of historical and cultural attractions for visitors. Today, it remains a vital part of New Jersey’s economy, culture, and history.